The Russian Civil War - Exam
  • 1. What event significantly started the Russian Civil War?
A) World War I
B) Assassination of the Tsar
C) October Revolution
D) February Revolution
  • 2. Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks?
A) Leon Trotsky
B) Nikolai Bukharin
C) Vladimir Lenin
D) Joseph Stalin
  • 3. Which document did the Bolsheviks sign to exit World War I?
A) Treaty of Versailles
B) Treaty of Trianon
C) Treaty of Yalta
D) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
  • 4. What was the Red Terror?
A) A peace agreement
B) A diplomatic initiative
C) A campaign of political repression
D) A military strategy
  • 5. What was the fate of Tsar Nicholas II during the Civil War?
A) Released
B) Captured but escaped
C) Exiled
D) Executed
  • 6. What was the main reason for the discontent in the White Army?
A) Lack of unity and leadership
B) Too much support from the Allies
C) Excessive Bolshevik propaganda
D) Overpopulation in cities
  • 7. Who was the leader of the White forces?
A) General Anton Denikin
B) Vladimir Lenin
C) Leon Trotsky
D) Joseph Stalin
  • 8. What type of government was established by the Bolsheviks after the war?
A) Democracy
B) Soviet Republic
C) Monarchy
D) Fascist State
  • 9. Who led the White movement during the Russian Civil War?
A) Leon Trotsky
B) Vladimir Lenin
C) Alexander Kolchak
D) Joseph Stalin
  • 10. What was the estimated range of casualties during the Russian Civil War?
A) 7 to 12 million
B) 1 to 3 million
C) 15 to 20 million
D) 5 to 8 million
  • 11. What was one consequence for non-Russian ethnic groups following the Russian Civil War?
A) Many pushed for national independence during the disarray
B) They formed a unified front against the Bolsheviks
C) They supported the White Army in large numbers
D) They were all integrated into Soviet Russia without resistance
  • 12. Which foreign states intervened against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War?
A) Only Germany and Austria-Hungary
B) No foreign states intervened
C) Thirteen foreign states, notably the Allied intervention
D) Only the Central Powers
  • 13. Who abdicated as Emperor of Russia in 1917?
A) Alexander Kerensky
B) Vladimir Lenin
C) Lavr Kornilov
D) Emperor Nicholas II
  • 14. What was the name of the government established after the February Revolution?
A) Russian Provisional Government
B) Socialist Revolutionary Government
C) Soviet Government
D) Bolshevik Government
  • 15. Which party dissolved the Constituent Assembly?
A) The Kadets
B) The Mensheviks
C) The Bolsheviks
D) The Socialist Revolutionaries
  • 16. Who was responsible for reorganizing the Red Guards into the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army?
A) Nikolai Avksentiev
B) Leon Trotsky
C) Vladimir Lenin
D) Joseph Stalin
  • 17. What percentage of Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers by the end of the civil war?
A) 83%
B) 75%
C) 95%
D) 50%
  • 18. Which political party won the majority of seats in the Russian Constituent Assembly elections held after the October Revolution?
A) Bolshevik Party
B) Left SRs
C) Anti-Bolshevik Right SRs
D) Kadet Party
  • 19. Who was elected president of the Constituent Assembly on 18 January 1918?
A) Nikolai Avksentiev
B) Viktor Chernov
C) Leon Trotsky
D) Maria Spiridonova
  • 20. What happened to the Constituent Assembly after it was disbanded by the Bolsheviks?
A) It merged with the soviets
B) It continued to function under Soviet supervision
C) Russia became a one-party state with all opposition parties outlawed in 1921
D) It was re-elected
  • 21. What significant event occurred on 1 May 1918 involving anarchists and Bolshevik police?
A) A pitched battle took place in Moscow
B) A peaceful demonstration
C) An economic summit
D) A cultural festival
  • 22. Which political party recognized the Union's leading role on 7 May 1918?
A) The Socialist Revolutionary Party
B) The Kadet Party
C) The Bolshevik Party
D) The Menshevik Party
  • 23. Where did the Social Revolutionary Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia come to power?
A) Moscow
B) Vladivostok
C) Samara
D) Siberia
  • 24. What was the main Russian military and political force opposing the Bolsheviks called?
A) The White movement or Whites
B) The Socialist Revolutionary Party
C) The Red Army
D) The Union of Regeneration
  • 25. What was a common trait of the White movement?
