 - 1. What does the term 'de jure' segregation refer to?
A) Separation that occurs without legal sanction B) Separation that ended before the Civil War C) Separation mandated by law D) Separation based on personal preference only
- 2. In what year were the U.S. Armed Forces desegregated?
A) 1964 B) 1948 C) 1896 D) 1954
- 3. Which Supreme Court case established the 'separate but equal' doctrine?
A) Plessy v. Ferguson B) Brown v. Board of Education C) Dred Scott v. Sandford D) Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
- 4. What was the result of the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford case?
A) Black people were found not to be U.S. citizens B) Segregation in schools was declared unconstitutional C) The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was upheld D) Jim Crow laws were abolished
- 5. Which 1954 court case unanimously overturned segregation in public schools?
A) Dred Scott v. Sandford B) Civil Rights Cases C) Plessy v. Ferguson D) Brown v. Board of Education
- 6. What type of laws prohibited interracial marriage?
A) Anti-miscegenation laws B) Slave codes C) Black Codes D) Jim Crow laws
- 7. What is 'de facto' segregation?
A) Segregation enforced by the military B) Segregation mandated by the Supreme Court C) Segregation mandated by written law D) Segregation that exists without legal sanction
- 8. Which act outlawed de jure segregation in 1964?
A) Civil Rights Act of 1964 B) Fair Housing Act of 1968 C) Voting Rights Act of 1965 D) Civil Rights Act of 1875
- 9. According to the text, what happened to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
A) It mandated desegregation in the armed forces B) It was enforced until 1964 C) It was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1883 D) It was upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson
- 10. Before the Civil War, what were the laws called that mandated separation of races?
A) Jim Crow laws B) Anti-miscegenation laws C) Slave codes D) Black Codes
- 11. Which case helped bring an end to Jim Crow laws?
A) Brown v. Board of Education B) Plessy v. Ferguson C) Dred Scott v. Sandford D) Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
- 12. What is one example of a field where de facto segregation continues to exist?
A) Military service B) Public transportation C) Residential segregation D) Interracial marriage
- 13. What were the laws that enforced segregation following the Civil War called?
A) Anti-miscegenation acts B) Black Codes and Jim Crow laws C) Slave codes D) Civil Rights acts
- 14. Who typically led the black units in the U.S. Armed Forces before 1948?
A) Civilians B) Black officers C) White officers D) Elected officials
- 15. What was the nature of educational opportunities for black people during the antebellum era?
A) Equal to white students B) Abundant C) Government mandated D) Restricted
- 16. Which city established the African Free School in the 18th century?
A) New Haven B) Philadelphia C) New York City D) Boston
- 17. Who was jailed for violating a Black Law after opening her school to African American girls?
A) Prudence Crandall B) Samuel Powers Emlen Jr C) Richard Humphreys D) David Daggett
- 18. In which town was the Canterbury Female Boarding School located?
A) Canterbury, Connecticut B) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania C) Canaan, New Hampshire D) Boston, Massachusetts
- 19. Who was a co-founder of Yale Law School and opposed schools for African Americans?
A) Samuel Powers Emlen Jr B) David Daggett C) Richard Humphreys D) Prudence Crandall
- 20. Which institution did Richard Humphreys provide funds to establish in Philadelphia?
A) Canterbury Female Boarding School B) Institute for Colored Youth C) Noyes Academy D) African Free School
- 21. Which early school was known for being one of the first to integrate?
A) Shaw University B) Oberlin Academy C) Howard University D) Fisk University
- 22. Who was the California superintendent of schools who expressed opposition to racial integration?
A) Andrew Moulder B) Abraham Lincoln C) Frederick Douglass D) Andrew Johnson
- 23. Until what decade did school and housing segregation last in Colorado?
A) 1960s B) 1920s C) 1880s D) 1900s
- 24. In what year were public schools integrated in Portland, Oregon?
A) 1890 B) 1875 C) 1872 D) 1867
- 25. What amendment ratified in 1870 granted African Americans the right to vote?
