CLJ5-CEVIDE
  • 1. Which term refers to any matter of fact that a party offers to prove or disprove a claim in court?
A) Proof
B) Fact
C) Testimony
D) Evidence
  • 2. What is the degree of proof required in criminal cases, ensuring moral certainty of guilt?
A) Circumstantial Evidence
B) Preponderance of Evidence
C) Substantial Evidence
D) Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
  • 3. Which standard of proof is used in administrative cases and requires such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion?
A) Direct Evidence
B) Preponderance of Evidence
C) Substantial Evidence
D) Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
  • 4. In civil cases, which degree of proof requires that the evidence on one side is more convincing than that of the other?
A) Equipoise of Evidence
B) Preponderance of Evidence
C) Substantial Evidence
D) Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
  • 5. When the evidence of both parties is balanced, and the case must be resolved in favor of the defendant, it is called.
A) Preponderance of Evidence
B) Equiponderance of Evidence
C) Substantial Evidence
D) Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
  • 6. Which term means that the evidence presented by both sides is equal in weight and credibility?
A) Equipoise of Evidence
B) Substantial Evidence
C) Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
D) Preponderance of Evidence
  • 7. Which of the following is not a degree of proof recognized by the Rules of Court?
A) Clear and Convincing Evidence
B) Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
C) Equipoise of Evidence
D) Substantial Evidence
  • 8. What is the lowest degree of proof used in administrative proceedings?
A) Equiponderance of Evidence
B) Preponderance of Evidence
C) Substantial Evidence
D) Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
  • 9. When the evidence of guilt and innocence are equal, the accused must be acquitted because of.
A) Substantial Evidence Doctrine
B) Equipoise of Evidence Rule
C) Preponderance of Evidence
D) Best Evidence Rule
  • 10. Which term refers to the totality of evidence presented by a party to prove a fact in issue?
A) Object Evidence
B) Proof
C) Documentary Evidence
D) Testimony
  • 11. hen the scales of evidence are equally balanced, and the doubt favors the accused, this principle applies
A) sumption of Innocence
B) Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
C) Preponderance of Evidence
D) Substantial Evidence
  • 12. Which of the following requires the highest level of certainty before a conviction can be made?
A) Substantial Evidence
B) Circumstantial Evidence
C) Preponderance of Evidence
D) Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
  • 13. Which rule dictates that when evidence is equally balanced, the case should be decided against the party who has the burden of proof?
A) Equiponderance Rule
B) Rule of Preponderance
C) Best Evidence Rule
D) Res Gestae
  • 14. In the hierarchy of proof, which of the following requires the least amount of proof?
A) Substantial Evidence
B) Clear and Convincing Evidence
C) Preponderance of Evidence
D) Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
  • 15. When evidence is described as credible, relevant, and sufficient to establish a fact, it is called.
A) Testimonial Evidence
B) Admissible Evidence
C) Substantial Evidence
D) Cumulative Evidence
  • 16. A police officer testifies that he personally recovered a gun from the suspect’s waist during arrest. The gun is later presented in court. Which correctly describes the evidentiary classification involved?
A) Both the narration and the gun are testimonial evidence.
B) The officer’s narration is testimonial; the gun itself is object evidence.
C) The narration and the gun are both documentary evidence.
D) The narration converts the gun into documentary evidence.
  • 17. A private document offered in evidence to prove its contents must first be
A) Admitted automatically since it is self-authenticating.
B) Authenticated by any person familiar with the signature appearing thereon.
C) Presented through secondary evidence.
D) Identified and compared by a handwriting expert alone.
  • 18. A surveillance video showing the accused receiving marked money is presented in court. The USB drive where the video is stored is considered
A) A surveillance video showing the accused receiving marked money is presented in court. The USB drive where the video is stored is considered.
B) Testimonial evidence since it reflects human narration.
C) Circumstantial evidence because it implies guilt.
D) Demonstrative evidence since it illustrates an act.
  • 19. Which statement correctly distinguishes object evidence from documentary evidence under the Rules on Evidence?
A) Object evidence must be identified by a witness who saw its connection to the crime; documentary evidence must be authenticated to prove its genuineness.
B) Object evidence proves contents; documentary evidence proves physical existence.
C) Documentary evidence can be offered without a witness if material; object evidence cannot.
D) Both require authentication by handwriting experts.
  • 20. A certified true copy of a public record issued by a government officer is presented. What form and status of evidence does it have?
A) Object evidence needing physical identification.
B) Secondary evidence subject to best evidence rule.
