Scottish Agricultural Revolution - Quiz
Scottish Agricultural Revolution
  • 1. In which century did agricultural improvement continue after the 18th century?
A) 17th century
B) 20th century
C) 18th century
D) 19th century
  • 2. Who developed the first working reaping machine in 1828?
A) James Smith
B) John Cockburn
C) Patrick Bell
D) Archibald Grant
  • 3. What agricultural device did Patrick Bell develop in 1828?
A) Ranch-style tractor
B) Working reaping machine
C) Sub-soil drainage plough
D) Linen spinning wheel
  • 4. Who was Patrick Bell's rival in agricultural innovations?
A) Duke of Argyll
B) Archibald Grant
C) James Smith
D) John Cockburn
  • 5. What did James Smith focus on improving?
A) Reaping machines
B) Sheep farming
C) Sub-soil drainage
D) Linen spinning
  • 6. What type of landscape resulted from breaking up the subsoil barrier without disturbing the topsoil?
A) Volcanic landscape
B) Lowland landscape
C) Mountainous landscape
D) Highland landscape
  • 7. Which previously unworkable lands were brought into arable production through sub-soil drainage?
A) Low-lying carselands
B) Highland carselands
C) Steep mountain peaks
D) Rocky uplands
  • 8. What financial state were the Highland lairds in before replacing traditional practices?
A) Financially broken
B) Debt-free
C) Financially stable
D) Extremely wealthy
  • 9. Whose agricultural practices were brought into the Highlands during the Clearances?
A) Canadian
B) Australian
C) Lowland
D) English
  • 10. Which families typified the powerful landowners with enormous sections of Scotland?
A) Patrick Bell and James Smith
B) Dukes of Argyll, Atholl, Buccleuch, and Sutherland
C) The crofters of the Highlands
D) John Cockburn and Archibald Grant
  • 11. Until what year did a handful of powerful families have extensive influence on political affairs in Scotland?
A) 1885
B) 1878
C) 1815
D) 1828
  • 12. As late as what year did 68 families own nearly half the land in Scotland?
A) 1828
B) 1815
C) 1878
D) 1885
  • 13. What fraction of Scottish land did 68 families own as late as 1878?
A) A tiny fraction
B) Nearly all
C) About one quarter
D) Nearly half
  • 14. During which war period was there an agricultural boom that eventually ended?
A) The Highland Wars
B) The Clan Conflicts
C) Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
D) World War I
  • 15. Between which years did the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars boom take place?
A) 1828–1878
B) 1750–1790
C) 1800–1850
D) 1790–1815
  • 16. Why did Highland landlords need cash after the end of the war boom?
A) To build new industrial centres
B) To pay taxes to the Scottish parliament
C) To buy more fishing boats
D) To maintain their position in London society
  • 17. What kind of rents did landlords turn to after the war boom?
A) Free rents
B) Crop rents
C) Money rents
D) Labor rents
  • 18. What traditional relationship did landlords downplay in favor of money rents?
A) Industrial relationship with factory owners
B) Political alliances with London society
C) Patriarchal relationship that historically sustained the clans
D) Commercial trade agreements with England
  • 19. What was a primary use for enclosed lands during the Highland Clearances?
A) Linen manufacturing
B) Cereal crop production
C) Sheep farming
D) Fishing villages
  • 20. What legal protection did year-by-year tenants lack under Scots law during the clearances?
A) Protection for estate owners
B) Immunity from military service
C) Legal protection for year-by-year tenants
D) Rights to own London property
  • 21. Where did people go during the continuous exodus from the land?
A) Only to local mountains
B) Strictly to northern Scotland
C) Exclusively to Edinburgh and Glasgow
D) Cities, England, Canada, America, or Australia
  • 22. What happened to many small settlements during the Lowland and Highland Clearances?
A) Dismantled
B) Expanded significantly
C) Converted into castles
D) Turned into universities
  • 23. Who built new purpose-built villages like Ormiston on the outskirts of ranch-style farms?
A) Archibald Grant
B) John Cockburn
C) Patrick Bell
D) James Smith
  • 24. Who built the new purpose-built village of Monymusk?
A) Archibald Grant
B) Patrick Bell
C) James Smith
D) John Cockburn
  • 25. What was the name of the village built by John Cockburn?
A) Edinburgh
B) Glasgow
C) Monymusk
D) Ormiston
  • 26. What was the name of the village built by Archibald Grant?
