PATLAL😭
  • 1. What theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and communicative exchanges in language acquisition?
A) Cognitivist
B) Interactionism
C) Behaviorism
D) Nativism
  • 2. What is the term for an innate grammatical framework proposed by Noam Chomsky that is common to all human languages?
A) Universal Grammar
B) Cognitive Schema
C) Acquisition Support System(LASS)
D) Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
  • 3. What is ‘positive reinforcement’ in the context of behaviorism?
A) Correcting language mistakes
B) Ignoring incorrect language use
C) Encouraging imitation
D) Rewarding correct language use
  • 4. Which theory asserts that language acquisition is a result of environmental interaction, imitation, and reinforcement?
A) Interactionism
B) Cognitivism
C) Nativism
D) Behaviorism
  • 5. What does ‘equilibration’ mean in Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory?
A) • Balancing assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding
B) • Adjusting cognitive structures to incorporate new information
C) • Integrating new information into existing schemas
D) • Reinforcing correct language use through rewards
  • 6. What is ‘child-directed speech’ (CDS) in the Interactionist Theory?
A) • Advanced language used by caregivers
B) Formal teaching of grammatical rules
C) • Symbolic play to teach language concepts
D) • Simplified, accessible language tailored to young children
  • 7. What is the name of the social structures and interactions that support language learning in the Interactionist Theory?
A) Language Acquisition Device
B) Cognitive Schema
C) Universal Grammar
D) Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)
  • 8. Who proposed the concept of the ‘Language Acquisition Device (LAD)’?
A) B.F Skinner
B) Jerome Bruner
C) Noam Chomsky
D) Jean Piaget
  • 9. According to Jerome Bruner, what term describes the social structures and interactions that support language learning?
A) • Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)
B) • Universal Grammar
C) • Cognitive Equilibration
D) • Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
  • 10. Which theory is closely associated with B.F. Skinner and focuses on the role of environmental influences in learning language?
A) • Cognitivism
B) Interactionism
C) Nativism
D) • Behaviorism
  • 11. Why has the study of SLA been traditionally dominated by linguistics?
A) • Linguistics was more accommodating for SLA research
B) • Linguistics offers the most effective teaching methods
C) • Psychological studies of language were less developed
D) • Educational institutions prioritized linguistic studies
  • 12. According to the paper, what is necessary for effective L2 learning in adults?
A) • Avoiding explicit learning altogether
B) • Combining implicit learning with explicit learning processes
C) • Solely relying on implicit learning mechanism
D) • Focusing exclusively on rote memorization
  • 13. What is one proposed research area mentioned in the paper’s future research agenda?
A) • Exploring the explicit/implicit learning dichotomy
B) • Reducing the emphasis on psychological factors
C) • Focusing solely on linguistic theories
D) • Developing new linguistic output models
  • 14. Which technological advancement has significantly influenced the study of SLA in recent times?
A) • Development of new language textbooks
B) • Automated language translation tools
C) • Online language learning platforms
D) • Brain scanning and imaging technologies
  • 15. What is a major challenge of the linguistic approach in SLA according to the paper?
A) • Focus on static language output analysis
B) • Overreliance on cognitive theories
C) • Emphasis on developmental processes
D) • Lack of practical applications
  • 16. Which field traditionally focused on analyzing language output as a static state?
A) • Psychology
B) • Linguistics
C) • Education
D) • Cognitive Science
  • 17. Why do psychologists find L1 acquisition more attractive than L2 acquisition?
A) • L1 acquisition offers more generalizable findings
B) • L2 acquisition is less relevant to human identity
C) • L2 acquisition is more uniform
D) • L1 acquisition is easier to study
  • 18. Language Learning: The Past, The Present, and The Future”?
A) • The development of linguistic theories in SLA
B) • The effectiveness of different language teaching methods
C) • The historical and current influence of psychology on language learning
D) • The role of technology in language acquisition
  • 19. What is meant by ‘interdisciplinary collaboration’ in the context of SLA research?
A) • Focusing solely on linguistic theories
B) • Combining insights from multiple academic disciplines
C) • Prioritizing traditional teaching methods
D) • Separating psychology from linguistics
  • 20. What was unconventional about the author’s academic journey in the mid-1980s?
A) • Focusing on L1 acquisition
B) • Studying SLA within a Department of Psychology
C) • Pursuing a PhD in Linguistics
D) • Integrating technology into language learning research
  • 21. Who is considered the founder of Behaviorism, which significantly influenced the Behaviorist Theory of language learning?
A) • Jerome Bruner
B) • Noam Chomsky
C) • J.B. Watson
D) • Jean Piaget
  • 22. What is one major limitation of Behaviorist Theory in explaining language acquisition?