C) Public document, admissible without further proof of its due execution.
D) Private document requiring authentication.
  • 21. If a fingerprint lifted from the crime scene is offered to prove identity, the evidence is classified as
A) Testimonial evidence.
B) Documentary evidence because it is recorded
C) Object (real) evidence, subject to proper identification and chain of custody.
D) Circumstantial evidence only.
  • 22. The affidavit of a witness, if not testified to in open court, is
A) Real evidence under the rules.
B) Self-authenticating documentary evidence.
C) Mere hearsay and inadmissible, unless the affiant is presented for cross-examination.
D) Testimonial evidence of high probative value.
  • 23. When the defense introduces a diagram prepared by an expert witness to explain ballistic trajectories, the diagram is
A) Circumstantial evidence, since it suggests but does not prove fact.
B) Object evidence, since it is a tangible exhibit used to clarify testimony.
C) Documentary evidence, since it has written markings.
D) Hearsay evidence, since it is not based on personal knowledge.
  • 24. Under the Best Evidence Rule, when the original document has been lost or destroyed without bad faith, the secondary evidence admissible may consist of—
A) Oral testimony as to its contents.
B) Neither, since the document is already lost.
C) A photocopy or carbon copy, properly authenticated.
D) Both A and B.
  • 25. A forensic chemist testifies that the sachet he examined contained methamphetamine hydrochloride. The sachet itself is offered in court. To be admissible, it must be shown that—
A) It was photographed before trial.
B) It was in the continuous custody of the police, establishing its chain of custody.
C) It was mentioned in the affidavit of arrest.
D) The chemist’s testimony alone suffices for admissibility.
  • 26. A CCTV footage showing the accused entering the store before the robbery is presented in court. What kind of evidence is this?
A) Object evidence
B) Testimonial evidence
C) Documentary evidence
D) Circumstantial evidence
  • 27. A witness testifies that he saw the accused stab the victim.
A) Direct evidence
B) Circumstantial evidence
C) Hearsay evidence
D) Documentary evidence
  • 28. A certified true copy of a birth certificate is presented to prove age.
A) Primary evidence
B) Object evidence
C) Secondary evidence
D) Documentary evidence
  • 29. A witness submits a sworn affidavit instead of personally testifying.
A) Object evidence
B) Testimonial evidence
C) Documentary evidence
D) Hearsay evidence
  • 30. A photograph of the crime scene showing the victim’s location is shown in court.
A) Documentary evidence
B) Object evidence
C) Demonstrative evidence
D) Circumstantial evidence
  • 31. A signed written contract is offered to prove the existence of an agreement.
A) Testimonial evidence
B) Object evidence
C) Documentary evidence
D) Circumstantial evidence
  • 32. A forensic expert states that the bullet found at the scene matches the accused’s firearm.
A) Object evidence
B) Circumstantial evidence
C) Direct evidence
D) Documentary evidence
  • 33. A pistol used in the commission of the crime is presented before the court.
A) Demonstrative evidence
B) Testimonial evidence
C) Object evidence
D) Documentary evidence
  • 34. A witness testifies that someone else told him the accused confessed.
A) Documentary evidence
B) Hearsay evidence
C) Testimonial evidence
D) Direct evidence
  • 35. An investigator presents a sketch of the accident scene to illustrate his testimony.
A) Demonstrative evidence
B) Circumstantial evidence
C) Object evidence
D) Documentary evidence
  • 36. A DNA analysis result matching the suspect’s blood sample is introduced.
A) Documentary evidence
B) Direct evidence
C) Object evidence
D) Circumstantial evidence
  • 37. The original land title is produced in court to prove ownership.
A) Secondary evidence
B) Documentary evidence
C) Demonstrative evidence
D) Primary evidence
  • 38. A video of the accused reenacting how the crime was done is shown in court.
A) Object evidence
B) Documentary evidence
C) Direct evidence
D) Demonstrative evidence
  • 39. A witness testified that he saw the accused running from the scene after a gunshot.
A) Documentary evidence
B) Direct evidence
C) Circumstantial evidence
D) Hearsay evidence
  • 40. A handwritten letter by the accused admitting guilt is offered as evidence.
