A) Behavioral intervention addresses the underlying problem and promotes positive change. B) Remove the PDL from all rehabilitation activities C) Immediately recommend permanent isolation D) Ignore the behavior to avoid conflict
A) Remove the PDL from the program B) Give additional disciplinary sanctions C) Force the PDL to participate D) Trust and psychological safety encourage participation.
A) Dependency B) Resistance C) Accountability D) Avoidance
A) Peer support B) Social isolation C) Negative reinforcement D) Authoritarian control
A) Increase punishment for every violation B) Increase surveillance permanently C) Promote self-discipline and personal accountability D) Remove all community activities
A) Constructive communication and self-reflection B) Complete avoidance of feedback C) Public humiliation D) Immediate removal from the community
A) Cancel all rehabilitation programs B) Separate all members permanently C) Conduct conflict-resolution sessions D) Ignore the disagreements
A) Punishment for every mistake B) Developing self-management skills C) Removing all responsibilities D) Limiting social interaction
A) Peer encouragement B) Behavioral punishment C) Emotional avoidance D) Social rejection
A) Competition with other PDLs B) Victim awareness and personal accountability C) Avoidance of past experiences D) Additional privileges
A) Ignore the person's beliefs B) Increase disciplinary restrictions C) Challenge irrational thoughts and develop alternative responses D) Encourage avoidance of all relationships
A) Rejection of counseling B) Acceptance of personal responsibility C) Avoidance of accountability D) Dependence on other people
A) Physical punishment B) Social isolation C) Thought restructuring D) Avoidance training
A) Behavioral dependency B) Social withdrawal C) Cognitive awareness D) Emotional avoidance
A) Positive behavioral change is possible through effort and intervention B) Criminal behavior is permanent C) Past mistakes determine the future D) Rehabilitation is unnecessary
A) "I am useless and cannot learn." B) I failed once, but I can improve through practice." C) "I am useless and cannot learn." D) There is no reason to try again."
A) Community isolation B) Trigger identification C) Physical conditioning D) Social punishment
A) Emotional dependency B) Impulsive behavior C) Social avoidance D) Decision-making control
A) The removal of counseling services B) The PDL's lack of physical strength C) The irrational belief about seeking help D) The need for additional punishment
A) Reduced ability to make decisions B) Improved self-awareness and behavioral control C) Permanent avoidance of responsibilities D) Increased dependence on punishment
A) Positive reinforcement B) Negative punishment C) Negative reinforcement D) Extinction
A) Punitive measures B) Disciplinary actions C) Custodial control D) Therapeutic modalities
A) To reduce operational costs B) To ensure maximum security C) To rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders D) To punish offenders
A) Risk-need-responsivity principle B) Uniformity principle C) Punitive-retributive principle D) Custody-first principle
A) Alexander Maconochie B) Jeremy Bentham C) Cesare Lombroso D) Cesare Beccaria
A) Short-term, medium-term, and long-term only B) Physical, mental, and spiritual only C) Individual, group, and community-based D) Psychological, social, educational, vocational, and spiritual
A) Psychoanalytic therapy B) Reality therapy C) Client-centered therapy D) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
A) Eliminate criminal tendencies B) Make offenders suffer for their crimes C) Enhance self-esteem and responsibility D) Develop pro-social skills
A) Only high-risk offenders should be treated B) Treatment must be delivered in a style and mode appropriate to the offender’s learning style and abilities C) All offenders must receive the same treatment D) Treatment should be responsive to the victim’s demands
A) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy B) Behavior modification C) Cognitive therapy D) Psychoanalytic therapy
A) Punishment is forward-looking; treatment is backward-looking B) Punishment focuses on the past offense; treatment focuses on future behavior change C) Treatment is always involuntary; punishment is voluntary D) Both are identical in purpose and method
A) Therapeutic community B) Closed institution C) Maximum-security facility D) Detention center
A) Focus resources mostly on high-risk offenders B) Focus resources mostly on low-risk offenders C) No resource allocation is needed D) Distribute resources equally among all inmates
A) Risk factor B) Motivational factor C) Neutral factor D) Protective factor
A) Risk factors B) Static factors C) Criminogenic needs D) Protective factors
A) Unemployment B) Current substance abuse C) Criminal history / past convictions D) Poor parenting skills
A) Age at first offense B) Number of prior arrests C) Race/ethnicity D) Antisocial attitudes and values
