Slavery in ancient Rome - Quiz
Slavery in ancient Rome
  • 1. What did freed slaves generally become?
A) Senators
B) Citizens
C) Gladiators
D) Foreigners
  • 2. What rights did freed slaves categorized as dediticii hold?
A) Only voting rights
B) Full rights
C) No rights
D) Property rights
  • 3. Who called the status of dediticius "the worst kind of freedom"?
A) Caracalla
B) Cicero
C) Gaius
D) Augustus
  • 4. How were dediticii treated if they came within a hundred miles of Rome?
A) Granted full citizenship
B) Imprisoned indefinitely
C) Executed immediately
D) Subject to reenslavement
  • 5. When was Roman citizenship granted to all free inhabitants of the empire by Caracalla?
A) AD 212
B) AD 100
C) AD 476
D) AD 312
  • 6. Were dediticii included in Caracalla's universal grant of Roman citizenship?
A) Yes
B) Only if they paid a tax
C) Only if they lived in Rome
D) No
  • 7. With whom were manumitted slaves who had been treated as criminals counted as a potential threat?
A) Foreign merchants
B) Roman senators
C) Freed gladiators
D) Enemies defeated in war
  • 8. What Latin phrase describes the origins of slaves in ancient Rome?
A) caveat emptor
B) servi aut nascuntur aut fiunt
C) carpe diem
D) vini vidi vici
  • 9. What does "servi aut nascuntur aut fiunt" mean in English?
A) War creates all slaves
B) All people are born free
C) Slaves are either born or made
D) Slaves are bought and sold
  • 10. What were slaves born to a slave woman within a household or farm called?
A) Gladiators
B) Dediticii
C) Vernae
D) Freedmen
  • 11. Which of the following was a cause of enslavement in the ancient Roman world?
A) Inheriting property
B) Political election
C) Warfare
D) Voluntary retirement
  • 12. Which illegal activity besides warfare contributed to people becoming enslaved?
A) Counterfeiting coins
B) Smuggling goods
C) Tax evasion
D) Piracy and kidnapping
  • 13. What childhood circumstance could lead to enslavement according to the text?
A) Failing school
B) Orphaned parents
C) Child abandonment
D) Running away
  • 14. What did some scholars suggest freeborn people occasionally did regarding slavery?
A) Sold themselves into slavery
B) Lobbied to abolish slavery
C) Fought against slaveholders
D) Bought their freedom early
  • 15. Which of the following punishments marked a slave as a criminal?
A) Giving them extra food
B) Freeing them early
C) Placing them in chains
D) Promoting them to overseer
  • 16. Which body modification marked a slave as a criminal?
A) Piercing ears
B) Wearing a ring
C) Cutting hair short
D) Tattooing or branding
  • 17. What method of interrogation made a master's slaves categorized as dediticii upon manumission?
A) Exiling them temporarily
B) Torturing them to confess a crime
C) Questioning them in public
D) Asking them to swear an oath
  • 18. Where might a master involuntarily send a slave as a criminal punishment?
A) A political senate
B) A farming academy
C) A gladiatorial school
D) A public library
  • 19. What was the Latin term for a gladiatorial school?
A) Ludus
B) Domus
C) Servi
D) Villa
  • 20. What arena combat might criminal slaves be condemned to fight in?
A) Against foreign armies
B) With gladiators or wild beasts
C) In naval battles
D) In chariot races
  • 21. What Latin term refers to a household?
A) Domus
B) Ludus
C) Dediticius
D) Villa
  • 22. What Latin term refers to a family farm or agricultural estate?
A) Villa
B) Ludus
C) Verna
D) Domus
  • 23. How is the relative proportion of the causes of enslavement viewed by modern scholars?
A) It was entirely caused by warfare
B) It is hard to determine and remains debated
C) It was solely caused by child abandonment
D) It is completely known and undisputed
  • 24. What was the legal status of freed slaves who had been treated as criminals by their masters?
A) Patricians
B) Dediticii
C) Plebeians
D) Vernae
  • 25. What opportunity did skilled and educated slaves have that unskilled slaves generally lacked?
A) Obtaining freedom through well-defined paths
B) Exemption from all forms of physical labor
C) Becoming the head of a Roman household
D) Automatic elevation to elite Roman status
  • 26. Which groups were especially vulnerable to kidnapping and piracy from the 2nd century BC through late antiquity?
