- 1. Virology is the branch of science that focuses on the study of viruses and viral diseases. Viruses are small infectious agents that can only replicate inside living cells of other organisms. Virologists investigate the structure, classification, evolution, and interactions of viruses, as well as the mechanisms by which viruses cause disease in their hosts. Understanding virology is crucial in the development of treatments and vaccines for viral infections, and in preventing the spread of viral diseases. The field of virology is constantly evolving as new viruses emerge and existing viruses mutate, posing ongoing challenges to public health and medicine.
What is a virus?
A) A type of bacteria
B) A small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
C) A plant cell
D) A single-celled organism
- 2. What is the protein coat surrounding the genetic material of a virus called?
A) Capsid
B) Envelope
C) Glycoprotein
D) Nucleocapsid
- 3. Which of the following is a method of viral entry into a host cell?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Aerobic respiration
C) Mitosis
D) Endocytosis
- 4. What is the outermost layer of some viruses that is composed of lipids and proteins?
A) Capsid
B) Envelope
C) Nucleocapsid
D) Spike protein
- 5. What is the name of the enzyme that retroviruses use to convert RNA into DNA?
A) DNA polymerase
B) RNA polymerase
C) Ligase
D) Reverse transcriptase
- 6. What is antigenic drift in viruses?
A) Sudden change in host specificity
B) Antibody production against viral proteins
C) Rapid mutation leading to new strains
D) Gradual accumulation of mutations in viral genes over time
- 7. Which type of genetic material is found in retroviruses?
A) Protein
B) RNA
C) DNA
D) Lipid
- 8. Which viral disease has been completely eradicated through vaccination?
A) HIV/AIDS
B) Zika virus
C) Smallpox
D) Ebola virus
- 9. Which of the following is a common symptom of viral infections?
A) High blood pressure
B) Broken bones
C) Fever
D) Yellowish skin
- 10. Who is acknowledged for officially beginning the field of virology as a distinct discipline?
A) Ernest William Goodpasture
B) Rosalind Franklin
C) Martinus Beijerinck
D) Frederick Twort
- 11. What term did Martinus Beijerinck use to describe the novel pathogen causing tobacco mosaic disease?
A) Bacteriophage
B) Poliovirus
C) Vaccinia virus
D) Contagium vivum fluidum
- 12. Who first discovered the full structure of the tobacco mosaic virus?
A) Ernst Ruska
B) Rosalind Franklin
C) Wendell Meredith Stanley
D) Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat
- 13. In what year did Dmitri Ivanovsky use the Chamberland filter to study tobacco mosaic virus?
A) 1906
B) 1913
C) 1884
D) 1892
- 14. Who independently discovered bacteriophages in 1917?
A) Frederick Twort
B) Félix d'Herelle
C) Paul Frosch
D) Dmitri Ivanovsky
- 15. Which virus was the first to be crystallized, allowing its structure to be elucidated in detail?
A) Tobacco mosaic virus
B) Poliovirus
C) Hepatitis B virus
D) Influenza virus
- 16. Who were the first to grow poliovirus in cultured cells from aborted human embryonic tissue?
A) John Franklin Enders, Thomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins
B) H. B. Maitland and M. C. Maitland
C) Ernest William Goodpasture and Alice Miles Woodruff
D) Ross Granville Harrison, E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli
- 17. Who invented the electron microscope in 1931?
A) Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
B) John Franklin Enders and Thomas Weller
C) Wendell Meredith Stanley and Rosalind Franklin
D) Frederick Twort and Félix d'Herelle
- 18. In which year did Wendell Meredith Stanley find that the tobacco mosaic virus was mostly made of protein?
A) 1935
B) 1957
C) 1963
D) 1941
- 19. Who first isolated HIV, a retrovirus, in 1983?
A) Luc Montagnier's team at the Pasteur Institute
B) Michael Houghton's team at Chiron Corporation
C) Howard Temin
D) Baruch Blumberg
- 20. Which virus was discovered by Baruch Blumberg in 1963?
A) Bovine viral diarrhoea
B) Equine arterivirus
C) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
D) Hepatitis B virus
- 21. Who described the first retrovirus in 1965?
A) Luc Montagnier
B) Michael Houghton
C) Baruch Blumberg
D) Howard Temin
- 22. Which scientist's work enabled the production of an effective polio vaccine?
A) Frederick Robbins
B) John Franklin Enders
C) Jonas Salk
D) Hilary Koprowski
- 23. Who demonstrated that purified tobacco mosaic virus RNA and protein coat can assemble to form functional viruses?
A) Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley Williams
B) Bernal and Fankuchen
C) Wendell Meredith Stanley
D) Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
- 24. In what year was the bacteriophage first discovered by Frederick Twort?
A) 1957
B) 1946
C) 1915
D) 1898
- 25. Who grew influenza and several other viruses in fertilized chicken eggs in 1931?
