The Russian Civil War - Exam
  • 1. What event significantly started the Russian Civil War?
A) February Revolution
B) Assassination of the Tsar
C) World War I
D) October Revolution
  • 2. Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks?
A) Leon Trotsky
B) Nikolai Bukharin
C) Vladimir Lenin
D) Joseph Stalin
  • 3. Which document did the Bolsheviks sign to exit World War I?
A) Treaty of Trianon
B) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
C) Treaty of Versailles
D) Treaty of Yalta
  • 4. What was the Red Terror?
A) A diplomatic initiative
B) A campaign of political repression
C) A military strategy
D) A peace agreement
  • 5. What was the fate of Tsar Nicholas II during the Civil War?
A) Captured but escaped
B) Released
C) Exiled
D) Executed
  • 6. What was the main reason for the discontent in the White Army?
A) Overpopulation in cities
B) Lack of unity and leadership
C) Too much support from the Allies
D) Excessive Bolshevik propaganda
  • 7. Who was the leader of the White forces?
A) General Anton Denikin
B) Vladimir Lenin
C) Leon Trotsky
D) Joseph Stalin
  • 8. What type of government was established by the Bolsheviks after the war?
A) Democracy
B) Monarchy
C) Soviet Republic
D) Fascist State
  • 9. Who led the White movement during the Russian Civil War?
A) Alexander Kolchak
B) Vladimir Lenin
C) Joseph Stalin
D) Leon Trotsky
  • 10. What was the estimated range of casualties during the Russian Civil War?
A) 5 to 8 million
B) 7 to 12 million
C) 1 to 3 million
D) 15 to 20 million
  • 11. What was one consequence for non-Russian ethnic groups following the Russian Civil War?
A) They formed a unified front against the Bolsheviks
B) Many pushed for national independence during the disarray
C) They supported the White Army in large numbers
D) They were all integrated into Soviet Russia without resistance
  • 12. Which foreign states intervened against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War?
A) Thirteen foreign states, notably the Allied intervention
B) Only Germany and Austria-Hungary
C) No foreign states intervened
D) Only the Central Powers
  • 13. Who abdicated as Emperor of Russia in 1917?
A) Lavr Kornilov
B) Emperor Nicholas II
C) Vladimir Lenin
D) Alexander Kerensky
  • 14. What was the name of the government established after the February Revolution?
A) Soviet Government
B) Bolshevik Government
C) Russian Provisional Government
D) Socialist Revolutionary Government
  • 15. Which party dissolved the Constituent Assembly?
A) The Kadets
B) The Bolsheviks
C) The Mensheviks
D) The Socialist Revolutionaries
  • 16. Who was responsible for reorganizing the Red Guards into the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army?
A) Vladimir Lenin
B) Nikolai Avksentiev
C) Leon Trotsky
D) Joseph Stalin
  • 17. What percentage of Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers by the end of the civil war?
A) 95%
B) 75%
C) 50%
D) 83%
  • 18. Which political party won the majority of seats in the Russian Constituent Assembly elections held after the October Revolution?
A) Bolshevik Party
B) Anti-Bolshevik Right SRs
C) Left SRs
D) Kadet Party
  • 19. Who was elected president of the Constituent Assembly on 18 January 1918?
A) Leon Trotsky
B) Viktor Chernov
C) Nikolai Avksentiev
D) Maria Spiridonova
  • 20. What happened to the Constituent Assembly after it was disbanded by the Bolsheviks?
A) It merged with the soviets
B) It was re-elected
C) It continued to function under Soviet supervision
D) Russia became a one-party state with all opposition parties outlawed in 1921
  • 21. What significant event occurred on 1 May 1918 involving anarchists and Bolshevik police?
A) An economic summit
B) A peaceful demonstration
C) A pitched battle took place in Moscow
D) A cultural festival
  • 22. Which political party recognized the Union's leading role on 7 May 1918?
A) The Kadet Party
B) The Menshevik Party
C) The Socialist Revolutionary Party
D) The Bolshevik Party
  • 23. Where did the Social Revolutionary Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia come to power?
A) Samara
B) Siberia
C) Moscow
D) Vladivostok
  • 24. What was the main Russian military and political force opposing the Bolsheviks called?
A) The Red Army
B) The White movement or Whites
C) The Socialist Revolutionary Party
D) The Union of Regeneration
  • 25. What was a common trait of the White movement?