A) Thirteenth Amendment B) Fourteenth Amendment C) Fifteenth Amendment D) Sixteenth Amendment
- 26. What happened to public school funding after Southern Democrats regained power in the mid-1870s?
A) They sharply cut funding B) They eliminated public schools entirely C) They increased funding D) They made the schools tuition-free
- 27. Which organization supported the development of Fisk University and Shaw University?
A) The Southern Democratic Party B) The Republican Party C) The federal government D) American Missionary Association
- 28. What was Howard University's status during the post-Civil War period?
A) Missionary primary school B) Public secondary school C) State-funded Southern college D) Private, federally chartered institution
- 29. When did federal troops withdraw from the South, ending Reconstruction?
A) 1890 B) 1877 C) 1867 D) 1910
- 30. What term did Southern conservatives use to describe themselves after regaining control?
A) Redeemers B) Missionaries C) Federalists D) Republicans
- 31. When did Jim Crow segregation begin to appear?
A) 1860s B) 1880s C) 1920s D) 1900s
- 32. By what year was segregation firmly established across the South?
A) 1910 B) 1890 C) 1900 D) 1877
- 33. Approximately how many schools did churches operate for black people across the South in 1900?
A) 247 B) 1600 C) 100 D) 46000
- 34. What phrase was used to describe the legal requirement for separate facilities for different races?
A) Equal opportunity B) Jim Crow equality C) Separate but equal D) Integrated standards
- 35. In 1913, which President allowed the segregation of federal workplaces?
A) Franklin D. Roosevelt B) Theodore Roosevelt C) Woodrow Wilson D) Harry Truman
- 36. What system was used by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation to determine loan eligibility?
A) Zoning ordinances B) Income tax mapping C) Property appraisal quotas D) Redlining maps
- 37. What did the federal government require neighborhood building projects to be in order to be federally backed?
A) Explicitly segregated B) Integrated by law C) Economically diverse D) Affordable for all races
- 38. What were the agreements called that banned white homeowners from selling their homes to Black buyers?
A) Fair housing acts B) Suburban zoning laws C) Neighborhood integration pacts D) Racially restrictive covenants
- 39. What was the term used for the federally-funded housing that replaced homes destroyed by highway construction?
A) Integrated residential zones B) The suburbs C) The projects D) Public estates
- 40. Which agency operated the largest relief program of the New Deal, which also featured segregated units?
A) Federal Housing Administration B) National Youth Administration C) Civilian Conservation Corps D) Works Progress Administration
- 41. Which President issued Executive Order 8802, the first anti-discrimination order at the federal level?
A) Franklin D. Roosevelt B) Woodrow Wilson C) Harry Truman D) Herbert Hoover
- 42. Which President issued Executive Order 9981 to provide for desegregation of the armed forces?
A) Franklin D. Roosevelt B) John F. Kennedy C) Harry Truman D) Dwight Eisenhower
- 43. How many dimensions of residential segregation did Massey and Denton identify in their 1988 study?
A) Ten B) Three C) Five D) Seven
- 44. Which of the following is NOT one of the five dimensions of segregation identified by Massey and Denton?
A) Clustering B) Centralization C) Evenness D) Migration
- 45. What is the phenomenon called when different minority groups are gathered into a single space, often leading to a 'hyperghetto'?
A) Clustering B) Concentration C) Evenness D) Centralization
- 46. Which dimension relates to the actual amount of land a minority group lives on within a city?
A) Clustering B) Concentration C) Evenness D) Exposure
- 47. What event is credited with sparking the modern Civil Rights Movement in December 1955?
A) The Montgomery bus boycott B) The march on Washington C) The passage of the Civil Rights Act D) The desegregation of schools
- 48. When was the first explicit anti-miscegenation law passed in the American colonies?
A) 1924 B) 1691 C) 1776 D) 1858
- 49. What was the subject of the 1958 case involving Mildred and Richard Loving?
A) Interracial marriage B) School segregation C) Public housing access D) Voting rights
- 50. What was the nickname of the 369th Infantry Regiment during World War I?
A) Tuskegee Airmen B) Harlem Hellfighters C) The Buffalo Soldiers D) The Rough Riders
- 51. Which executive order ended segregation in the U.S. Armed Forces?
