Vitamin A - Quiz
A) Only mammals B) All vertebrate and chordate species C) Only carnivores D) Only amphibians
A) From synthetic retinol supplements B) From synthetic carotenoids C) From consuming other animals D) From β-carotene in green pasture
A) An overabundance of green pasture B) Exposure to sunlight C) Drought-dried pasture grass and long-stored hay D) The consumption of too much vitamin D
A) They are destroyed by the stomach acid B) They are converted into vitamin D C) They are stored in the liver or excreted in urine D) They are absorbed by the skin
A) Dried seaweed B) Animal fat C) Vegetable oil D) Cod liver oil
A) Yes, they synthesize them internally B) They synthesize them from sunlight C) Only some species can synthesize them D) No, they must ingest them
A) From consuming algae, plants, or animals B) They do not need these nutrients C) From atmospheric nitrogen D) From soil minerals
A) 500th B) 100th C) 346th D) 10th
A) Once a year B) Every four to six months C) Every month D) Every week
A) 1.25 million B) 5 million C) 100,000 D) 500,000
A) 14% B) 50% C) 5% D) 25%
A) 5% B) 12% C) 30% D) 20%
A) It is harmful to all infants B) It significantly reduced infant mortality C) It should be mandated by law D) There was insufficient evidence to recommend it
A) Dogs, cats, and birds B) Only amphibians C) Only chickens D) Only reptiles
A) Bone marrow B) Liver C) Thymus D) Spleen
A) Retinoic acid B) Calcium C) Vitamin D D) Cytokines
A) T cells B) Monocytes C) Dendritic cells D) B cells
A) In the large intestine microbiome B) Inside the thymus C) Within the bone marrow D) On the inner wall of the small intestine
A) Down-regulation of immune activity B) Up-regulation of inflammatory response C) Elimination of the microbiome D) Increase in food allergen sensitivity
A) Predominance of pro-inflammatory Th1 cells B) Enhanced B cell function C) High tolerance to food allergens D) Predominance of regulatory iTreg cells
A) Elderly adults B) Athletes C) Pregnant women D) Young children
A) Corneal thickness B) Retinal bleeding C) Eye moisture levels D) Photopigment amounts
A) 100,000 times B) 10,000 times C) 1,000 times D) 1,000,000 times
A) Yellow light B) Green light C) Blue light D) Red light
A) 1,000,000 B) 350,000 C) 190,000 D) 50,000
A) Dietary changes in the population B) Successful medical interventions C) High all-cause mortality D) High recovery rates
A) Greater than 2.00 μmol/L B) Less than 0.20 μmol/L C) Less than 1.50 μmol/L D) Less than 0.70 μmol/L
A) Retinyl palmitate B) Retinoic acid C) Beta-carotene D) Retinal
A) 24% B) 69% C) 58% D) 10%
A) Rhodopsin B) Retinoic acid C) Retinol D) Retinal
A) Cytochrome P450 B) Aldehyde dehydrogenases C) Alcohol dehydrogenases D) RPE65
A) Alcohol dehydrogenase B) Cytochrome P450 C) Opsin D) Aldehyde dehydrogenase
A) CYP26C1 B) CYP26B1 C) RPE65 D) CYP26A1
A) Geriatric stage B) Embryonic development C) Infancy D) Adulthood
A) Corneal ulceration B) Xerophthalmia C) Night blindness D) Color blindness
A) Aldehyde dehydrogenase B) CYP26A1 C) Alcohol dehydrogenase D) RPE65
A) Retinoic acid B) Glucuronide C) Opsin D) Cytochrome P450
A) Esterification B) Oxidation C) Isomerization D) Photo-bleaching
A) Mineral-based B) Protein-based C) Water-soluble D) Fat-soluble
A) Calcium B) Iron C) Vitamin C D) Retinoids
A) Vitamin D B) Cholesterol C) Glucose D) Beta-carotene
A) Facilitated diffusion B) Active transport C) Osmosis D) Passive diffusion
A) GLUT4 B) SCARB1 C) Insulin receptor D) Hemoglobin
A) Hypervitaminosis A B) Dehydration C) Vitamin D deficiency D) Hypovitaminosis A
A) Blood glucose B) Plasma retinol C) White blood cell count D) Plasma calcium
A) Vitamin E B) Gamma-carotene C) Beta-cryptoxanthin D) Alpha-carotene
A) Alpha-glucose ring B) Beta-ionone ring C) Methyl side chain D) Carbonyl group