A) Wealthy landowners in rural estates
B) Foreign merchants traveling alone
C) Members of the Roman senatorial class
D) Children of poor families
  • 27. When did a period of major slave rebellions end with the defeat of Spartacus?
A) 450 BC
B) 396 BC
C) 2nd century AD
D) 71 BC
  • 28. What was the most concerted form of policing in the Roman Empire regarding slaves?
A) Routine census tracking
B) Border patrols against foreign kidnappers
C) Fugitive slave-hunting
D) Inspection of marketplace transactions
  • 29. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, to what legendary time did the master's right over household dependents date back?
A) The end of the Punic Wars
B) The drafting of the Twelve Tables
C) The time of Romulus
D) The reign of Servius Tullius
  • 30. Who was said to have been the son of a slave woman according to Roman tradition?
A) Pliny the Elder
B) Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome
C) Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome
D) Spartacus the rebel leader
  • 31. What is the traditional date of the Twelve Tables, the earliest Roman legal code?
A) 396 BC
B) 71 BC
C) 265 BC
D) 451/450 BC
  • 32. What term is used in the Twelve Tables to refer to freedmen?
A) Dominus dominium
B) Paterfamilias
C) Cives Romani liberti
D) Liberi gentes
  • 33. According to Ulpian's tripartite division of law, under which category are all human beings born free?
A) Natural law
B) Civil law
C) The Twelve Tables
D) The ius gentium
  • 34. Which wars produced the most dramatic surge in the number of Roman slaves?
A) The conflicts during the late Imperial era
B) The first two Punic Wars
C) The wars against the Etruscan cities
D) The campaigns of Servius Tullius
  • 35. What was the Latin word used for 'master' in relation to controlling the household domain?
A) Paterfamilias
B) Dominus
C) Libertus
D) Familia
  • 36. What permitted debt slavery under harsh terms in early Rome?
A) The Twelve Tables
B) The Sasanian Empire
C) The ius gentium
D) The treaty of Flamininus
  • 37. Who enslaved Roman war captives in large numbers during the Second Punic War?
A) Marcus Crassus
B) Flamininus
C) Hannibal
D) Shapur I
  • 38. To whom did Hannibal sell the Roman prisoners of war after the Battle of Cannae?
A) The Sasanian Empire
B) The Parthians
C) The Romans
D) The Greeks
  • 39. How many years of slavery did the survivors of Cannae endure before being recovered?
A) About five years
B) Over forty years
C) Some twenty years
D) Ten years
  • 40. Who captured 10,000 Roman survivors after the defeat of Marcus Crassus?
A) The Parthians
B) The Sasanians
C) The Greeks
D) The Carthaginians
  • 41. Who imagined the Roman prisoners from Carrhae married to barbarian women about thirty years after the battle?
A) The commander Flamininus
B) The emperor Hadrian
C) The Augustan poet Horace
D) The historian Shapur I
  • 42. Who became the first Roman emperor to be held captive after his defeat at the Battle of Edessa?
A) Marcus Crassus
B) Valerian
C) Shapur I
D) Hadrian
  • 43. Who defeated Valerian at the Battle of Edessa?
A) Flamininus
B) Shapur I
C) Hannibal
D) Marcus Crassus
  • 44. Where are the reliefs and inscriptions celebrating Shapur I's victories over the Romans located?
A) Naqsh-e Rostam, southwest Iran
B) Lake Trasimene
C) Margiana in Bactria
D) Rome
  • 45. What legal power over dependents was suspended if an enslaved Roman was the head of a household?
A) Potestas
B) Postliminium
C) Ius gentium
D) Latrocinium
  • 46. What Latin term is used in the text to describe banditry?
A) Servi hostium
B) Latrocinium
C) Bellum
D) Limen
  • 47. What Latin term is used in the text to describe war?
A) Potestas
B) Postliminium
C) Latrocinium
D) Bellum
  • 48. What legal process was originally developed for reintegrating war captives?
A) Ius gentium
B) Postliminium
C) Potestas
D) Latrocinium
  • 49. What does the term 'limen' refer to in the context of postliminium?
A) An enemy sovereign state
B) One's own threshold
C) A bandit camp
D) A debt collector
  • 50. What was the status of an individual ransomed by someone outside his family before paying back the money?
