A) They only affect terrestrial species.
B) They provide a continuous flow for all species.
C) They may restrict dispersal along streams.
D) They have no impact on organism distribution.

A) The presence or absence of certain species can cause differences above and below waterfalls.
B) They eliminate all aquatic plants.
C) They create uniform trophic regimes throughout the stream.
D) They increase the number of predators in the area.

A) Deep ocean environments.
B) Desert regions.
C) The environment of the waterfall itself.
D) The surrounding terrestrial ecosystem.

A) They are devoid of any aquatic life.
B) They hold biodiversity to a much higher extent than previously thought.
C) They support fewer species than expected.
D) They have no significant ecological impact.

A) They dry out the surrounding area.
B) They create a microclimate with cooler temperatures and higher humidity.
C) They have no effect on terrestrial species.
D) They increase the temperature in their vicinity.

A) Mosses and liverworts.
B) Desert shrubs.
C) Tropical trees.
D) Cacti and succulents.

A) Penguins and polar bears.
B) Black swifts and white-throated dippers.
C) Owls and falcons.
D) Eagles and hawks.

A) To be closer to food sources.
B) For better sunlight exposure.
C) To avoid predation.
D) To stay dry during rain.

A) They are always underground.
B) They never dry up.
C) They only flow after a rain or significant snowmelt.
D) They flow continuously.

A) Beneath the ocean where cold, denser water overflows a cataract and sinks below warmer water.
B) Only in freshwater lakes.
C) In deserts.
D) Exclusively on land.

A) From the surface to 1000 feet deep.
B) From a point 2000 feet beneath the surface to about 11,500 feet deep.
C) It does not flow underwater.
D) From 5000 feet to 10,000 feet deep.

A) A deep canyon or gorge upstream.
B) A steeply sloping river bed.
C) A shallow cave-like formation known as a rock shelter.
D) A pothole in the bedrock.

A) As high as one-and-a-half meters per year.
B) It does not retreat; it remains stationary.
C) More than three meters per year.
D) Less than half a meter per year.

A) William Morris Davis
B) Edward Rashleigh
C) Alexander von Humboldt
D) Oscar von Engeln

A) Cataractology
B) Geomorphology
C) Hydrology
D) Waterfallology

A) William Morris Davis
B) Oscar von Engeln
C) Andrew Goudie
D) Edward Rashleigh

A) Niagara Falls
B) Saint Anthony Falls
C) Carbet Falls
D) Victoria Falls

A) Brian J. Hudson
B) Christopher Columbus
C) Louis Hennepin
D) David Livingstone

A) Livingstone Falls
B) Victoria River
C) Mosi-oa-Tunya
D) Queen's Cataract

A) 1942
B) 1820s
C) 1884
D) 2006

A) Andrew Goudie
B) Oscar von Engeln
C) William Morris Davis
D) Edward Rashleigh

A) Building canals
B) Filling them with concrete
C) Using helicopters
D) Dismantling the falls

A) Tyssestrengene in Norway.
B) Niagara Falls.
C) Angel Falls.
D) Victoria Falls.

A) Twenty-five.
B) Fifty.
C) Thirty-eight.
D) Forty-five.

A) Jivaroan
B) Kaluli
C) Shinto
D) Otavalo

A) Inga Falls
B) Angel Falls
C) Cascata delle Marmore
D) Khone Phapheng Falls

A) Kaluli people
B) Otavalos
C) Michael Harner
D) J. M. W. Turner