A) Financial needs of the family B) All personal problems of the offender C) Needs directly linked to the cause of criminal behavior D) Medical needs unrelated to crime
A) Coerced therapy B) Mandatory treatment C) Voluntary participation D) Involuntary commitment
A) Paternalism B) Beneficence C) Justice D) Autonomy
A) The number of staff employed B) The size of the institution C) The cost of the program D) Offender’s motivation and willingness to change
A) Biological brain abnormalities B) Past childhood trauma exclusively C) Financial management skills D) Distorted thinking and associated behaviors
A) Antecedent – Behavior – Consequence B) Attitude – Behavior – Character C) Assessment – Behavior – Counseling D) Action – Belief – Change
A) Cognitive distortion B) Balanced thinking C) Realistic assessment D) Positive affirmation
A) Dream analysis B) Unconscious desires C) Current behavior, responsibility, and meeting needs in acceptable ways D) Past experiences
A) Determinism – environment determines us B) Choice theory – we choose our behavior C) Conditioning – rewards shape behavior D) Psychoanalysis – instincts drive behavior
A) Sigmund Freud B) B.F. Skinner C) Albert Ellis D) Sigmund Freud
A) Genetic predisposition B) Other people’s actions C) Irrational beliefs about events D) Events themselves
A) Viktor Frankl B) B.F. Skinner C) Alfred Adler D) Carl Rogers
A) Punishment system B) Credit system C) Token economy D) Reward banking
A) Positive reinforcement B) Negative reinforcement C) Negative punishment D) Positive punishment
A) A religious conversion program B) A self-help, peer-led environment where the community itself is the agent of change C) Individual counseling only D) A medication-based treatment center
A) 1–2 weeks B) 1–2 days C) 6 to 24 months D) 3–6 months
A) Financial manager B) Therapist and role model C) Legal advisor D) Disciplinarian and guard
A) Is cheaper than individual therapy only B) Allows offenders to remain isolated C) Guarantees immediate cure D) Provides peer feedback, social learning, and reduces isolation
A) Manipulator and abuser B) Observer C) Facilitator D) Mediator
A) Lectures B) Medication C) Role-playing and dramatic enactment D) Writing essays
A) Keep them busy without purpose B) Train them in criminal trades C) Equip offenders with skills for lawful employment D) Provide academic education only
A) Only religious instruction B) Legal practice courses C) Military combat training D) Literacy, basic education, and values formation
A) Professional licensure B) Practical skills: decision-making, communication, budgeting, conflict resolution C) Physical fitness only D) Practical skills: decision-making, communication, budgeting, conflict resolution
A) Counseling and peer support groups B) Medication-assisted treatment where applicable C) Detoxification D) Total isolation without intervention
A) Quick cure within one week B) Admission of powerlessness over addiction, seeking help, and making amends C) Self-reliance only, no higher power concept D) Legal prosecution of users
A) Separating the offender permanently from family B) Treating the offender in isolation C) Bringing family members into the healing process to address relationship dynamics D) Interviewing family only to gather evidence
A) Reducing prison sentences regardless of harm B) Repairing harm done to victims and community through dialogue and restitution C) Ignoring the victim entirely D) Punishing the offender as severely as possible
A) Incapacitation measure B) Restorative justice C) Retributive justice D) Deterrence program
A) Psychotherapy is only for violent offenders B) They are completely unrelated C) Counseling tends to focus on current issues and coping; psychotherapy addresses deeper psychological patterns D) Only psychiatrists can do counseling
A) Argue with the offender to force change B) Tell the offender exactly what to do C) Threaten consequences D) Enhance intrinsic motivation to change through empathy and resolving ambivalence
A) Assessment, investigation, prosecution B) Directing, controlling, criticizing C) Expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, rolling with resistance, supporting self-efficacy D) Speed, authority, punishment
A) Suppress all feelings completely B) Take revenge privately C) Blame others for their anger D) Recognize triggers, control arousal, and respond constructively instead of aggressively
A) Denial and minimization B) Acceptance of responsibility, victim empathy, relapse prevention, and addressing distorted thinking C) Seclusion and silence D) Just serving the sentence
A) Identify high-risk situations and apply coping strategies to avoid reoffending B) Forget the past C) Change identity D) Relapse and return to crime
A) Dream interpretation B) Strict behavior rules C) The therapist directs all decisions D) Unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence from the therapist