A) • It does not explain how children learn abstract words and novel language forms
B) • It overestimates the influence of cognitive development
C) • It focuses too much on social and cultural factors
D) • It ignores the role of environmental stimuli
  • 23. According to Behaviorist Theory, how do children form complex speech patterns?
A) • By gradual refinement through trial-and-error
B) • By social interaction and support
C) • Through a biological predisposition
D) • Via cognitive restructuring
  • 24. Behaviorist Theory contributed to the development of which teaching approach that involves physical activity as a response to language input?
A) • Silent Way
B) • Total Physical Response
C) • Direct Method
D) • Communicative Language Teaching
  • 25. Which criticism is often leveled against Behaviorist Theory?
A) • It ignores the role of reinforcement in learning
B) • It overemphasizes innate biological mechanisms
C) • It relies too heavily on cognitive development stages
D) • It does not account for social influences
  • 26. What is the primary focus of Behaviorist Theory in language acquisition?
A) • Observable behavior and reinforcement
B) • Cognitive processes
C) • Social interaction
D) • Innate ability
  • 27. Who is considered the founder of Behaviorism, which influenced Behaviorist Theory of language learning?
A) • Jean Piaget
B) • • J.B. Watson
C) • Noam Chomsky
D) • Lev Vygotsky
  • 28. According to Behaviorist Theory, how do children primarily learn language?
A) • Through problem-solving and hypothesis testing
B) • By imitating sounds and receiving rewards
C) • By interacting with their environment
D) • Through innate mechanisms
  • 29. Which of the following is NOT a basic tenet of Behaviorist Theory?
A) • Universal Grammar
B) • Habit Formation
C) • Stimulus-Response Associations
D) • Imitation and Reinforcement
  • 30. Which language teaching method is most closely aligned with Behaviorist Theory?
A) • Communicative Language Teaching
B) • Total Physical Response
C) • Audiolingual Method
D) • Grammar Translation Method
  • 31. The critical/sensitive period for the development of semantics is considered to be:
A) • From 2 years to 4 years From birth to 2 years
B) • Through the 15th or 16th year of life
C) • Through the 12th month of infancy
  • 32. This key elements of language runs through the 15th or 16th year of life.
A) • Morphology
B) • Syntax
C) • Semantics
D) • Phonology
  • 33. Who proposed the critical period hypothesis for language acquisition and when?
A) • Eric Lenneberg, 1967
B) • Jean Piaget, 1960
C) • Noam Chomsky, 1957
D) • B.F. Skinner, 1955
  • 34. Which brain regions are involved in syntax and semantics respectively?
A) • Frontal lobe for syntax and occipital lobe for semantics.
B) • Anterior temporal region for syntax and posterior brain regions for semantics.
C) • Posterior brain regions for syntax and anterior and Temporal region for semantics.
D) • Left hemisphere for syntax and right hemisphere for semantics.
  • 35. What is the implication of the critical/sensitive period concept for early language development?
A) • Phonological skills are not important for later language development.
B) • Early and appropriate sensory input is crucial for optimal language development.
C) • Hearing loss in early childhood has no impact on language development
D) • Language skills can be developed equally well at any age.
  • 36. What research finding supports the critical period for phonological development?
A) • Children understand complex sentences by age 3.
B) • Newborns can differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar voices.
C) • Adolescents have fully developed semantic responses.
D) • Children start using grammar by age 2.
  • 37. Which of the following best describes the impact of early exposure to phonemic sounds?
A) • It is crucial for phonological development and influences later language abilities
B) • It has no impact on later language development.
C) • It is important only for developing semantic understanding.
D) • It only affects the ability to learn multiple languages.
  • 38. What did neurophysiological studies by Neville et al. indicate about syntax development?
A) • Syntax development reaches full maturity by the mid- teens.
B) • Syntax development is unaffected by early experiences.
C) • Syntax development is only influenced by genetic factors.
D) • Syntax development is complete by age 4.
  • 39. What is a broader implication of the critical/sensitive period concept in human development?
A) • Developmental changes are purely driven by genetic factors.
B) • Specific experiences during critical periods significantly influence later development.
C) • Human development occurs in completely unique stages without any overlap.
D) • Biological maturation has no role in developmental changes.
  • 40. Which research finding supports the critical period for phonological development?
A) • Newborns can speak fluently by 12 months.
B) • Infants lose the ability to discriminate non-native phonemes by 12 months.
C) • Syntax develops fully by the mid-teens.
D) • Semantics are fully understood by age 4.
  • 41. What is the critical/sensitive period for syntax development according to neurophysiological studies?