A) Communism
B) Socialism
C) Anarchism
D) Nationalism
  • 26. What was a primary reason for Western Allies supporting the Whites during the Russian Civil War?
A) They sought revenge against Bolshevik leaders.
B) They wanted to establish colonies in Russia.
C) They aimed to support democratic reforms in Russia.
D) They were worried about a possible Russo-German alliance.
  • 27. What was the potential consequence of Bolshevik control over Imperial Russia's foreign debts?
A) Refinancing them with Western banks.
B) Defaulting on those massive debts.
C) Creating a new currency system independent of foreign influence.
D) Increasing payments to Allied countries.
  • 28. Which republic was the first to declare its independence from Russia?
A) Lithuania.
B) Poland.
C) Finland.
D) Estonia.
  • 29. What was the character of the Bolsheviks' banning of parties compared to later bans under Stalin?
A) It was more repressive than later bans.
B) It had no impact on political opposition.
C) It was identical to later bans.
D) It did not have the same repressive character as later bans enforced under the Stalinist regime.
  • 30. Who was appointed in December 1917 to root out counter-revolutionary threats to the Soviet government?
A) Joseph Stalin
B) Felix Dzerzhinsky
C) Vladimir Lenin
D) Leon Trotsky
  • 31. What organization did Felix Dzerzhinsky direct as its first leader?
A) The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)
B) The KGB
C) NKVD
D) OGPU
  • 32. Which group did the Bolsheviks begin to see as a legitimate threat in 1917?
A) Mensheviks
B) Anarchists
C) Social Democrats
D) Narodniks
  • 33. When did the Bolsheviks start physically eliminating opposition?
A) Mid-1919
B) Early 1920
C) Late 1917
D) Early 1918
  • 34. Who assassinated Moisey Uritsky in 1918?
A) Fanny Kaplan
B) Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko
C) Grigory Zinoviev
D) Leonid Kannegisser
  • 35. Who ordered Fanny Kaplan's execution?
A) Felix Dzerzhinsky
B) Vladimir Lenin
C) Leon Trotsky
D) Yakov Sverdlov
  • 36. When did the Red Terror officially begin?
A) Between 17–30 August 1918
B) After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
C) Following the Kronstadt Rebellion
D) In early 1920
  • 37. What is the broader term for Bolshevik political repression during the Civil War?
A) The White Terror
B) The Red Terror
C) The October Revolution
D) The Kronstadt Rebellion
  • 38. Which policy introduced by Lenin was a concession due to revolts against grain requisitioning?
A) Grain Redistribution Program
B) New Economic Policy
C) War Communism
D) Peasant Land Reform
  • 39. What was the Bolsheviks' policy that sparked violent resistance in 1918?
A) Land redistribution
B) Military conscription
C) Food dictatorship
D) Collectivization
  • 40. Who was the Cossack General that refused to recognize the Bolshevik Revolution in March 1917?
A) Alexander Kolchak
B) Anton Denikin
C) Nikolai Yudenich
D) Alexey Kaledin
  • 41. Which anarchist leader's forces consolidated power in Ukraine after a mass defection?
A) Peter Kropotkin
B) Alexander Berkman
C) Nestor Makhno
D) Emma Goldman
  • 42. Where were Wrangel's troops evacuated to in November 1920?
A) London
B) Paris
C) Constantinople
D) Berlin
  • 43. What was proclaimed as the new government of Russia after the Bolsheviks dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly in January 1918?
A) The Provisional Government
B) The White Guards
C) The Soviets (workers' councils)
D) The Volunteer Army
  • 44. Where did General Mikhail Alekseev begin to organize the Volunteer Army in November 1917?
A) Petrograd
B) Novocherkassk
C) Kiev
D) Moscow
  • 45. On what date did the Military Revolutionary Committee in Rostov rebel, marking a significant event at the start of the Civil War?
A) 25 October 1917
B) 5 January 1918
C) 15 November 1917
D) 9 December 1917
  • 46. Who mostly made up the Turkestan Committee set up by the Provisional Government in April 1917?
A) Bolshevik leaders
B) Provisional Government members
C) Local Cossack armies
D) Former Tsarist officials
  • 47. What was the autonomous government formed by Muslim elites in Turkestan called?
A) Kokand autonomy
B) Provisional Government
C) Turkestan Committee
D) Central Council of Ukraine
  • 48. Under whose leadership did Soviet forces invade Ukraine and invest Kiev in January 1918?