A) Non-verbal / expressive therapeutic modalities B) Vocational courses C) Physical education D) Academic subjects
A) Replace professional therapy B) Control inmates through fear C) Provide moral guidance, meaning, values, and inner strength D) Convert everyone to one religion
A) A process of confronting behavior issues within the community B) Transfer C) Solitary confinement D) Physical restraint used for punishment
A) It produces permanent change instantly B) It requires no resources C) Behavior change may not generalize outside the structured setting D) It is unethical to use rewards
A) Treatment is delivered entirely by outside professionals B) Community volunteers provide all counseling C) The facility is relocated to the neighborhood D) Daily interactions, peer feedback, and community structure are the primary agents of change
A) Peer or staff feedback that challenges denial, manipulation, or harmful patterns within agreed norms B) Personal insults and shaming C) Legal confrontation D) Physical restraint
A) Short-term programs are most effective B) Retention beyond 6–12 months strongly predicts reduced recidivism C) Duration does not matter D) TCs are effective only for first-time offenders
A) It takes many years to complete B) It focuses on lengthy exploration of childhood roots C) It targets current thinking and behavior patterns using clear goals and homework D) It has no specific goals
A) Strengths-based approaches and consideration of adaptive functioning B) Longer confinement without treatment C) Harsher sanctions D) Exclusive focus on the offense details
A) Intentional vs. accidental offense B) First vs. second conviction C) A single incident slip vs. return to the full pattern of thinking and behavior D) Legal vs. informal violation
A) Make the offender feel guilty indefinitely B) Prepare the offender for apology letters C) Satisfy public opinion D) Counter narcissism, minimize harm, and increase accountability
A) Practices avoid triggering past trauma B) All of the above C) Choices and control are maximized for the survivor D) Physical and psychological safety are prioritized
A) Trauma survivors may re-experience overwhelming distress and disengage B) Trauma always excuses criminal behavior C) It is only a bureaucratic requirement D) Only female offenders have trauma
A) Trauma-specific is for staff only B) Only TIC is evidence-based C) TIC changes the environment/practices; trauma-specific actively treats the trauma D) They are identical terms
A) Meet the client where they are; reduce negative consequences even before full abstinence B) Encourage continued use C) Make substances freely available D) Reduce sentences regardless of behavior
A) It replaces all clinical treatment B) Integrated with professional counseling, not used as the sole intervention C) Limited to religious offenders D) Mandated with no choice
A) Creates worse behavior B) Is proven ineffective C) Should be stopped at intake D) Reduces post-release overdose and recidivism significantly
A) Involve affected parties B) Address causes and prevent recurrence C) Repair harm rather than punish D) Offender is the sole focus of concern
A) The victim is pressured to participate B) The offender refuses to acknowledge responsibility C) Both parties voluntarily agree and safety can be ensured D) The court orders it without consent
A) Realistic, incremental, and monitored — not set beyond ability to pay B) Paid in a lump sum before release C) Set as high as possible D) Waived for all offenders
A) Solely the result of bad parenting B) One part of a larger interactional pattern, not just individual flaw C) Irrelevant to family dynamics D) Entirely caused by the family
A) Distracting inmates from work B) Reducing guilt, maintaining bonds, and modeling responsible family roles C) Increasing security risks D) Encouraging dependency
A) Anger should be eliminated; aggression controlled B) They are the same C) Anger is always bad; aggression is sometimes good D) Anger is an emotion; aggression is an action
A) Aggression is dangerous B) Assuming others intend harm when intent is unclear C) Blaming oneself for everything D) Ignoring dangerous situations
A) Balancing positives and negatives equally B) Viewing situations in extreme, black-and-white categories without middle ground C) Considering every possible outcome D) Taking responsibility only when forced
A) Dominate others to get what they want B) Shout louder to be heard C) Always give in to avoid conflict D) Express needs and boundaries respectfully without aggression or passivity
A) Observe without participating B) Assist the director in administrative tasks C) Represent significant people in the protagonist’s life during enactment D) Act as guards to maintain order
A) Only for artistic or musically gifted offenders B) Offenders lack verbal skills or cannot articulate trauma/emotions C) They replace all counseling D) Time is limited |