A) • From 6 months to 1 year
B) • From 1 year to 4 years
C) • From birth to 2 years
D) • Extends through the fourth year of life and possibly up to the age of 15-16
  • 42. During what time frame is the critical period for phonological development?
A) • From 2 years to 5 years
B) • From the sixth month of fetal life through the 12th month of infancy
C) • From 1 year to 4 years
D) • From birth to 6 months
  • 43. What did ERP studies reveal about children’s brain responses to semantic stimuli?
A) • Mature responses are present only in adults.
B) • Mature responses begin to appear by age 4 but continue to develop through adolescence.
C) • Children have fully mature responses to semantic stimuli by age 4.
D) • Semantic development is complete by age 2.
  • 44. What is the concept of a critical or sensitive period in language development?
A) • A phase when adults can learn new languages easily.
B) • A period when language acquisition is impossible.
C) • A biologically determined window when language acquisition is most effective.
D) • A period when children learn to read and write.
  • 45. Teachers should actively manage the use of L1, integrating it strategically into lessons to enhance learning while ensuring sufficient exposure to L2. This explains the
A) • Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Community Language Learning, Total Physical Response, Communicative Language Teaching
B) • Overcoming Overuse of Mother Tongue
C) • Direct Method and Audiolingual Method
D) • Grammar Translation Method
  • 46. What is a classroom strategy that involves using the mother tongue to support second language learning?
A) • Avoid using gestures and visual aids.
B) • Repeat instructions in L1 to ensure understanding.
C) • Teach common phrases only in L1.
D) • Give instructions in L2 only, regardless of understanding.
  • 47. What is one benefit of mother-tongue instruction mentioned in the context of the Hong Kong policy?
A) • It focuses only on English proficiency.
B) • It eliminates the use of the mother tongue in classrooms.
C) • It enhances both mother tongue and English proficiency.
D) • It reduces the need for learning English.
  • 48. What is a common belief among educators about the use of the mother tongue (L1) in second language (L2) learning?
A) • It has no influence on second language learning.
B) • It is more beneficial than learning a second language.
C) • It should be used exclusively in the classroom.
D) • It should be minimized as much as possible.
  • 49. This teaching methodology uses L1 selectively to support understanding and build a bridge.
A) • Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Community Language Learning, Total Physical Response, Communicative Language Teaching
B) • Grammar Translation Method
C) • Direct Method and Audiolingual Method
  • 50. What can be a consequence of an abrupt transition from mother tongue to second language instruction?
A) • Strengthened first language acquisition.
B) • Immediate fluency in the second language.
C) • Reduced motivation and potential academic failure.
D) • Enhanced motivation to learn.
  • 51. According to UNESCO (2007), what is one benefit of mother tongue-based instruction?
A) • It makes learning additional languages more difficult.
B) • It encourages students to abandon their native language.
C) • It leads to poorer academic outcomes.
D) • It results in better academic outcomes, especially for disadvantaged groups
  • 52. This teaching methodology avoid L1 to prevent interference with L2 learning.
A) • Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Community Language Learning, Total Physical Response, Communicative Language Teaching
B) • Grammar Translation Method
C) • Direct Method and Audiolingual Method
  • 53. How does fluency and literacy in the mother tongue influence learning additional languages?
A) • It hinders the ability to learn additional languages.
B) • It has no impact on learning additional languages.
C) • It causes confusion between languages.
D) • It provides a foundation for learning additional languages.
  • 54. Gradual transition from mother tongue to second language instruction helps children learn the second language more effectively and retain their native language skills. This explains the
A) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
B) • Significance of Mother Tongue
C) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
D) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
  • 55. Teachers should balance the use of L1 to avoid over- reliance and ensure sufficient exposure to English. This explains the
A) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
B) • When and How to Use Mother Tongue
C) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
D) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
  • 56. The mother tongue is a key instrument for intellectual development and expression. Weakness in the mother tongue can hinder overall cognitive abilities. This explains the
A) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
B) • Significance of Mother Tongue
C) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
D) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
  • 57. The mother tongue is essential for a child’s identity, reinforcing social patterns and unique cultural backgrounds. This indicates the
A) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
B) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
C) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
D) • Significance of Mother Tongue
  • 58. While some argue for exclusive use of English, especially for young learners, L1 can provide a sense of security, facilitate understanding, and enable more complex activities. This explains the
A) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
B) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
C) • When and How to Use Mother Tongue
D) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
  • 59. What is one activity mentioned that involves both L1 and L2 to make language learning more engaging?
A) • Grammar drills in L2 only
B) • Listening to L2 audio recordings without context.
C) • Conversation starters and translation tasks.
D) • Memorizing vocabulary lists in L2 only.
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