A) It is learned from other individuals.
B) It is a result of low intelligence.
C) It is an inherited trait.
D) It is caused by biological abnormalities.

A) Through random encounters with strangers.
B) Within intimate personal groups.
C) Through mass media and television.
D) In formal educational institutions.

A) The presence of psychological trauma.
B) An excess of definitions favorable to violating the law.
C) An imbalance of socioeconomic status.
D) A lack of basic moral education.

A) Techniques, motives, drives, and rationalizations.
B) Biological predispositions to violence.
C) Only the specific methods for committing crimes.
D) Only the psychological justification for crime.

A) Frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
B) Social class and physical geography.
C) Intelligence quotient and cognitive speed.
D) Genetic markers and physical appearance.

A) It is faster than learning non-criminal behavior.
B) It requires a unique cognitive process.
C) It involves the same mechanisms as any other learning.
D) It is more complex than other learning types.

A) Non-criminal behavior also stems from the same needs and values.
B) Criminals lack all normal human values.
C) Needs and values are irrelevant to human actions.
D) Criminal behavior is independent of human needs.

A) It focuses exclusively on lower-class crime.
B) It applies to white-collar and corporate crime.
C) It only applies to juvenile delinquency.
D) It applies only to violent crimes.

A) It ignores the role of social interaction.
B) It is too focused on socioeconomic status.
C) It focuses too much on biological factors.
D) It neglects individual personality traits.

A) Communication is unrelated to the learning process.
B) Communication prevents crime from occurring.
C) Communication only happens after a crime is committed.
D) Criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others via communication.

A) From innate biological instincts.
B) From definitions of legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.
C) From the physical environment of the crime.
D) From peer pressure regardless of legal codes.

A) It assumes individuals are inherently good.
B) It overlooks that people are independent, rational actors.
C) It assumes people are too rational.
D) It claims people have no personality.

A) Edwin Sutherland
B) Max Weber
C) Karl Marx
D) Emile Durkheim

A) A product of hereditary status
B) An unchanging internal essence
C) A fixed biological trait
D) A social construct

A) Using mathematical formulas
B) Using historical archives
C) Using indexicality methods
D) Using biological instincts