 - 1. Who was responsible for the final compilation of the Tibetan Buddhist Canon in the 14th century?
A) Zanabazar
B) Ligdan Khan
C) Brian H. Hodgson
D) Buton Rinchen Drub
- 2. Which section of the Tibetan Canon consists of works supposed to have been spoken by the Buddha?
A) Abhidharma
B) Kangyur
C) Shastras
D) Tengyur
- 3. How many texts are contained within the Tengyur section of the Tibetan Canon?
A) 224
B) 5,000
C) 1,000
D) 3,626
- 4. Which of these is NOT mentioned as a major edition of the Tibetan Canon?
A) Lhasa edition
B) Tokyo edition
C) Peking edition
D) Derge edition
- 5. The Mongolian Buddhist Canon is primarily based on which other canon?
A) Chinese Canon
B) Tibetan Buddhist canon
C) Sanskrit Canon
D) Pali Canon
- 6. Which individual supervised a major project to finish translating and printing the Mongolian canon using woodblock printing?
A) Qianlong Emperor
B) Zanabazar
C) Ligdan Khan
D) Buton Rinchen Drub
- 7. Where is the unique collection of Sanskrit Buddhist texts primarily preserved?
A) Beijing
B) Kathmandu Valley
C) Calcutta
D) Lhasa
- 8. Who collected Sanskrit manuscripts from Nepal and sent them to academic institutions in Europe and Calcutta?
A) Brian H. Hodgson
B) Ligdan Khan
C) Zanabazar
D) Buton Rinchen Drub
- 9. Which scripts were used in Newar Buddhist texts?
A) Tibetan and Mongolian
B) Newā Lipi and Rañjana
C) Chinese and Pali
D) Devanagari and Brahmi
- 10. When did the translation project of the Mongolian canon supervised by Ligdan Khan and Zanabazar reach completion?
A) 19th century
B) 17th century
C) 12th century
D) 14th century
- 11. What does the term 'Tengyur' translate to?
A) Translated Words of the Buddha
B) Commentaries of the Buddha
C) Translated Treatises or Shastras
D) Sacred Rituals
- 12. What is a distinguishing feature of the Nepalese Buddhist textual tradition?
A) Emphasis on preserving Sanskrit originals
B) Focus on Chinese translations
C) Lack of written manuscripts
D) Exclusion of Vajrayana scriptures
- 13. What are the local clergy members of the Newar Buddhist community called?
A) śākyabhikṣus and vajrācāryas
B) Pundits and scholars
C) Lamas and monks
D) Khans and emperors
- 14. Besides Tibetan, from which other language canons were some texts in the Tibetan Kangyur translated?
A) Chinese and Pali
B) Latin and Hindi
C) Japanese and Korean
D) Arabic and Greek
- 15. What happened to Indian monasteries after the 12th century that impacted the Kathmandu Valley?
A) Conversion to Hinduism
B) Destruction by Muslim conquests
C) Migration to Europe
D) Rapid technological growth
- 16. Where in Sri Lanka was the project to write down the canon undertaken?
A) Aluvihare, Matale
B) Colombo
C) Kandy
D) Anuradhapura
- 17. How many books make up the Tripiṭaka set mentioned in the text?
A) 32 books
B) 3 books
C) 50 books
D) 10 books
- 18. What is the English translation of the Vinaya Pitaka?
A) Basket of Wisdom
B) Basket of Discipline
C) Basket of Special Doctrine
D) Basket of Discourse
- 19. The structure and moral virtues of the Vinaya Pitaka have similarities to what other tradition's texts?
A) Jainism
B) Shintoism
C) Hinduism
D) Taoism
- 20. Which of these is NOT found in the Pali Canon according to the text?
A) Mahayana Sutras
B) Abhidhamma Pitaka
C) Vinaya Pitaka
D) Sutra Pitaka
- 21. During whose reign were the canons written down in books?
A) Valagamba of Anuradhapura
B) Asoka
C) Kanishka
D) Siddhartha Gautama
- 22. Approximately how many years after the Buddha's lifetime was the canon put into writing?
A) 100 years
B) Nearly 500 years
C) 200 years
D) 1000 years
- 23. In what year was the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya translated into Chinese?