A) Ernest William Goodpasture and Alice Miles Woodruff
B) E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli, and R.A. Lambert
C) Ross Granville Harrison
D) H. B. Maitland and M. C. Maitland
- 26. Which virus was first grown on a large scale for vaccine production in the 1950s?
A) Poliovirus
B) Influenza virus
C) Tobacco mosaic virus
D) Hepatitis B virus
- 27. What was commonly used before PCR to confirm viral infections?
A) Lateral flow tests.
B) Immunofluorescence.
C) Microfluidic tests.
D) Complement fixation tests.
- 28. How are results of the FFA expressed?
A) As viral load in copies per milliliter.
B) As plaque forming units per milliliter.
C) As focus forming units per milliliter (FFU/mL).
D) As infectious dose 50%.
- 29. What type of centrifuge is typically used to concentrate viruses?
A) Ordinary laboratory microcentrifuges
B) Low speed centrifuges with a top speed of 10,000 rpm
C) Centrifuges used for blood separation
D) Ultracentrifuges with a top speed around 100,000 rpm
- 30. Which method is used when virus suspensions remain contaminated after differential centrifugation?
A) Electrophoresis
B) Sanger sequencing
C) Buoyant density centrifugation
D) Low speed centrifugation
- 31. What solution is commonly used in buoyant density centrifugation to form a gradient?
A) Coomasie blue
B) Caesium chloride
C) Polyacrylamide gel
D) Ethidium bromide
- 32. Which staining method is used for visualizing nucleic acids in electrophoresis?
A) Coomasie blue
B) Ethidium bromide
C) PHYLIP software
D) Radioactive labeling
- 33. Which software is commonly used to draw phylogenetic trees?
A) PHYLIP
B) Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
C) Ethidium bromide
D) Coomasie blue
- 34. What technique was used to quickly manufacture tests at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic?
A) RNA silencing
B) Recombination
C) Cloning
D) Phage display techniques
- 35. What is a common type of cloning vector used in virology?
A) Laboratory modified plasmids
B) RNA molecules
C) Recombinant DNA
D) Bacteriophages
- 36. What are bacteriophages informally called when they reproduce in bacteria?
A) Recombinants
B) Phages
C) Plasmids
D) Viruses
- 37. Which viruses were among the first to be discovered and are useful for studying virus biology?
A) Rotaviruses
B) Influenza viruses
C) Coronaviruses
D) Bacteriophages
- 38. What technique uses bacteriophages for screening protein DNA sequences?
A) Recombination
B) Cloning
C) RNA silencing
D) Phage display techniques
- 39. What is the process called when genes from different parents are switched in viruses with segmented genomes?
A) Cloning
B) RNA silencing
C) Reassortment
D) Recombination
- 40. Which technique is not as common in nature but is useful in laboratories to study viral genes?
A) Cloning
B) Recombination
C) Phage display techniques
D) RNA silencing
- 41. In what year was the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) formed?
A) 1999.
B) 1980.
C) 1975.
D) 1966.
- 42. What classification system is used to supplement the traditional hierarchy for viruses?
A) The Baltimore classification system.
B) The ICTV 15-rank classification system.
C) The Lwoff-Horne-Tournier system.
D) The Linnaean hierarchical system.
- 43. How many realms of viruses have been defined by the ICTV as of 2021?
A) 17
B) 10
C) 6
D) 39
- 44. Which suffix is used for virus families in the ICTV classification system?
A) -viridae
B) -viricetes
C) -virales
D) -virus
- 45. In the Baltimore classification, which group includes viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes?
A) Group III
B) Group I
C) Group II
D) Group IV
- 46. Which type of virus genome is associated with Group VI in the Baltimore classification?
A) (−)ssRNA viruses
B) ssRNA-RT viruses
C) dsDNA viruses
D) dsRNA viruses
- 47. Which suffix is used for suborders in the ICTV classification system?
A) -virus
B) -viricetes
C) -virineae
D) -virales
- 48. How many orders of viruses have been defined by the ICTV as of 2021?
A) 233
B) 65
C) 168
D) 39
- 49. Which group in the Baltimore classification includes viruses with single-stranded RNA that is positive-sense?
A) Group V
B) Group IV
C) Group VI
D) Group VII
- 50. What suffix is used for genera in the ICTV classification system?
A) -viridae
B) -virus
C) -virales
D) -viricetes
- 51. Which group in the Baltimore classification includes viruses with double-stranded DNA that use reverse transcriptase?
A) Group III
B) Group I
C) Group VII
D) Group II
- 52. As of 2021, how many species of viruses have been defined by the ICTV?
A) 65
B) 39
C) 233
D) 10,434
- 53. Which suffix is used for classes in the ICTV classification system?
A) -virus
B) -virales
C) -viricetes
D) -viridae
- 54. What type of genome do Group III viruses have in the Baltimore classification?
A) dsRNA
B) ssDNA
C) dsDNA-RT
D) (+)ssRNA
- 55. In the Baltimore classification, which group includes viruses with single-stranded RNA that is negative-sense?
A) Group VI
B) Group VII
C) Group V
D) Group IV
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