A) Executive Order 9066 B) The Civil Rights Act C) The Emancipation Proclamation D) Executive Order 9981
- 52. Which prison was the subject of the federal court case Gates v. Collier?
A) Sing Sing B) San Quentin C) Alcatraz D) Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman
- 53. What journal was founded in 1960 and is known for publishing scientific racism?
A) The American Academic B) The Heritage Journal C) The Southern Review D) The Mankind Quarterly
- 54. Who introduced a resolution preventing ALA staff from attending segregated state chapter meetings in 1964?
A) The St. Helena Four B) E. J. Josey C) The Tougaloo College students D) Benjamin Tillman
- 55. What library was built by African Americans in Savannah, Georgia, in 1914?
A) Stuart Training School Library B) East Henry Street Carnegie Library C) Auburn Regional Library D) Jackson Public Library
- 56. What practice was used to negate the voting power of African Americans when they voted in significant numbers?
A) Direct bribery B) Exclusion from public parks C) Compulsory military service D) Systematic gerrymandering
- 57. What was the name of the group of teenagers who attempted to use the Auburn Regional Library in Louisiana?
A) The St. Helena Four B) The Tougaloo Nine C) The Carnegie Activists D) The Palm Beach Group
- 58. Which city is mentioned as a former sundown town where Martin Luther King Jr. marched?
A) Cicero, Illinois B) Seattle, Washington C) Boston, Massachusetts D) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 59. Which state went further than Southern states by excluding blacks from entering or owning property?
A) Indiana B) Oregon C) New Jersey D) Illinois
- 60. In what decade did restrictive covenants become widespread?
A) 1840s B) 1950s C) 1920s D) 1900s
- 61. What organization led lawsuits in the 1940s that depleted school segregation in several Northern states?
A) Congress of Industrial Organizations B) Abolitionist societies C) Vigilance committees D) NAACP
- 62. What percentage of housing projects built after World War II were racially restricted by covenants?
A) Twenty-five percent B) Ninety percent C) Fifty percent D) Ten percent
- 63. What did Northern blacks develop to protect their communities from violence and hostility?
A) Vigilance committees B) Labor unions C) Restrictive covenants D) State militias
- 64. Which state officially repealed its school segregation law in 1949?
A) Oregon B) Massachusetts C) Indiana D) New York
- 65. What was the approximate black population percentage in Oregon as of 2017?
A) 5% B) 10% C) 20% D) 2%
- 66. What type of job opportunities were often denied to blacks in the North?
A) Skilled building trades B) Agricultural labor C) Unskilled factory work D) Domestic service
- 67. Which group was primarily targeted by racial segregation in Alaska?
A) African Americans B) Asian immigrants C) European laborers D) Alaska Natives
- 68. Who was the Tlingit woman who argued against segregation to Alaska's governor in 1941?
A) Alberta Schenck B) Elizabeth Peratrovich C) Rosa Parks D) Harriet Tubman
- 69. In 1944, who staged a sit-in at a whites-only theater in Nome, Alaska?
A) Jack Johnson B) Kenny Washington C) Alberta Schenck D) Elizabeth Peratrovich
- 70. In what sport was segregation enforced starting in 1900, despite previous success by African American jockeys?
A) Boxing B) Basketball C) Horse racing D) Baseball
- 71. Which boxer became the first African American to win the World Heavyweight Title in 1908?
A) Joe Louis B) Jack Johnson C) Max Schmeling D) Muhammad Ali
- 72. Who was the first African American to play for a professional football team in 1904?
A) Woody Strode B) Kenny Washington C) Charles Follis D) Marion Motley
- 73. In what year did the NFL completely segregate its league after previously having a limited integration policy?
A) 1946 B) 1920 C) 1933 D) 1904
- 74. Which team did Jackie Robinson join in 1947, breaking the baseball color line?
A) Shelby Blues B) Chicago Studebakers C) Brooklyn Dodgers D) Cleveland Browns
- 75. What was a major consequence of efforts to desegregate public swimming pools during the mid-20th century?