A) 352 CE
B) 150 CE
C) 424 CE
D) 176 CE
- 24. Which scholar rejects the attribution of the Chinese Saṃyukta Āgama (T 100) to the Kāśyapīya school?
A) Bingenheimer
B) Zhu Daosheng
C) Guṇabhadra
D) Buddhajīva
- 25. Which emperor provided patronage to the Sarvāstivāda school?
A) Kanishka II
B) Buddhaghoṣa
C) Asoka
D) Kanishka
- 26. Where did the Sarvāstivāda school hold a council during the reign of Kanishka II?
A) Afghanistan
B) Kashmir
C) Central Asia
D) North India
- 27. What is the name of the main canonical Abhidharma text composed by the Sarvāstivāda school?
A) Mahāvibhaṣa
B) Vinaya Piṭaka
C) Madhyama Āgama
D) Dīrgha Āgama
- 28. Who translated the Madhyama Āgama (Taishō Tripiṭaka no. 26)?
A) Baoyun
B) Gautama Saṃghadeva
C) Buddhajīva
D) Guṇabhadra
- 29. Where was the nearly complete collection of Mūlasārvāstivāda sūtras recently discovered?
A) Afghanistan
B) China
C) Nepal
D) Kashmir
- 30. Which Chinese translator worked on the Mūlasārvāstivāda Saṃyukta Āgama (T 99)?
A) Baoyun
B) Zhu Daosheng
C) Buddhajīva
D) Gautama Saṃghadeva
- 31. Which manuscripts contain Mūlasārvāstivāda Āgamas and vinaya texts in Sanskrit?
A) Gilgit manuscripts
B) Nepalese manuscripts
C) Three Qin manuscripts
D) Taishō Tripiṭaka
- 32. The main canonical Abhidharma text of the Vaibhāṣika Sarvāstivādins is titled what?
A) Madhyama Āgama
B) Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
C) Dīrgha Āgama
D) Saṃyukta Āgama
- 33. Which school's Vinaya is preserved as Taishō Tripiṭaka 1421?
A) Kāśyapīya
B) Sarvāstivāda
C) Mūlasārvāstivāda
D) Mahīśāsaka
- 34. What is the English translation of the name Mahāsāṃghika?
A) Great Teaching
B) Great Assembly
C) Great Vehicle
D) Great Community
- 35. Which Mahāsāṃghika sect did Paramārtha state did not accept Mahāyāna sūtras as buddhavacana?
A) Lokottaravāda
B) Ekavyāvahārika
C) Bahuśrutīya
D) Kukkuṭika
- 36. Which sect did Paramārtha identify as accepting Mahāyāna sūtras as buddhavacana?
A) Caitika
B) Lokottaravāda
C) Siddhārthika
D) Kukkuṭika
- 37. Who is the attributed author of the Satyasiddhi Śāstra?
A) Buddhabhadra
B) Harivarman
C) Paramārtha
D) Avalokitavrata
- 38. According to the Theravādin Dīpavaṃsa, did the Mahāsāṃghikas have an Abhidharma?
A) They had a secret collection
B) They had only one book
C) No
D) Yes
- 39. Avalokitavrata associates the Mahāsāṃghika 'Great Āgama Piṭaka' with which Mahāyāna sūtra?
A) Satyasiddhi Śāstra
B) Mahāvastu
C) Vinaya
D) Prajñāparamitā
- 40. The Bahuśrutīya school is noted for including what in their canon?
A) Great Āgama Piṭaka
B) Vidyādhāra Piṭaka
C) Vinaya Piṭaka
D) Bodhisattva Piṭaka
- 41. Which of the following is a sub-sect of the Caitikas?
A) Ekavyāvahārika
B) Bahuśrutīya
C) Pūrvaśailas
D) Kukkuṭika
- 42. Which pilgrim mentioned Mahāsāṃghika Abhidharma?
A) Bhāvaviveka
B) Xuanzang
C) Harivarman
D) Avalokitavrata
- 43. In what language did the historical Buddha deliver his sermons?
A) Magadhi Prakrit
B) Classical Mongolian
C) Sanskrit
D) Classical Tibetan
- 44. What kind of works are found in the Abhidharma?
