Theotokos - Quiz

1. In which year was the Third Ecumenical Council held?

A) 787
B) 325
C) 431
D) 451

2. Where did the Third Ecumenical Council take place?

A) Nicaea
B) Chalcedon
C) Constantinople
D) Ephesus

3. What title was formally affirmed for Mary at the Third Ecumenical Council?

A) Birth-giver of God
B) Theotokos
C) Mother of Christ
D) Christotokos

4. Who advocated that Mary should be called 'Christotokos'?

A) Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople
B) Cyril of Alexandria
C) John Chrysostom
D) Athanasius

5. What did the term 'Christotokos' imply about Mary's role?

A) Mother of the Trinity
B) Mother of God
C) Birth-giver of both Christ and God
D) Mother of Christ's humanity only

6. Who led the opposition against Nestorius' view?

A) Pope Leo I
B) Cyril of Alexandria
C) Augustine of Hippo
D) John Cassian

7. What was the theological issue with Nestorius' view according to Cyril?

A) It supported Pelagianism.
B) It suggested two persons in Christ.
C) It denied Christ's divinity.
D) It affirmed Arianism.

8. What Christological view did the council affirm?

A) Two-nature Christology
B) One-nature Christology
C) Arian Christology
D) Apollinarian Christology

9. What was anathematized as heresy by the council?

A) Pelagianism
B) Arianism
C) Nestorianism
D) Monophysitism

10. How did Cyril of Alexandria describe the union of the Word and flesh?

A) Joined only in honor.
B) Conjoined through dignity and authority.
C) Juxtaposed but separate natures.
D) United by nature, not turned into flesh.

11. What did Cyril mean by 'not with the sort of conjunction that a human being might have with God'?

A) It meant they were separate entities.
B) It referred to a symbolic relationship.
C) It indicated a temporary association.
D) The union was not merely honorary or authoritative.

12. What term did Cyril reject as inadequate for expressing the union of Word and flesh?

A) 'Conjunction'
B) 'Fusion'
C) 'Integration'
D) 'Synthesis'

13. According to Cyril, what does it mean when he says 'the holy virgin gave birth in the flesh to God united with the flesh according to hypostasis'?

A) Christ had two distinct persons.
B) The divinity of Christ was separate from his humanity.
C) Mary bore Jesus as both fully divine and fully human.
D) Mary only bore Christ's humanity.

14. What consequence did Cyril state for not confessing that 'Emmanuel is, in truth, God'?

A) Excommunication
B) Absolution
C) Anathema
D) Penance

15. Which Egyptian goddess was originally associated with the title 'Theotokos'?

A) Osiris
B) Athena
C) Isis
D) Hathor

16. What is the oldest preserved hymn dedicated to the Virgin Mary called?

A) Magnificat
B) Salve Regina
C) Ave Maria
D) Beneath thy Compassion

17. In which century is the oldest record of the hymn 'Beneath thy Compassion' mostly dated?

A) 4th century
B) 5th century
C) 6th century
D) After 450

18. Who suggested that the hymn 'Beneath thy Compassion' might date back to the mid-3rd century?

A) Augustine of Hippo
B) Gregory of Nazianzus
C) Henri de Villiers
D) John Cassian

19. According to Gregory of Nazianzus, what is the consequence of not confessing that Mary is Theotokos?

A) One is found to be far from God.
B) One is deemed ignorant.
C) One is excommunicated.
D) One is considered a heretic.

20. In which century did the title 'Theotokos' start being used?

A) 6th century
B) 5th century
C) 3rd century
D) 4th century

21. What does the Greek word 'τόκος' translate to?

A) Mother
B) Virgin
C) God
D) Childbirth, parturition; offspring

22. Which of the following is a Church Slavonic translation for Theotokos?

A) Mētrótheos
B) Theomētōr
C) Bogoroditsa
D) Deipara

23. Which language uses the term 'Gottesgebärerin' to translate Theotokos?

A) Arabic
B) German
C) Russian
D) Latin

24. Which empire did the Church of the East exist in?

A) Ottoman Empire
B) Byzantine Empire
C) Roman Empire
D) Sasanian Empire

25. What language did the Church of the East predominantly use?

A) Greek
B) Latin
C) Syriac
D) Arabic

26. Who wrote in his Book of the Union about Mary being called Mother of God?

A) Nestorius
B) Cyril of Alexandria
C) Babai the Great
D) Theodore of Mopsuestia

27. Which hymn is most commonly used in Eastern Orthodox services?

A) "Bogurodzica"
B) "Salus Populi Romani"
C) "Axion Estin"
D) "Hail Mary"

28. Which early Russian icons were imports from?

A) "Byzantium"
B) "Constantinople"
C) "Athens"
D) "Rome"

29. Who is associated with promoting the cult of the Virgin and depicted in Santa Maria in Trastevere?

A) "Martin Luther"
B) "The Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV"
C) "Pope John VII"
D) "John Calvin"

30. Which hymn replaces Axion Estin during the Divine Liturgy on Sundays of Great Lent?

A) "Hail Mary in its Eastern form"
B) "Bogurodzica"
C) "All creation rejoices"
D) "Sub tuum praesidium"

31. What was the impact of Byzantine Iconoclasm on early icons?

A) "They were all preserved in monasteries"
B) "Most were destroyed"
C) "They became more popular"
D) "They were moved to Rome"

32. Which icon is a 5th or 6th-century Byzantine icon preserved in Rome?

A) "Santa Maria Maggiore mosaic"
B) "Blachernitissa"
C) "Salus Populi Romani"
D) "Agiosoritissa"

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