A) Swimming pools were privatized B) Many municipalities closed their facilities C) New swimming programs were mandated D) All swimming pools became integrated
- 76. The PGA of America had a bylaws article restricting membership to which group until 1961?
A) North American citizens B) Amateur golfers only C) The Caucasian race D) The African American race
- 77. How many states had no segregation laws in effect by the end of 1949?
A) 30 B) 18 C) 20 D) 15
- 78. What is the most common and devastating form of redlining?
A) Grocery store placement B) Internet service provision C) Mortgage discrimination D) Access to public transportation
- 79. Which area of life is racial segregation most pronounced in the United States?
A) Transportation B) Education C) Housing D) Employment
- 80. What is the practice called when real estate agents make assumptions about where a client should live based on their race?
A) White flight B) Steering C) Gentrification D) Redlining
- 81. Who argues that persistent segregation supports the use of African American English while endangering its speakers?
A) William Labov B) The US Census Bureau C) Massey and Denton D) Arthur Spears
- 82. What term have some sociologists used to describe the persistence of residential segregation?
A) Economic displacement B) Hypersegregation C) Systemic inequality D) Cultural ghettoization
- 83. Which group experiences the least amount of residential segregation according to the text?
A) Asians B) African Americans C) Native Americans D) Hispanics
- 84. What is a result of businesses leaving segregated neighborhoods?
A) Increased tax base B) Better educational funding C) Higher property values D) Job shortage
- 85. According to the text, what has been the trend of residential segregation since 1980?
A) Stagnation B) Overall decline C) Total elimination D) Overall increase
- 86. What is a common discriminatory practice landlords use to favor one race over another?
A) Mandatory background checks for everyone B) Providing free moving services C) Lying about housing availability D) Hostile greeting
- 87. When did the first meeting to establish black-owned banks take place?
A) 1903 B) 1851 C) 1888 D) 1890
- 88. Approximately how many black-owned banks were created during the peak growth period mentioned?
A) 35 B) 20 C) 5 D) 60
- 89. What was the expected life span of black-owned banks during the period when many were closing?
A) Twenty years B) Nine years C) Five years D) Thirty-five years
- 90. What challenge did African Americans face after migrating to northern urban areas?
A) Extreme climate conditions B) Lack of transportation C) High unemployment rates D) High tax rates
- 91. According to Gregory D. Squires, what industry has been affected by race for a long time?
A) Insurance B) Telecommunications C) Agriculture D) Technology
- 92. Who refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus, sparking a challenge to segregation?
A) Robert F. Kennedy B) James Farmer C) Rosa Parks D) Martin Luther King Jr.
- 93. In 1961, what was the name of the mixed-race group that traveled on buses from D.C. to New Orleans?
A) Civil Rights Crusaders B) Freedom Riders C) Interstate Travelers D) Equality Marchers
- 94. Which U.S. attorney general eventually urged the Interstate Commerce Commission to desegregate bus facilities?
A) John F. Kennedy B) Ronald Reagan C) James Farmer D) Robert F. Kennedy
- 95. What is the primary factor often used by real estate agents to entice white buyers into areas surrounding the inner city?
A) Property tax rates B) Public transportation access C) School racial composition D) Proximity to parks
- 96. Who wrote the 2005 book 'The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America'?
A) Roland G. Fryer Jr. B) Jonathan Kozol C) Eric Hanushek D) James Farmer
- 97. What is the term used to describe when racial groups in specific areas are affected more frequently by disease?
A) Environmental racism B) Social isolation C) Health disparity D) Epidemic injustice
- 98. Which infectious disease is specifically mentioned as spreading more frequently due to overcrowded living conditions?
A) Influenza B) Malaria C) Pneumonia D) Tuberculosis
- 99. What is one reason healthcare is not accessible to many inner-city residents?
A) Lack of medical interest B) Government bans C) Geographic location D) High quality of local clinics
- 100. As of 1993, how much more likely were young African American men to be shot to death than their white peers?
A) Nine times more likely B) Five times more likely C) Eleven times more likely D) Twice as likely
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