A) It mandates a public apology for past actions. B) It changes them only for future occurrences. C) It eliminates all prior legal records. D) It changes their legal consequences or status retrospectively.
A) It may criminalize actions that were legal when committed. B) It replaces all judges with politicians. C) It removes the right to a trial by jury. D) It guarantees an automatic appeal for all prisoners.
A) It forbids the use of fines as punishment. B) It automatically grants parole to all inmates. C) It may add new penalties or extend sentences. D) It replaces prison time with community service.
A) It may extend it. B) It may shorten it to zero. C) It may make it non-binding for all crimes. D) It may remove it from the legal code entirely.
A) To make conviction for a crime likelier. B) To save money on court proceedings. C) To increase the privacy of the accused. D) To protect the identity of anonymous witnesses.
A) An amnesty law. B) A property tax assessment. C) A standard traffic ordinance. D) A commercial zoning regulation.
A) A pardon applies in just one case instead of a class of cases. B) A pardon only applies to financial crimes. C) A pardon requires parliamentary approval. D) A pardon is always permanent while amnesty is temporary.
A) Stare decisis. B) In mitius. C) Lex loci. D) Habeas corpus.
A) The version of the law more advantageous for the accused applies. B) The newest version of the law always applies. C) The victim chooses which version of the law applies. D) The harshest version of the law always applies.
A) The absolute law. B) The milder law. C) The final ruling. D) The criminal code.
A) They only apply to civil litigation. B) To the extent that they are the milder law. C) They do not apply at all. D) They apply to all retroactive changes.
A) They only apply to crimes committed after the decision. B) They require a constitutional amendment to take effect. C) They never apply to past events. D) They generally apply to events that occurred before the decision.
A) Albania. B) A nation with parliamentary supremacy. C) The United Kingdom. D) The United States.
A) Yes, they may be possible. B) Only for civil matters. C) No, they are strictly forbidden. D) Only if the monarch approves them.
A) Retroactive effect for laws that alleviate possible punishments. B) The creation of new crimes by decree. C) The total abolition of the court system. D) Retroactive prosecution for all crimes.
A) The Geneva Protocol. B) European Convention on Human Rights. C) The Kyoto Agreement. D) The Helsinki Accord.
A) Article 15(1). B) Article 7. C) Article 29. D) Article 9.
A) Article 15. B) Article 29. C) Article 9. D) Article 7.
A) Force a confession. B) Increase prison terms. C) Change the venue of the trial. D) Prohibit prosecution.
A) Polls show majority support in some cases. B) Public opinion is universally against them. C) The public is unaware of such laws. D) Public opinion is irrelevant to legal scholars.
A) There is no strong constitutional prohibition. B) There is an absolute constitutional ban. C) The constitution strictly forbids all retrospective laws. D) The constitution only allows them in criminal cases.
A) Public education standards. B) Freedom of the press. C) Tax avoidance schemes. D) Illegal immigration.
A) The Optional Protocol Case. B) The Fraser Tax Case. C) The Universal Declaration Case. D) Polyukhovich v Commonwealth.
A) 1995. B) 1980. C) 1948. D) 1955.
A) Section 33 B) Section 11(g) C) Section 1 D) Section 5(XXXVI)
A) The original punishment B) The most recent punishment C) The lesser punishment D) The maximum possible punishment
A) 2001 B) 2011 C) 2004 D) 2015
A) 1945 B) 1940 C) 1930 D) 1943
A) 46 B) 103 C) 19 D) 8
A) International treaties B) Civil matters such as taxation C) Constitutional amendments D) Criminal homicide cases
A) Zero B) Three C) Five D) One
A) Civilian rebels B) Foreign occupiers C) Military personnel D) Political leaders
A) 9 April 1940 B) 1 May 1945 C) 29 August 1943 D) 1 June 1945
A) Indignité nationale. B) General interest status. C) Retroactivity in mitius. D) Lois rétroactives.
A) William O. Douglas B) Franklin D. Roosevelt C) Harlan Stone D) Robert A. Taft
A) Nuremberg Charter B) Radbruch formula C) Kellogg–Briand Pact D) Hague Convention
A) 98% B) 50% C) 95% D) 88%
A) Robert A. Taft B) William O. Douglas C) The International Military Tribunal D) Harlan Stone
A) Masykur Abdul Kadir B) Éamon de Valera C) Seán Hales D) Hugh Kennedy
A) 1922 B) 2004 C) 1931 D) 1937
A) Éamon de Valera B) Chief Justice Hugh Kennedy C) Seán Hales D) Alexander Hamilton
A) Rory O'Connor B) Éamon de Valera C) Masykur Abdul Kadir D) Alexander Hamilton
A) Executed after a fair public trial. B) Executed following a referendum. C) Executed under standard military protocol. D) Executed ex post facto and without trial.
A) Joseph Goebbels B) Adolf Hitler C) Adolf Eichmann D) Heinrich Himmler
A) Criminal Justice Act 1985 B) Interpretation Act 1999 C) Bill of Rights Act 1990 D) Sentencing Act 2002
A) Environmental pollution B) Home invasion C) Cybercrime D) Tax evasion
A) Soviet repressions B) The Cold War C) Local civil uprisings D) Nazi occupation
A) December 10, 1990 B) September 26, 2000 C) January 1, 1944 D) March 15, 1953
A) Norway B) Romania C) Poland D) Pakistan
A) Ex post facto B) Lex superior C) Nullum crimen D) Lex retro non agit
A) The 1973 Statute doctrine B) The Spanish Bill of Rights C) The Parot doctrine D) The Article 9 principle
A) 1973 B) 2015 C) 2013 D) 2006
A) 1979 B) 2004 C) 1818 D) 2005
A) Prince Carl Philip B) Carl XVI Gustaf C) Crown Princess Victoria D) Charles XIV John
A) The European Court of Human Rights ruling B) The Parot doctrine ruling C) The 1973 Statute ruling D) The Constitutional Article 9.3 ruling
A) Common law precedent B) Constitutional supremacy C) Parliamentary sovereignty D) Judicial review
A) Benjamin Franklin B) George Washington C) Thomas Jefferson D) James Madison
A) Poland B) France C) Germany D) Belarus
A) Marcus Tullius Cicero B) Julius Caesar C) Justinian D) Augustus |