A) General Mikhail Alekseev
B) Lavr Kornilov
C) Anton Denikin
D) Lt. Col. Muravyov
  • 49. What event helped the Bolsheviks capture Kiev on 26 January 1918?
A) The Kerensky-Krasnov uprising
B) The Kokand autonomy formation
C) The Junker Mutiny
D) The Kiev Arsenal Uprising
  • 50. What policy did Leon Trotsky follow during peace talks?
A) Seeking support from Western socialists.
B) "No war, no peace"
C) Immediate signing of the treaty.
D) Continued military engagement with Germany.
  • 51. Which operation led to the removal of the Bolsheviks from Ukraine by April 1918?
A) Caucasus Expedition
B) Second Kuban Campaign
C) Operation Ice March
D) German-Austrian Operation Faustschlag
  • 52. When did Denikin become the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of South Russia?
A) 13 April 1918
B) 8 October 1918
C) 8 January 1919
D) 26 July 1918
  • 53. Who became Denikin's Chief of Staff?
A) Pyotr Wrangel
B) de Bode
C) Vladimir Liakhov
D) Stankevich
  • 54. Which city did the Volunteer Army capture on 16 August during their Second Kuban campaign?
A) Kuban
B) Poti
C) Yekaterinodar
D) Baku
  • 55. Who commanded two thousand troops in Crimea?
A) Stankevich
B) Vladimir May-Mayevsky
C) Pyotr Krasnov
D) de Bode
  • 56. What city did the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) establish in May 1918?
A) Samara
B) Omsk
C) Kazan
D) Ufa
  • 57. Which city did Col. Kappel's White detachment capture on 7 August?
A) Kazan
B) Samara
C) Omsk
D) Ufa
  • 58. Which city did the White armies capture on 24 December 1918?
A) Ufa
B) Kazan
C) Perm
D) Omsk
  • 59. How many deserters were executed following Trotsky's measures in 1919?
A) 98,000
B) 616
C) 837,000
D) 132,000
  • 60. What was the total number of draft dodgers and deserters in 1919?
A) 837,000
B) 98,000–132,000
C) 616
D) 5 million
  • 61. Which British military leader recorded a mission to Tashkent before being forced to flee by the Bolsheviks?
A) General Wilfrid Malleson
B) Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Marshman Baile
C) General Yudenich
D) Major General Dunsterville
  • 62. Which mission failed to gain control of Tashkent, Bukhara, and Khiva?
A) The Yudenich Mission
B) The Malleson Mission
C) The Baile Mission
D) The Dunsterville Mission
  • 63. Which city did the first regional congress of the Russian Communist Party convene in June 1918?
A) Petrograd
B) Riga
C) Tashkent
D) Moscow
  • 64. Which country cleared its territory of the Red Army by January 1919?
A) Estonia
B) Latvia
C) Russia
D) Finland
  • 65. Who captured Riga from the Red Latvian Riflemen on 22 May 1919?
A) The Red Army
B) The Estonian 3rd Division
C) General Yudenich's army
D) Baltic German volunteers
  • 66. Which division defeated the Baltic Germans a month after they captured Riga?
A) The Estonian 3rd Division
B) General Yudenich's army
C) The Latvian Riflemen
D) British forces
  • 67. Who evacuated the White forces from Northern Russia in February 1920?
A) Admiral Kolchak
B) Ataman Semenov
C) Yevgeny Miller
D) General Denikin
  • 68. Which city did the Red 5th Army capture on 26 May 1919?
A) Ufa
B) Izevsk
C) Sarapul
D) Elabuga
  • 69. Who led the Red 5th Army during their counteroffensive against Kolchak's forces?
A) Antonov-Ovseenko
B) Semyon Budyonny
C) Vladimir Lenin
D) Tukhachevsky
  • 70. Which city did the Red Army capture on 14 November 1919, marking a significant defeat for Admiral Kolchak?
A) Tomsk
B) Novonikolaevsk
C) Omsk
D) Krasnoyarsk
  • 71. Who was the Bolshevik commander leading the Soviet Russian counteroffensive in South Russia in January 1919?
A) Joseph Stalin
B) Antonov-Ovseenko
C) Vladimir Lenin
D) Leon Trotsky
  • 72. Which British volunteer was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his actions during the Battle of Tsaritsyn?