A) Testimonial evidence
B) Circumstantial evidence
C) Documentary evidence
D) Object evidence
  • 41. Evidence is said to be admissible when it:
A) Has a strong emotional impact on the jury
B) Supports the testimony of the witness
C) Is relevant and not excluded by the Rules of Court
D) Is presented by the prosecution only
  • 42. The general rule on admissibility requires that evidence must be:
A) Competent and relevant
B) Supported by an affidavit
C) Certified by a notary public
D) Original and signed
  • 43. Which of the following best explains the purpose of the rule on admissibility of evidence?
A) To limit the number of witnesses
B) To ensure that only reliable and lawful evidence is considered by the court
C) To ensure speedy trial
D) To favor the prosecution
  • 44. What kind of evidence is inadmissible even if relevant?
A) Documentary evidence authenticated by a custodian
B) Evidence properly identified in open court
C) Evidence obtained in violation of constitutional rights
D) Testimony based on personal knowledge
  • 45. Which rule provides that evidence must be both relevant and competent?
A) Rule 128, Section 3
B) Rule 129, Section 1
C) Rule 130, Section 4
D) Rule 131, Section 1
  • 46. A police officer illegally searches a house without a warrant and finds drugs. The prosecution offers them as evidence. Applying the rule on admissibility, the court should:
A) Admit the evidence because it is material
B) Exclude it only if the defense objects
C) Admit it because it proves guilt
D) Exclude it because it was obtained illegally
  • 47. A witness testifies about a conversation he overheard between two accused persons. The testimony is objected to as hearsay. Applying the rules, the court should:
A) Admit it because it was said in public
B) Exclude it as it was not based on personal knowledge
C) Admit it because it came from the accused
D) Exclude it only if the defense requests
  • 48. During trial, a photocopy of a contract is presented without explaining the loss of the original. Applying the rules, the photocopy is:
A) Inadmissible for failure to comply with the best evidence rule
B) Admissible only if notarized
C) Admissible as best evidence
D) Admissible since it is a copy
  • 49. A confession made by an accused without the assistance of counsel is offered as evidence. Applying the constitutional rule, such confession is:
A) Inadmissible for violation of the right to counsel
B) Admissible as an exception
C) Admissible if reduced to writing
D) Admissible if voluntarily made
  • 50. The prosecution offers a video recording obtained from a CCTV camera. The defense objects on the ground that it was tampered with. Applying the rules, the court should:
A) Exclude it automatically
B) Admit it without question
C) Admit it if it favors the prosecution
D) Admit it if authentication proves it is genuine
  • 51. Evidence is both relevant and material, but it was obtained through entrapment involving police coercion. Analyze its admissibility.
A) Inadmissible only if not signed by witnesses
B) Admissible because entrapment is allowed
C) Admissible because it proves guilt
D) Inadmissible because the method violated due process
  • 52. A dying declaration is admitted despite being hearsay. Analyze why this is allowed
A) The witness was credible
B) The statement was recorded
C) The declarant’s statement is presumed truthful due to impending death
D) It is supported by physical evidence
  • 53. The prosecution presents circumstantial evidence linking the accused to the crime. Analyze the condition for its admissibility.
A) It must be at least three circumstances only
B) It must be supported by hearsay statements
C) It must form an unbroken chain leading to a fair conclusion of guilt
D) It must be direct and absolute
  • 54. The defense offers a confession that was obtained before counsel arrived but later confirmed by the accused in open court. Analyze if it is admissible.
A) Inadmissible because the original confession was tainted
B) Admissible because it was affirmed voluntarily
C) Admissible only with corroboration
D) Inadmissible unless written
  • 55. Two pieces of evidence are both admissible but contradict each other. Analyze how the court should treat them.
A) Exclude both pieces of evidence
B) Automatically favor the prosecution
C) Automatically favor the defense
D) Give more weight to the more credible and consistent evidence
  • 56. When a party offers documentary evidence in court, what must accompany the offer?
A) A statement identifying and describing the document’s purpose
B) The affidavit of the custodian
C) The document alone
D) The oral testimony of the party
  • 57. When must evidence be formally offered during trial?