A) Poetic verses and hymns
B) Scholastic philosophical works
C) Traditional cooking recipes
D) Biographies of monks
- 45. How many aṅgas are typically listed in Pali sources?
A) Twelve
B) Nine
C) Ten
D) Eight
- 46. Which term refers to prose discourses that often begin with 'Thus have I heard'?
A) Sūtra
B) Avadāna
C) Udāna
D) Gāthā
- 47. Which category specifically denotes standalone didactic verses or poems?
A) Gāthā
B) Geya
C) Sūtra
D) Udāna
- 48. What is the function of the Nidāna in a discourse?
A) Predicts future awakening
B) Details karmic results
C) Explains events leading to the teaching
D) Provides miraculous accounts
- 49. Which category describes stories of the Buddha’s past lives as a bodhisattva?
A) Jātaka
B) Itivṛttaka
C) Avadāna
D) Vyākaraṇa
- 50. Which category involves predictions regarding the future awakening of disciples?
A) Vyākaraṇa
B) Upadeśa
C) Abhutadharma
D) Jātaka
- 51. What does 'Upadeśa' typically involve?
A) Detailed doctrinal instructions in Q&A format
B) Stories of virtuous deeds
C) Standalone poems
D) Prophecies of future awakening
- 52. According to Bhikkhu Anālayo, what do the aṅgas refer to in early Buddhist usage?
A) The order of reading
B) The geographical origin of texts
C) Textual types
D) Textual collections
- 53. Which of these is mentioned as a source containing the twelvefold division?
A) Lalitavistara
B) Ramayana
C) Vedas
D) Upanishads
- 54. What is the length of the Mahāsāṃghika Tripiṭaka according to Yijing?
A) 300,000 slokas
B) 200,000 slokas
C) 500,000 slokas
D) 100,000 slokas
- 55. What is the approximate length of the Saṃmitīya Tripiṭaka?
A) 100,000 slokas
B) 200,000 slokas
C) 300,000 slokas
D) 400,000 slokas
- 56. What term did Yijing use to describe the four principal schools of continuous tradition?
A) Arya traditions
B) Mahayana traditions
C) Modern traditions
D) Primary sects
- 57. How many different schools' Tripiṭaka is Xuanzang said to have brought to China?
A) Four
B) Eighteen
C) Five
D) Seven
- 58. Which of these is NOT one of the schools mentioned by Xuanzang as having brought texts to China?
A) Theravada
B) Mahīśāsaka
C) Dharmaguptaka
D) Kāśyapīya
- 59. According to Bu-ston, how many schools of Buddhism existed around or before the 1st century CE?
A) Four
B) Eighteen
C) Seven
D) Twelve
- 60. The Prajñaptivādins viewed all Buddha's teachings as having what kind of importance?
A) Ultimate
B) Provisional
C) Irrelevant
D) Non-existent
- 61. How many sūtras does the Dharmaguptaka Dīrgha Āgama contain?
A) 30
B) 34
C) 5
D) 125
- 62. Which scholar associates the Ekottara Āgama (Taishō 125) with the Dharmaguptaka school?
A) A. K. Warder
B) Buddhayaśas
C) Dhammapala
D) Zhu Fonian
- 63. Buddhist monastics in East Asia adhere to which Vinaya?
A) Theravāda
B) Prajñaptivāda
C) Dharmaguptaka
D) Sthavira
- 64. What is the traditional Chinese term for the Chinese Buddhist Canon?
A) Mahāyāna
B) Tripiṭaka
C) Abhidharma
D) Dàzàngjīng
- 65. Who created the 'Kaiyuan Era Catalogue' in 730?
A) Wu
B) Taishō
C) Chia
D) Zhisheng
- 66. What is the basic division structure introduced by Zhisheng?
A) Six-fold division
B) Eight-fold division
C) Two-fold division
D) Four-fold division
- 67. Which of these is a textual category found in the Chinese Buddhist Canon?
A) Esoteric texts
B) Science journals
C) Modern English novels
D) Political manifestos
- 68. Into which language has the Chinese Buddhist Canon been translated in full in the modern era?
A) Korean
B) Pali
C) Gandhari
D) Sanskrit
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