Soil liquefaction - Quiz
Soil liquefaction
  • 1. What happens to buildings if their foundations bear directly on soil that liquefies?
A) Increased structural stability
B) Soil expansion
C) Sudden loss of support
D) Uniform elevation
  • 2. What is the primary consequence of irregular settlement in buildings?
A) Structural damage
B) Increased property value
C) Foundation reinforcement
D) Enhanced drainage
  • 3. What type of foundation failure occurs when a thin crust exists between the foundation and liquefied soil?
A) Punching shear
B) Vertical compression
C) Lateral spreading
D) Buoyancy uplift
  • 4. How does soil liquefaction affect underground utility lines?
A) They become more secure
B) They may break due to irregular settlement
C) They become pressurized
D) They undergo automatic maintenance
  • 5. How can liquefied soil enter a building?
A) Through the roof
B) Through service ducts
C) Through high-altitude ventilation
D) Through solid brick walls
  • 6. What happens to bridges on pile foundations when the surrounding soil liquefies?
A) They may buckle or tilt
B) They expand in height
C) They remain perfectly upright
D) They become deeper
  • 7. What is the term for sloping ground sliding on a liquefied soil layer?
A) Lateral spreading
B) Punching shear
C) Vertical settling
D) Pedogenesis
  • 8. Why might buried tanks and manholes move during soil liquefaction?
A) Due to buoyancy
B) Due to magnetic attraction
C) Due to surface erosion
D) Due to tectonic plate collision
  • 9. What can happen to earth embankments like flood levees during liquefaction?
A) Transformation into rock
B) Increased structural integrity
C) Absorption of water
D) Loss of stability or collapse
  • 10. What can potentially develop from liquefied soil material over geological time?
A) Fragipan
B) Glacial ice
C) Volcanic magma
D) Desert sand dunes
  • 11. Which of the following services can be damaged by lateral spreading?
A) Telecommunications
B) Satellite signals
C) Cloud computing
D) Wind energy
  • 12. What happens when upward pressure from liquefied soil hits a weak foundation slab?
A) The slab can crack
B) The slab liquefies
C) The slab floats away
D) The slab becomes reinforced
  • 13. Liquefaction of soil material due to earthquakes can contribute to which process?
A) Deforestation
B) Pedogenesis
C) Ocean acidification
D) Atmospheric cooling
  • 14. What happens to pore water pressure in loose sands during cyclic undrained loading?
A) It increases
B) It decreases
C) It remains constant
D) It disappears entirely
  • 15. How old are the deposits most susceptible to liquefaction?
A) At least 500,000 years
B) 50,000 to 100,000 years
C) Over 1 million years
D) Less than 10,000 years
  • 16. Which of the following is considered an example of soil liquefaction?
A) Desiccation cracking
B) Soil creep in high-density clay
C) Quicksand
D) Landslides on bedrock
  • 17. What happens when a strain-softened soil is subjected to static shear stress greater than its steady-state strength?
A) Cyclic mobility occurs
B) The soil hardens
C) Flow liquefaction occurs
D) The soil becomes impermeable
  • 18. Which soil behavior prevents flow liquefaction?
A) Volume reduction
B) Strain-softening
C) Increasing void ratio
D) Strain-hardening
  • 19. What occurs if cyclic undrained loading happens without stress reversal?
A) Soil collapse
B) Flow liquefaction
C) Cyclic mobility
D) Zero effective stress
  • 20. What condition must be met for cyclic liquefaction to take place?
A) The soil must be dense
B) The loading duration must be short
C) Stress reversal occurs
D) The soil must strain-harden
  • 21. Which of these is a required parameter for the simplified empirical analysis of liquefaction?
A) Soil temperature
B) Cyclic stress ratio (CSR)
C) Chemical composition of grains
D) Tectonic plate velocity
  • 22. How is the capacity of the soil to resist liquefaction expressed in empirical analysis?
A) Void ratio index
B) Cyclic resistance ratio (CRR)
C) Standard Penetration Resistance (SPT)
D) Pore pressure coefficient
  • 23. Which measure is commonly used to assess soil resistance to liquefaction?
A) Particle color
B) Shear-wave velocity (Vs)
C) Soil surface area
D) Wind speed
  • 24. Where are liquefaction-susceptible deposits typically found?
A) In mountainous regions of solid granite
B) Deep beneath volcanic crust
C) On high-altitude plateaus
D) Along stream beds and beaches
  • 25. What characterizes the grain size of highly susceptible liquefaction deposits?
A) Exclusively large gravel
B) Well-sorted
C) Non-existent grain sizes
D) Poorly-sorted mixtures
  • 26. What effect does cyclic loading have on the effective stress of loose sands?
A) Reduction in effective stress
B) Doubling of effective stress
C) Zero change in stress
D) Increase in effective stress
  • 27. Which term describes a sudden physical change where solid material behaves like a liquid?
A) Compaction
B) Resonance
C) Thixotropy
D) Dilation
  • 28. Who first used the term 'liquefied' in soil mechanics?
A) The designers of the Balaroa suburb
B) Allen Hazen
C) The architects of the Marina District
D) The 1964 Alaska earthquake engineers
  • 29. Which dam failure was referenced when the term 'liquefied' was first used?
A) Hoover Dam
B) Calaveras Dam
C) Aswan Dam
D) Oroville Dam
  • 30. What builds up in the gaps between soil grains when saturated soil is compressed?
A) Chemical bonding
B) Air pressure
C) Soil contact stress
D) Pore water pressure
  • 31. Which city experienced destruction in the Marina District due to liquefaction in 1989?
A) Palu
B) Christchurch
C) San Francisco
D) Kobe
  • 32. What type of loading is a single, sudden change in stress called?
A) Monotonic loading
B) Cyclic loading
C) Torsional loading
D) Static loading
  • 33. Which of the following is an example of cyclic loading?
A) Earthquake shaking
B) Constant weight of a building
C) Sudden loss of toe support
D) Increase in load on an embankment
  • 34. Who referred to the flow failure phenomenon as 'flow liquefaction'?
A) Rankine
B) Aberfan
C) Kenji Ishihara
D) Casagrande
  • 35. What is the reference double amplitude shear strain for zero effective stress in cyclic liquefaction?
A) 5%
B) 20%
C) 1%
D) 10%
  • 36. What is the historical event mentioned as an example of flow failure?
A) The sinking of the Titanic
B) Aberfan disaster
C) The Great Earthquake of 1906
D) The collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge
  • 37. Is zero effective stress required for flow liquefaction to occur?
A) Only in clays
B) No
C) Yes
D) Only in gravels
  • 38. Who discussed flow failure in the 33rd Rankine Lecture?
A) Aberfan
B) Terzaghi
C) Casagrande
D) Kenji Ishihara
  • 39. What factor does NOT affect the redistribution of pore water pressure?
A) Soil permeability
B) Soil color
C) Loading rate
D) Boundary conditions
  • 40. Which theory is used to simulate the elastoplastic behavior of soil under earthquake loading?
A) Generalized plasticity theory
B) Fluid dynamics theory
C) Quantum mechanics theory
D) Elastic beam theory
  • 41. What is an alternative name for sand boils or sand blows?
A) Sediment plumes
B) Earthquake mounds
C) Soil erosion
D) Sand volcanoes
  • 42. What is the study of liquefaction features left by prehistoric earthquakes called?
A) Geological mapping
B) Hydrology
C) Paleoseismology
D) Structural engineering
  • 43. What mathematical framework was extended to express governing equations for saturated porous media?
A) Newtonian mechanics
B) Biot formulation
C) Maxwell's equations
D) Einstein field equations
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