A) During closing arguments
B) When the evidence is identified by the witness
C) After all witnesses have testified
D) At the beginning of the case
  • 58. Oral testimony must be offered:
A) After cross-examination
B) Before documentary evidence
C) At the time the witness is called to testify
D) After closing arguments
  • 59. Failure to make a timely objection to inadmissible evidence results in:
A) Exclusion of evidence
B) Suspension of proceedings
C) Waiver of objection
D) Reversal of judgment
  • 60. The main reason for formally offering evidence is to:
A) Expedite the trial process
B) Guarantee appeal rights
C) Allow the court to rule on admissibility
D) Assist in witness examination
  • 61. Documentary evidence that is not formally offered in court is:
A) Disregarded by the court
B) Deemed admitted automatically
C) Valid if attached to pleadings
D) Considered but not given weight
  • 62. A general objection is insufficient when:
A) The testimony is cumulative
B) The witness is incompetent
C) The evidence is irrelevant
D) The ground for objection is not apparent
  • 63. To preserve the right to object, counsel must object:
A) In a written memorandum
B) Before the answer is given
C) After the witness answers
D) During cross-examination
  • 64. During trial, a witness begins to narrate a story containing hearsay information. Counsel must immediately:
A) Move to strike out the testimony after it’s completed
B) Let the witness finish then object
C) File a written motion later
D) Object before the witness continues
  • 65. The prosecutor offers a photograph into evidence without explaining its purpose. Defense counsel objects. The court should:
A) Admit it provisionally
B) Allow explanation later
C) Admit it since it’s already marked
D) Deny it for lack of proper offer
  • 66. Defense counsel forgot to object to an irrelevant question, and the answer was recorded. Later, he argues the answer should be excluded. What is the effect?
A) The objection is waived
B) The court may suspend proceedings
C) The evidence becomes void
D) The judge must disregard it
  • 67. A lawyer objects to a document on the ground of irrelevance. What should the proponent do to sustain admission?
A) Argue that all evidence is relevant
B) Show its connection to a material issue
C) Refile it with an affidavit
D) Withdraw and substitute it
  • 68. During cross-examination, opposing counsel offers a letter not yet identified by any witness. The proper objection is:
A) Improper cross-examination
B) Irrelevance
C) Lack of authentication
D) Violation of best evidence rule
  • 69. A document was marked and discussed during trial but never formally offered. The judge considers it in deciding the case. On appeal, what is the ruling?
A) The ruling is discretionary
B) The court may still affirm the decision
C) The document should be excluded
D) The document is admissible
  • 70. Counsel objects to an exhibit as hearsay but fails to specify the reason. The court admits it. Later, counsel raises the issue on appeal. What is the consequence?
A) The objection is deemed waived
B) The evidence loses probative value
C) The evidence is void
D) The appellate court must review the case
  • 71. Which of the following best describes documentary evidence?
A) Testimony given by a witness under oath
B) Oral statements made outside the courtroom
C) Any written instrument offered as proof of facts in issue
D) Any object presented for the inspection of the court
  • 72. Before a documentary evidence is admitted, it must first be:
A) Certified by the judge
B) Shown to the opposing counsel only
C) Filed before the start of trial
D) Identified and authenticated by a competent witness
  • 73. The purpose of authentication of documentary evidence is to:
A) Prove that it is the original document
B) Confirm its availability for inspection
C) Establish its genuineness and due execution
D) Ensure that it was properly notarized
  • 74. A private document becomes admissible in evidence once it is:
A) Authenticated by someone who saw it executed or recognized the signature
B) Certified by the clerk of court
C) Acknowledged by both parties
D) Filed in the records of the court
  • 75. A public document is presumed to be genuine because it:
A) Bears the seal of the Republic of the Philippines
B) Was written by a lawyer
C) Is executed or issued by a public officer in performance of official duties
D) Has been signed before a notary public
  • 76. When the original document is unavailable, the rules allow:
A) Presentation of secondary evidence upon proper explanation of loss
B) Admission by stipulation only
C) Substitution by oral testimony
D) Use of a photocopy without justification
  • 77. The “best evidence rule” means that:
A) Only public documents are acceptable
B) All documents must be notarized
C) The most persuasive evidence should be used
D) The original document must be produced when the contents are in issue
  • 78. When the authenticity of a document is not disputed by the parties, the rule allows it to be:
A) Treated as secondary evidence
B) Dismissed as irrelevant
C) Admitted without further proof
D) Excluded for lack of foundation
  • 79. A lawyer offers in evidence a photocopy of a contract, claiming the original was destroyed in a fire. What must the lawyer first do?
A) Submit an affidavit of loss only
B) Prove the existence and loss of the original before introducing the copy
C) Request the court to assume the original was lost
D) Present the photocopy immediately
  • 80. A notarial document executed by a public officer is offered in court. What is the correct procedure for presenting it?
A) It may be presented directly without further authentication
B) It must be accompanied by oral testimony
C) It requires comparison of handwriting
D) It must be verified by both parties
  • 81. During trial, a witness identifies a private letter signed by the accused. Which rule is applied to admit this letter as evidence?