A) Completely restored to full citizen rights immediately
B) Permanently classified as a slave
C) Stripped of all property forever
D) Ambiguous until the lien was lifted
  • 51. Under which emperor was an investigative procedure put in place to determine if returned soldiers had surrendered willingly?
A) Valerian
B) Hadrian
C) Augustus
D) Shapur I
  • 52. What was the common Latin word for 'slave'?
A) Servus
B) Dominus
C) Res
D) Mancipium
  • 53. In Roman law, what was the term for a slave as chattel?
A) Homo
B) Paterfamilias
C) Persona
D) Mancipium
  • 54. What formal legal process was required to transfer ownership of res mancipi?
A) Actio civilis
B) Patria potestas
C) Mancipatio
D) Manumissio
  • 55. What was the term for free noncitizen residents in Rome?
A) Plebeians
B) Domini
C) Peregrini
D) Liberi
  • 56. Who was the Roman citizen who enjoyed liberty to the fullest extent?
A) The wealthiest merchant trader
B) The senior military general
C) The property-owning paterfamilias
D) The chief magistrate of the city
  • 57. Which member of the extended household was exempt from the paterfamilias's power of life and death?
A) His agricultural workers
B) His domestic slaves
C) His wife
D) His younger children
  • 58. What title could a free Roman woman hold as a property owner?
A) Regina
B) Mater
C) Matrona
D) Domina
  • 59. What was the Latin singular word for a human being, applied to slaves?
A) Civis
B) Persona
C) Servus
D) Homo
  • 60. To what legal status was a slave compared because they could not enter into contracts?
A) An emancipated freedman
B) A perpetual minor
C) A foreign visitor
D) A convicted criminal
  • 61. According to Marcel Mauss, what Latin phrase summarizes the slave's lack of personality?
A) Cuius regio eius religio
B) Lex talionis
C) Servus non habet personam
D) Homo homini lupus
  • 62. What could happen to a master in the imperial period for killing a slave without just cause?
A) He was banished from the Italian peninsula
B) He could face penalties
C) He received an automatic death sentence
D) He was stripped of all Roman citizenship
  • 63. Under imperial laws, on what grounds could a master be compelled to sell a slave?
A) Financial bankruptcy
B) Mistreatment
C) Old age or illness
D) Insubordination
  • 64. What did Emperor Claudius decree regarding an abandoned slave?
A) The slave became free
B) The slave was granted land to farm
C) The slave became public property of the state
D) The slave was reassigned to a magistrate
  • 65. Under which emperor could a master who killed a slave without just cause be tried for homicide?
A) Claudius
B) Nero
C) Antoninus Pius
D) Constantine II
  • 66. What brutal punishment could still be inflicted on slaves in late antiquity for testifying against their masters?
A) Being forced to fight in the arena
B) Being crucified in public
C) Being burnt alive
D) Being banished to lead mines
  • 67. What was the apparent aim of late antique laws discouraging the subjection of Christians to Jewish owners?
A) Abolishing the institution of slavery entirely
B) Raising taxes on slave transactions
C) Protecting Christian identity
D) Transferring all slave ownership to the church
  • 68. What was the term for a lasting heterosexual union between slaves that was recognized by the owner?
A) Manumission
B) Contubernium
C) Vermae
D) Potestas
  • 69. Who had to arrange, approve, or recognize a slave contubernium?
A) The slave's owner
B) A Roman jurist
C) The emperor
D) A freeborn man
  • 70. What did a contubernium express an intention to do if both partners gained freedom?
A) Own property
B) Marry
C) Adopt children
D) Divorce their master
  • 71. Which Roman leader issued laws pertaining to marriage and sexual morality?
A) Constantine
B) Julius Caesar
C) Nero
D) Augustus
  • 72. Under Augustus's laws, a legal marriage was permitted between a freedwoman and a freeborn man of any rank below what level?
A) Patrician
B) Senatorial
C) Plebeian
D) Imperial
  • 73. How many partners' intention was required for a Roman woman to initiate divorce?
A) Four
B) One
C) Three
D) Two
  • 74. Where did the practice of allowing a slave a peculium likely originate?
A) In naval shipyards
B) In gladiator schools
C) In Roman Senate meetings
D) On agricultural estates
  • 75. What does the word peculium point to the addition of?