A) Communism
B) Socialism
C) Nationalism
D) Anarchism
  • 26. What was a primary reason for Western Allies supporting the Whites during the Russian Civil War?
A) They wanted to establish colonies in Russia.
B) They were worried about a possible Russo-German alliance.
C) They sought revenge against Bolshevik leaders.
D) They aimed to support democratic reforms in Russia.
  • 27. What was the potential consequence of Bolshevik control over Imperial Russia's foreign debts?
A) Increasing payments to Allied countries.
B) Refinancing them with Western banks.
C) Defaulting on those massive debts.
D) Creating a new currency system independent of foreign influence.
  • 28. Which republic was the first to declare its independence from Russia?
A) Poland.
B) Finland.
C) Estonia.
D) Lithuania.
  • 29. What was the character of the Bolsheviks' banning of parties compared to later bans under Stalin?
A) It was more repressive than later bans.
B) It had no impact on political opposition.
C) It did not have the same repressive character as later bans enforced under the Stalinist regime.
D) It was identical to later bans.
  • 30. Who was appointed in December 1917 to root out counter-revolutionary threats to the Soviet government?
A) Vladimir Lenin
B) Joseph Stalin
C) Leon Trotsky
D) Felix Dzerzhinsky
  • 31. What organization did Felix Dzerzhinsky direct as its first leader?
A) OGPU
B) The KGB
C) The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)
D) NKVD
  • 32. Which group did the Bolsheviks begin to see as a legitimate threat in 1917?
A) Narodniks
B) Anarchists
C) Mensheviks
D) Social Democrats
  • 33. When did the Bolsheviks start physically eliminating opposition?
A) Mid-1919
B) Early 1918
C) Early 1920
D) Late 1917
  • 34. Who assassinated Moisey Uritsky in 1918?
A) Fanny Kaplan
B) Leonid Kannegisser
C) Grigory Zinoviev
D) Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko
  • 35. Who ordered Fanny Kaplan's execution?
A) Felix Dzerzhinsky
B) Vladimir Lenin
C) Leon Trotsky
D) Yakov Sverdlov
  • 36. When did the Red Terror officially begin?
A) Between 17–30 August 1918
B) In early 1920
C) After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
D) Following the Kronstadt Rebellion
  • 37. What is the broader term for Bolshevik political repression during the Civil War?
A) The White Terror
B) The October Revolution
C) The Red Terror
D) The Kronstadt Rebellion
  • 38. Which policy introduced by Lenin was a concession due to revolts against grain requisitioning?
A) War Communism
B) Grain Redistribution Program
C) Peasant Land Reform
D) New Economic Policy
  • 39. What was the Bolsheviks' policy that sparked violent resistance in 1918?
A) Land redistribution
B) Military conscription
C) Food dictatorship
D) Collectivization
  • 40. Who was the Cossack General that refused to recognize the Bolshevik Revolution in March 1917?
A) Nikolai Yudenich
B) Alexander Kolchak
C) Anton Denikin
D) Alexey Kaledin
  • 41. Which anarchist leader's forces consolidated power in Ukraine after a mass defection?
A) Emma Goldman
B) Peter Kropotkin
C) Nestor Makhno
D) Alexander Berkman
  • 42. Where were Wrangel's troops evacuated to in November 1920?
A) Paris
B) London
C) Berlin
D) Constantinople
  • 43. What was proclaimed as the new government of Russia after the Bolsheviks dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly in January 1918?
A) The Provisional Government
B) The Volunteer Army
C) The Soviets (workers' councils)
D) The White Guards
  • 44. Where did General Mikhail Alekseev begin to organize the Volunteer Army in November 1917?
A) Kiev
B) Novocherkassk
C) Petrograd
D) Moscow
  • 45. On what date did the Military Revolutionary Committee in Rostov rebel, marking a significant event at the start of the Civil War?
A) 15 November 1917
B) 9 December 1917
C) 25 October 1917
D) 5 January 1918
  • 46. Who mostly made up the Turkestan Committee set up by the Provisional Government in April 1917?
A) Provisional Government members
B) Former Tsarist officials
C) Local Cossack armies
D) Bolshevik leaders
  • 47. What was the autonomous government formed by Muslim elites in Turkestan called?
