Cytogenetics - Quiz
  • 1. Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics that deals with the study of chromosomes and their role in inheritance. It involves analyzing the structure, function, and numerical abnormalities of chromosomes to understand genetic diseases, birth defects, and other conditions. By studying the karyotype, or the complete set of chromosomes in an individual, cytogeneticists can identify chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. Techniques used in cytogenetics include karyotyping, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Cytogenetics plays a crucial role in prenatal screening, cancer diagnosis, and research on genetic disorders.

    Which laboratory technique is commonly used in cytogenetics?
A) Western blot
B) PCR
C) Karyotyping
D) ELISA
  • 2. What does a FISH analysis in cytogenetics involve?
A) Determining protein expression levels
B) Analyzing mutations in viruses
C) Studying bacterial growth patterns
D) Using fluorescent probes to detect specific DNA sequences on chromosomes
  • 3. Which condition is caused by aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes?
A) Down syndrome
B) Klinefelter syndrome
C) Trisomy 18
D) Turner syndrome
  • 4. What is the purpose of a G-banding stain in cytogenetics?
A) To visualize and analyze chromosome structure
B) To identify genetic mutations
C) To study protein interactions
D) To detect viral DNA
  • 5. Which of the following disorders is commonly diagnosed through cytogenetic testing?
A) Down syndrome
B) Asthma
C) Migraines
D) Type 2 diabetes
  • 6. What do telomeres represent in chromosome structure?
A) Protective caps at the ends of chromosomes
B) Genetic material responsible for eye color
C) Regions of active gene expression
D) Markers for genetic disorders
  • 7. Which type of aneuploidy is associated with an extra copy of the X chromosome in males?
A) Turner syndrome
B) Trisomy 18
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Down syndrome
  • 8. Why are metaphase chromosomes commonly used for karyotyping?
A) Chromosomes are condensed and easy to visualize
B) Chromosomes are inactive during metaphase
C) Metaphase is the phase when new chromosomes are formed
D) Metaphase is the only phase suitable for chromosome collection
  • 9. How does cytogenetic analysis contribute to cancer research?
A) Detecting protein expression levels
B) Identifying chromosomal abnormalities associated with specific types of cancer
C) Studying bacterial growth patterns
D) Determining blood cell count
  • 10. What is the function of a centromere on a chromosome?
A) It protects the ends of chromosomes
B) It regulates gene expression
C) It is a region that mediates chromosome segregation during cell division
D) It contains genes responsible for eye color
  • 11. In cytogenetics, what is the role of a probe?
A) To regulate gene expression
B) To bind to specific DNA sequences and identify chromosomal abnormalities
C) To induce genetic mutations
D) To alter protein structures
  • 12. Which technique is used to visualize banding patterns on chromosomes?
A) Immunofluorescence
B) G-banding
C) X-ray crystallography
D) Flow cytometry
  • 13. How does mosaicism differ from polyploidy?
A) Mosaicism involves cells with different genetic compositions in the same individual
B) Polyploidy results in abnormal chromosomal numbers
C) Polyploidy affects only sex chromosomes
D) Mosaicism is a type of gene mutation
  • 14. What can a structural chromosomal abnormality result from?
A) Protein synthesis errors
B) Viral infections
C) Deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations
D) Bacterial mutations
  • 15. Which disorder is associated with a chromosomal deletion on the 15th chromosome?
A) Cri du chat syndrome
B) Marfan syndrome
C) Prader-Willi syndrome
D) Huntington's disease
  • 16. Which of the following is an abnormality involving the number of chromosomes?
A) Duplication
B) Translocation
C) Aneuploidy
D) Deletion
  • 17. What is the total number of chromosomes in a typical human karyotype?
A) 23
B) 20
C) 46
D) 48
  • 18. Which chromosomal abnormality involves the exchange of genetic material between nonhomologous chromosomes?
A) Duplication
B) Inversion
C) Deletion
D) Translocation
  • 19. What term describes a normal pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
A) Crossing over
B) Synapsis
C) Aneuploidy
D) Translocation
  • 20. What type of chromosomal abnormality involves the repetition of a segment of DNA multiple times within a chromosome?
A) Duplication
B) Translocation
C) Deletion
D) Inversion
  • 21. What is the term for the loss of a whole chromosome?
A) Trisomy
B) Aneuploidy
C) Tetrasomy
D) Monosomy
  • 22. Which type of chromosomal abnormality involves a piece of a chromosome breaking off and reattaching upside down?
A) Inversion
B) Deletion
C) Duplication
D) Translocation
  • 23. What is the haploid number of chromosomes in humans?
A) 46
B) 24
C) 23
D) 22
  • 24. Which of the following structures holds sister chromatids together?
A) Gene
B) Centromere
C) Nucleolus
D) Telomere
  • 25. What is the term for the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?
A) Codon
B) Locus
C) Allele
D) Chromosome map
  • 26. During which phase of the cell cycle does chromosomal duplication occur?
A) S phase
B) M phase
C) G1 phase
D) G2 phase
  • 27. How many autosomes do normal human somatic cells contain?
A) 24
B) 44
C) 46
D) 22
  • 28. What is the Philadelphia chromosome associated with?
A) Cystic fibrosis.
B) Parkinson's disease.
C) Chronic myeloid leukemia.
D) Breast cancer.
  • 29. What is the term for the appearance of an individual based on genetic makeup and environmental factors?
A) Karyotype.
B) Phenotype.
C) Genotype.
D) Allele.
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