A) Livestock
B) Precious metals
C) Real estate
D) Foreign currency
  • 76. What was the Latin word for livestock related to the term peculium?
A) Servus
B) Patrimonium
C) Pecus
D) Dominus
  • 77. What might slaves in wealthy households be given as an allowance?
A) A portion of the master's political power
B) A small monetary peculium
C) Ownership of the main house
D) Legal representation in court
  • 78. What kind of gifts contributed to a slave's peculium growth?
A) Stolen goods from the master's estate
B) Gifts from a third party for meritorious services
C) Bribes from Roman magistrates
D) Mandatory tribute from neighboring farms
  • 79. Can inscriptions show that slaves paid for dedications with their own money?
A) No
B) Only during the Republic era
C) Yes
D) Only freedpersons could do this, never slaves
  • 80. What did slaves who managed a peculium have a far better chance of obtaining?
A) Political office
B) Liberty
C) A military commission
D) Roman citizenship at birth
  • 81. What did certain freedmen go on to amass with their business acumen?
A) Considerable fortunes
B) Large political empires
C) Vast agricultural plantations in Greece
D) Control over the Roman Senate
  • 82. From which term does the English word 'emancipation' derive?
A) Emancipatio
B) Manumissio
C) Peculium
D) Paterfamilias
  • 83. Who had the unilateral power to free any slave to serve the interests of the state during census-taking?
A) An ordained bishop
B) The censor
C) The emperor Nero
D) The magistrate holding imperium
  • 84. What legal status was created by Augustus for informally manumitted slaves?
A) Paterfamilias
B) Roman citizen
C) Junian Latin
D) Chattel laborer
  • 85. Which 6th-century law gave bishops the power to free slaves?
A) The Twelve Tables
B) The edict of AD 316
C) Novella 142
D) lex Fufia Caninia
  • 86. What did the term inter amicos mean regarding informal manumission?
A) By the rod
B) Within a church
C) In a letter
D) Among friends
  • 87. Which Roman emperor ruled that the state had no interest in revoking a formal manumission?
A) Nero
B) Augustus
C) Constantine I
D) Justinian
  • 88. In what region was Constantine's edict on church manumission notably delayed until AD 401?
A) Africa
B) Italy
C) Hispania
D) Gaul
  • 89. What term described a freed person in relation to their former master?
A) Patronus
B) Libertus
C) Libertinus
D) Praetor
  • 90. What term described the former master of a freed person?
A) Praeses
B) Libertus
C) Praetor
D) Patronus
  • 91. According to the edict of 118 BC, what could not be demanded from a freedman?
A) Projects
B) Services
C) Sworn stipulations
D) Money
  • 92. What law of AD 4 allowed a patron to take his freedman to court for not carrying out operae?
A) Lex Julia
B) Lex Valeria
C) Lex Aelia Sentia
D) Lex Cornelia
  • 93. What term designated the social class of freed slaves?
A) Patroni
B) Praetores
C) Plebeians
D) Libertini
  • 94. What garment were freedmen entitled to wear for ceremonial functions and funeral rites when holding local offices?
A) Toga picta
B) Toga praetexta
C) Toga candida
D) Toga virilis
  • 95. In provincial towns, inscriptions indicate former slaves could be elected to all offices below which rank?
A) Consul
B) Quaestor
C) Praetor
D) Aedile
  • 96. During which period did some freedmen become very powerful government functionaries?
A) Early Imperial period
B) Byzantine period
C) Middle Republic
D) Late Republic
  • 97. Which former slave of the emperor Claudius rose to a position of great influence?
A) Lucius Arlenus
B) Narcissus
C) Trimalchio
D) Demetrius
  • 98. Under which group of emperors did the influence of freedmen grow significantly before being limited by law?
A) Julio-Claudian emperors
B) Flavian emperors
C) Antonine emperors
D) Severan emperors
  • 99. What was the business of Lucius Arlenus Demetrius and Lucius Arlenus Artemidorus?
A) Real estate development
B) Cloak dealership
C) Pottery manufacturing
D) Grain trade
  • 100. From which region was Lucius Arlenus Demetrius enslaved?
A) Pompeii
B) Rome
C) Cilicia
D) Paphlagonia
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