A) Turkestan Committee
B) Provisional Government
C) Kokand autonomy
D) Central Council of Ukraine
  • 48. Under whose leadership did Soviet forces invade Ukraine and invest Kiev in January 1918?
A) General Mikhail Alekseev
B) Anton Denikin
C) Lt. Col. Muravyov
D) Lavr Kornilov
  • 49. What event helped the Bolsheviks capture Kiev on 26 January 1918?
A) The Kokand autonomy formation
B) The Junker Mutiny
C) The Kerensky-Krasnov uprising
D) The Kiev Arsenal Uprising
  • 50. What policy did Leon Trotsky follow during peace talks?
A) Immediate signing of the treaty.
B) Seeking support from Western socialists.
C) "No war, no peace"
D) Continued military engagement with Germany.
  • 51. Which operation led to the removal of the Bolsheviks from Ukraine by April 1918?
A) Caucasus Expedition
B) Operation Ice March
C) German-Austrian Operation Faustschlag
D) Second Kuban Campaign
  • 52. When did Denikin become the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of South Russia?
A) 8 October 1918
B) 26 July 1918
C) 8 January 1919
D) 13 April 1918
  • 53. Who became Denikin's Chief of Staff?
A) Vladimir Liakhov
B) Pyotr Wrangel
C) de Bode
D) Stankevich
  • 54. Which city did the Volunteer Army capture on 16 August during their Second Kuban campaign?
A) Yekaterinodar
B) Poti
C) Baku
D) Kuban
  • 55. Who commanded two thousand troops in Crimea?
A) Vladimir May-Mayevsky
B) de Bode
C) Pyotr Krasnov
D) Stankevich
  • 56. What city did the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) establish in May 1918?
A) Samara
B) Ufa
C) Omsk
D) Kazan
  • 57. Which city did Col. Kappel's White detachment capture on 7 August?
A) Omsk
B) Ufa
C) Samara
D) Kazan
  • 58. Which city did the White armies capture on 24 December 1918?
A) Omsk
B) Ufa
C) Perm
D) Kazan
  • 59. How many deserters were executed following Trotsky's measures in 1919?
A) 616
B) 132,000
C) 98,000
D) 837,000
  • 60. What was the total number of draft dodgers and deserters in 1919?
A) 616
B) 5 million
C) 837,000
D) 98,000–132,000
  • 61. Which British military leader recorded a mission to Tashkent before being forced to flee by the Bolsheviks?
A) Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Marshman Baile
B) General Wilfrid Malleson
C) Major General Dunsterville
D) General Yudenich
  • 62. Which mission failed to gain control of Tashkent, Bukhara, and Khiva?
A) The Dunsterville Mission
B) The Malleson Mission
C) The Yudenich Mission
D) The Baile Mission
  • 63. Which city did the first regional congress of the Russian Communist Party convene in June 1918?
A) Riga
B) Petrograd
C) Moscow
D) Tashkent
  • 64. Which country cleared its territory of the Red Army by January 1919?
A) Finland
B) Estonia
C) Russia
D) Latvia
  • 65. Who captured Riga from the Red Latvian Riflemen on 22 May 1919?
A) The Red Army
B) The Estonian 3rd Division
C) Baltic German volunteers
D) General Yudenich's army
  • 66. Which division defeated the Baltic Germans a month after they captured Riga?
A) The Estonian 3rd Division
B) General Yudenich's army
C) The Latvian Riflemen
D) British forces
  • 67. Who evacuated the White forces from Northern Russia in February 1920?
A) Yevgeny Miller
B) General Denikin
C) Ataman Semenov
D) Admiral Kolchak
  • 68. Which city did the Red 5th Army capture on 26 May 1919?
A) Elabuga
B) Ufa
C) Izevsk
D) Sarapul
  • 69. Who led the Red 5th Army during their counteroffensive against Kolchak's forces?
A) Tukhachevsky
B) Vladimir Lenin
C) Semyon Budyonny
D) Antonov-Ovseenko
  • 70. Which city did the Red Army capture on 14 November 1919, marking a significant defeat for Admiral Kolchak?
A) Krasnoyarsk
B) Omsk
C) Tomsk
D) Novonikolaevsk
  • 71. Who was the Bolshevik commander leading the Soviet Russian counteroffensive in South Russia in January 1919?
A) Antonov-Ovseenko
B) Leon Trotsky
C) Vladimir Lenin
D) Joseph Stalin
  • 72. Which British volunteer was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his actions during the Battle of Tsaritsyn?