A) London
B) Ormiston
C) Sydney
D) Monymusk
  • 27. To which industrial centres did many displaced occupants move?
A) Rural farming communities in Canada
B) Glasgow, Edinburgh, or northern England
C) Coastal fishing towns in Australia
D) Highland estates
  • 28. What did tens of thousands of emigrants find opportunities to do in Canada or the United States?
A) Serve in London society
B) Work as year-by-year tenants for landlords
C) Own and farm their own land
D) Engage in kelping and linen spinning
  • 29. What title was given to many people who remained on very small rented farms in the Highlands?
A) Lairds
B) Farmhands
C) Dukes
D) Crofters
  • 30. What kind of tenure did crofters have on their very small rented farms?
A) Permanent land ownership
B) Year-by-year eviction notices
C) No tenure at all
D) Indefinite tenure
  • 31. What were the small rented farms of crofters used for?
A) To raise various crops and animals
B) To breed sheep on a massive ranch scale
C) To build industrial factories
D) To establish purpose-built villages
  • 32. What was kelping?
A) A method of ploughing subsoil
B) A system of money rents
C) An important source of additional revenue for remaining families
D) A type of reaping machine
  • 33. Besides kelping and fishing, what other activities provided additional revenue for Highland families?
A) Spinning of linen and military service
B) Political lobbying in London
C) Reaping grain and building railways
D) Landlord management and sheep shearing
  • 34. What region's farmland improvements marked the beginning of the agricultural transformation in Scotland?
A) Scottish Lowlands
B) Shetland Islands
C) Scottish Highlands
D) Orkney Islands
  • 35. What was the traditional system of agriculture in Scotland generally called?
A) Runrig system
B) Enclosure system
C) Feudal strip system
D) Open-field manorial system
  • 36. When did the runrig system possibly originate?
A) 17th century
B) Early Roman period
C) Late Middle Ages
D) 19th century
  • 37. What was the basic pre-improvement farming unit in the Highlands called?
A) Runrig
B) Rig
C) Fermetoun
D) Baile
  • 38. What was the basic pre-improvement farming unit in the Lowlands called?
A) Baile
B) Husbandman
C) Fermetoun
D) Cottar
  • 39. How were individual parts of arable land shared out in the run rig system?
A) By lot on a regular basis
B) By government decree
C) By auctioning to the highest bidder
D) By permanent inheritance
  • 40. What did most settlements depend on before the 17th century?
A) What was produced locally
B) Highland cattle trade
C) Lowland grain surpluses
D) International imports
  • 41. What animals were mostly used to pull the ploughs in heavy Scottish soil?
A) Horses
B) Mules
C) Donkeys
D) Oxen
  • 42. Who occupied small portions of land, shared common pasture rights, and participated as hired labour?
A) Cottars
B) Lesser landholders
C) Husbandmen
D) Free tenants
  • 43. Who had rights only to grazing on the farms?
A) Husbandmen
B) Tenant farmers
C) Cottars
D) Grassmen
  • 44. When were three acts of parliament passed that allowed the consolidation of runrigs and division of common land?
A) 1600
B) 1801
C) 1695
D) 1750
  • 45. In what year was the Society of Improvers founded?
A) 1750
B) 1707
C) 1723
D) 1739
  • 46. Approximately how many members did the Society of Improvers have?
A) 300
B) 100
C) 1000
D) 500
  • 47. In the first half of the century, changes were limited to tenanted farms in which region?
A) East Lothian
B) Ayrshire
C) The Borders
D) Central Scotland
  • 48. What substance was put down on the land to improve it?
A) Clay
B) Lime
C) Salt
D) Sand
  • 49. What agricultural method involving crops was introduced?
A) Single-crop farming
B) Terrace farming
C) Crop rotation
D) Slash and burn
  • 50. In what year was the potato introduced to Scotland?
A) 1739
B) 1707
C) 1755
D) 1723
  • 51. Whose diet was greatly improved by the introduction of the potato?
A) Gentry
B) Landlords
C) Peasantry
D) Nobility
  • 52. Which region became a major centre of grain production?
A) The Lothians
B) The Borders
C) East Lothian only
D) Ayrshire
  • 53. Which region became a major centre for cattle breeding?
A) East Lothian
B) Ayrshire
C) The Borders
D) The Lothians
  • 54. Which region became a major centre for sheep farming?
A) The Borders
B) The Lothians
C) Ayrshire
D) Central Scotland
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