A) Parol evidence rule
B) Hearsay rule
C) Authentication of private document
D) Best evidence rule
  • 82. If the opposing counsel admits the genuineness of a document during pre-trial, what is its effect?
A) The document still needs formal offer
B) The document becomes automatically admissible without authentication
C) The court disregards the admission
D) The document must still be notarized
  • 83. A party wants to prove the contents of an old public record kept in the government archive. Which is the proper evidence to present?
A) Oral testimony of a government employee
B) A news article quoting the document
C) A handwritten copy by the lawyer
D) A copy certified by the legal custodian of the record
  • 84. A duplicate original of a notarized contract is presented. The opposing party objects, claiming it is not the “best evidence.” What is the ruling?
A) The duplicate original is admissible as it has equal legal force
B) The court must issue an order to produce the first copy
C) The duplicate must first be notarized again
D) The objection is valid; only one original is allowed
  • 85. A party offers a private document in evidence without identifying the signatures. What should the judge do under the rules?
A) Admit the document because it is relevant
B) Allow it if the other party remains silent
C) Reject it for lack of authentication
D) Require only a photocopy
  • 86. What does sufficiency of evidence primarily refer to in legal proceedings?
A) The credibility of the witness alone
B) The adequacy of evidence to sustain a verdict
C) The materiality of the documents submitted
D) The quantity of witnesses presented
  • 87. Evidence is said to be sufficient when:
A) It creates mere suspicion of guilt
B) It is admissible but not credible
C) It is circumstantial and weak
D) It convinces the court beyond reasonable doubt or meets the required standard of proof
  • 88. Which of the following best explains “insufficient evidence”?
A) The evidence fails to meet the degree of proof required by law
B) The evidence cannot be admitted in court
C) The evidence is irrelevant but credible
D) The evidence is abundant but immaterial
  • 89. In a criminal case, the sufficiency of evidence is determined by whether it can:
A) Prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt
B) Produce a presumption of guilt
C) Establish probable cause
D) Support a civil action
  • 90. In a civil case, sufficiency of evidence is measured by:
A) Moral certainty
B) Proof beyond reasonable doubt
C) Substantial evidence
D) Preponderance of evidence
  • 91. The sufficiency of evidence is concerned mainly with:
A) The admissibility of the evidence
B) The numerical count of the witnesses
C) The source of the evidence
D) The weight and convincing character of the proof presented
  • 92. The admissibility of the evidence
A) When evidence presented is too technical
B) When the evidence fails to establish a prima facie case
C) When the case is appealed
D) When both parties submit identical evidence
  • 93. “Sufficient evidence” means:
A) The evidence that is always direct in nature
B) The evidence that may exist but does not relate to the issue
C) The minimum proof required to justify a finding in favor of a party
D) The evidence that may exist but does not relate to the issue
  • 94. The concept of sufficiency of evidence ensures that:
A) The number of witnesses determines the outcome
B) The judgment is based on the totality of relevant and credible proofs
C) The number of witnesses determines the outcome
D) The judge is free to decide without reference to the evidence
  • 95. The test of sufficiency of evidence is:
A) Whether a reasonable mind might accept it as adequate to support a conclusion
B) Whether the evidence comes from the prosecution only
C) Whether the judge believes the accused
D) Whether all evidence is documentary in nature
  • 96. The sufficiency of evidence relates to the:
A) Cost of the proceedings
B) Number of witnesses produced
C) Quality rather than quantity of evidence
D) Type of document presented
  • 97. In administrative cases, evidence is sufficient if it meets the standard of:
A) Substantial evidence
B) Preponderance of evidence
C) Beyond reasonable doubt
D) Clear and convincing evidence
  • 98. Which statement best distinguishes sufficiency from admissibility?
A) Admissibility refers to whether evidence may be received; sufficiency concerns whether it can prove the fact
B) Admissibility concerns the weight of evidence
C) Sufficiency deals with the competence of evidence
D) Both terms mean the same
  • 99. Which of the following scenarios demonstrates sufficient evidence?
A) Evidence that fully establishes a fact as required by law
B) Evidence that is conflicting and unreliable
C) Evidence that is immaterial but numerous
D) Evidence that slightly suggests the fact in issue
  • 100. The judge determines the sufficiency of evidence by evaluating:
A) The objections of the opposing counsel
B) The totality and probative force of all admitted proofs
C) The demeanor of the lawyer
D) The time consumed in trial
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