A) Lieutenant Colonel John Smith
B) General Edward Wilson
C) Major Ewen Cameron Bruce
D) Captain Richard Brown
  • 73. Which Bolshevik strategy involved the Ninth and Tenth armies forming Shorin's Southeastern Front?
A) Tukhachevsky-Dragomirov strategy
B) Trotsky-Vācietis strategy
C) Lenin-Stalin strategy
D) Kamenev-Budenny strategy
  • 74. Which city did May-Mayevsky evacuate during the Orel-Kursk operation in October 1919?
A) Kursk
B) Voronezh
C) Kharkov
D) Orel
  • 75. Who captured Voronezh on 24 October during the Voronezh-Kastornoye operation?
A) Vladimir Sidorin
B) Anton Denikin
C) Semyon Budyonny
D) Pyotr Wrangel
  • 76. Which city did the Reds reach on 6 January, marking their advance to the Black Sea?
A) Taganrog
B) Mariupol
C) Odessa
D) Sevastopol
  • 77. Which region did the British government withdraw its military forces from by February 1919?
A) Central Asia
B) Kronstadt
C) European Russia
D) Ukraine
  • 78. What was the fate of most Ural Cossacks who headed south during winter 1920?
A) They successfully established a new settlement in Persia
B) Only a few hundred reached Persia by June 1920
C) They were captured by the Red Army
D) All reached Fort Alexandrovsk safely
  • 79. What was the Orenburg Army's retreat during winter 1919–20 known as?
A) Starving March
B) Cossack Flight
C) Northern Exodus
D) Great Retreat
  • 80. Who succeeded Admiral Kolchak as the leader of the White Army in Siberia?
A) Victor Pepelyaev
B) Gen. Grigory Semyonov
C) Anatoly Pepelyayev
D) Japanese General
  • 81. What was a major cause of death among the Russian population during and after the Civil War?
A) Airplane crashes
B) Industrial accidents
C) Widespread starvation
D) Earthquakes
  • 82. Who were targeted in pogroms in Ukraine and southern Russia?
A) White Army soldiers
B) Bolsheviks
C) Cossacks
D) Jews
  • 83. How many people were shot by the verdicts of tribunals from 1918 to 1921 according to Nikolay Zayats?
A) 100,000 people
B) 37,300 people
C) 50,000 people
D) 14,200 people
  • 84. Who published a detailed account on the Red Terror in Russia in 1924?
A) Sergei Melgunov
B) Jonathan D. Smele
C) Vadim Erlikhman
D) Robert Conquest
  • 85. What were Professor Charles Saroléa's estimates of deaths from Bolshevik policies?
A) 200,000 deaths
B) 50,000 deaths
C) 100,000 deaths
D) 1,766,188 deaths
  • 86. By what percentage had heavy industry output fallen by 1921 compared to 1913 levels?
A) 20%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 30%
  • 87. What percentage of wages were paid with goods rather than money during the Russian Civil War?
A) 70%
B) 90%
C) 50%
D) 80%
  • 88. How many locomotives needed repair during the Russian Civil War?
A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 80%
D) 70%
  • 89. Which author wrote 'Chapayev', a work popular among Socialist realism writers?
A) Dmitri Furmanov
B) Isaac Babel
C) Aleksandr Fadeyev
D) Mikhail Bulgakov
  • 90. What is the title of Nikolai Ostrovsky's novel that became a well-known example in Socialist realism?
A) The Road to Calvary
B) Red Cavalry
C) How the Steel Was Tempered
D) Doctor Zhivago
  • 91. Who is the author of 'Red Cavalry', a work that diverged from Socialist realism?
A) Aleksandr Fadeyev
B) Dmitri Furmanov
C) Isaac Babel
D) Mikhail Sholokhov
  • 92. Which novel by Boris Pasternak was published in 1957?
A) Conquered City
B) Doctor Zhivago
C) The Red Wheel
D) Chevengur
  • 93. Which Western author wrote 'Fall of Giants', a novel related to the Russian Civil War?
A) Vladimir Sorokin
B) Ken Follett
C) Derek Robinson
D) Michael Moorcock
  • 94. Which author wrote 'An Evening with Claire', a work by a White émigré?
A) Gaito Gazdanov
B) William Gerhardie
C) Marguerite Yourcenar
D) M. Ageyev
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