A) Major Ewen Cameron Bruce
B) Captain Richard Brown
C) General Edward Wilson
D) Lieutenant Colonel John Smith
  • 73. Which Bolshevik strategy involved the Ninth and Tenth armies forming Shorin's Southeastern Front?
A) Lenin-Stalin strategy
B) Kamenev-Budenny strategy
C) Trotsky-Vācietis strategy
D) Tukhachevsky-Dragomirov strategy
  • 74. Which city did May-Mayevsky evacuate during the Orel-Kursk operation in October 1919?
A) Kharkov
B) Voronezh
C) Kursk
D) Orel
  • 75. Who captured Voronezh on 24 October during the Voronezh-Kastornoye operation?
A) Pyotr Wrangel
B) Semyon Budyonny
C) Anton Denikin
D) Vladimir Sidorin
  • 76. Which city did the Reds reach on 6 January, marking their advance to the Black Sea?
A) Sevastopol
B) Taganrog
C) Odessa
D) Mariupol
  • 77. Which region did the British government withdraw its military forces from by February 1919?
A) Ukraine
B) European Russia
C) Central Asia
D) Kronstadt
  • 78. What was the fate of most Ural Cossacks who headed south during winter 1920?
A) All reached Fort Alexandrovsk safely
B) They successfully established a new settlement in Persia
C) They were captured by the Red Army
D) Only a few hundred reached Persia by June 1920
  • 79. What was the Orenburg Army's retreat during winter 1919–20 known as?
A) Cossack Flight
B) Northern Exodus
C) Great Retreat
D) Starving March
  • 80. Who succeeded Admiral Kolchak as the leader of the White Army in Siberia?
A) Japanese General
B) Gen. Grigory Semyonov
C) Anatoly Pepelyayev
D) Victor Pepelyaev
  • 81. What was a major cause of death among the Russian population during and after the Civil War?
A) Widespread starvation
B) Airplane crashes
C) Earthquakes
D) Industrial accidents
  • 82. Who were targeted in pogroms in Ukraine and southern Russia?
A) White Army soldiers
B) Jews
C) Bolsheviks
D) Cossacks
  • 83. How many people were shot by the verdicts of tribunals from 1918 to 1921 according to Nikolay Zayats?
A) 37,300 people
B) 100,000 people
C) 50,000 people
D) 14,200 people
  • 84. Who published a detailed account on the Red Terror in Russia in 1924?
A) Sergei Melgunov
B) Vadim Erlikhman
C) Robert Conquest
D) Jonathan D. Smele
  • 85. What were Professor Charles Saroléa's estimates of deaths from Bolshevik policies?
A) 100,000 deaths
B) 200,000 deaths
C) 1,766,188 deaths
D) 50,000 deaths
  • 86. By what percentage had heavy industry output fallen by 1921 compared to 1913 levels?
A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 10%
D) 20%
  • 87. What percentage of wages were paid with goods rather than money during the Russian Civil War?
A) 90%
B) 70%
C) 50%
D) 80%
  • 88. How many locomotives needed repair during the Russian Civil War?
A) 80%
B) 60%
C) 50%
D) 70%
  • 89. Which author wrote 'Chapayev', a work popular among Socialist realism writers?
A) Mikhail Bulgakov
B) Aleksandr Fadeyev
C) Isaac Babel
D) Dmitri Furmanov
  • 90. What is the title of Nikolai Ostrovsky's novel that became a well-known example in Socialist realism?
A) How the Steel Was Tempered
B) The Road to Calvary
C) Red Cavalry
D) Doctor Zhivago
  • 91. Who is the author of 'Red Cavalry', a work that diverged from Socialist realism?
A) Dmitri Furmanov
B) Isaac Babel
C) Aleksandr Fadeyev
D) Mikhail Sholokhov
  • 92. Which novel by Boris Pasternak was published in 1957?
A) The Red Wheel
B) Chevengur
C) Doctor Zhivago
D) Conquered City
  • 93. Which Western author wrote 'Fall of Giants', a novel related to the Russian Civil War?
A) Derek Robinson
B) Vladimir Sorokin
C) Ken Follett
D) Michael Moorcock
  • 94. Which author wrote 'An Evening with Claire', a work by a White émigré?
A) Gaito Gazdanov
B) M. Ageyev
C) Marguerite Yourcenar
D) William Gerhardie
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