A) Retinol dehydrogenase B) Retinaldehyde reductase C) Retinoic acid oxidase D) Retinal dehydrogenase
A) Irreversible conversion B) Hydrolysis C) Reversible conversion D) Oxidative phosphorylation
A) Albumin B) Retinol binding protein C) Hemoglobin D) CRABp2
A) Amino acids B) Retinoids C) Carotenoids D) Cholesterol
A) Retinal B) All-trans-retinoic acid C) Retinol D) Adapalene
A) RBP2 B) BCO1 C) RBP4 D) SCARB1
A) All of them B) Two-thirds C) One-quarter D) One-half
A) RBP2 B) RBP4 C) Retinyl ester hydrolase D) SCARB1
A) Lion B) Polar bear C) Tiger D) Domestic cat
A) Histone receptors B) Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) C) Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) D) Cyp26 receptors
A) Retinaldehyde dehydrogenases B) Cyp26 cytochromes C) Retinol oxidases D) Chromatin remodelers
A) Enhanced neural development B) Improved metabolic function C) Increased growth rate D) Birth defects
A) Acetaldehyde B) Tretinoin C) Retinol D) Isotretinoin
A) Dissociate B) Dimerize C) Oxidize D) Metabolize
A) Repress gene expression B) Loosen chromatin structure C) Inhibit dimerization D) Bind to Cyp26 enzymes
A) Increased enzyme production B) Over-activation of RXRs C) Enhanced receptor sensitivity D) Craniofacial defects
A) Adverse health consequences including death B) Improved eyesight C) Enhanced muscle growth D) Increased height
A) Low-income countries B) The United States C) Global rural areas D) Middle-income countries
A) 75% B) 100% C) 25% D) 50%
A) North New York B) East California C) West Texas D) South Florida
A) The World Health Organization B) Robert F. Kennedy Jr. C) Covenant Children's Hospital D) The Center for Disease Control
A) Neurons B) Adipocytes C) Keratinocytes D) Melanocytes
A) β-carotene-15, 15'-monooxygenase B) Carotene isomerase C) SCARB1 D) Retinol reductase
A) 2600 μg/day B) 3000 μg/day C) 1300 μg/day D) 900 μg/day
A) 300 μg/day B) 400 μg/day C) 900 μg/day D) 600 μg/day
A) Retinol activity equivalent (RAE) B) Population Reference Intake (PRI) C) Adequate Intake (AI) D) Average Requirement
A) 650 μg/day B) 1300 μg/day C) 750 μg/day D) 700 μg/day
A) SCARB1 B) BCM01 C) CARA1 D) RET1
A) Muscle weakness B) Liver abnormalities C) Bulging skull fontanel D) Blurred vision
A) Headache B) Reduced bone mineral density C) Liver abnormalities D) Teratogenicity
A) 2 B) 1.5 C) 5 D) 10
A) Hypervitaminosis A B) Cardiac failure C) Carotenemia D) Lung cancer
A) Carotenoderma B) Melanoma C) Hypervitaminosis D) Jaundice
A) July 2021 B) 1 January 2022 C) 27 May 2016 D) May 2018
A) North America B) Europe C) South America D) Sub-Saharan Africa
A) United States B) Australia C) The Philippines D) India
A) No, it is permanent B) Only in children C) Only if treated with medication D) Yes
A) 2004 B) 2018 C) 1982 D) 2021
A) Weekly B) Annually C) Semi-annually D) Monthly
A) Proper caloric energy intake B) Normal liver function C) Systemic infections D) High intake of animal-sourced foods
A) Retinyl palmitate B) Trifarotene C) Tretinoin D) Isotretinoin
A) Orally B) Intramuscular injection C) Intravenous injection D) Topical cream
A) Retinol inhibitor B) RXR-alpha antagonist C) Sebum stimulator D) RAR-gamma agonist
A) Category A B) Category B C) Category C D) Category X
A) Sweat B) Collagen C) Sebum D) Keratin
A) Treating treatment-resistant acne B) Treating excessive dry skin C) Preventing skin cancer D) Treating severe hair loss
A) 10–15% B) 5–10% C) 20–35% D) 40–50%
A) 25% B) 50% C) 90% D) 75%
A) A week before B) A month before C) Six months before D) Immediately upon starting
A) 70–80% B) 10–20% C) 5–15% D) 30–60%
A) Severe acne vulgaris B) Psoriasis of the face C) Bacterial skin infections D) Mild facial acne
A) A month B) A year C) A week D) Six months
A) Teratogenicity B) Nephrotoxicity C) Hepatotoxicity D) Cardiotoxicity |
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