 - 1. What is the atomic number of unbinilium?
A) 120
B) 121
C) 118
D) 119
- 2. Which institution started experiments to create element 120 in March–April 2007 using 58Fe and 244Pu?
A) Oak Ridge National Laboratory
B) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
C) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
D) GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research
- 3. What are isotopes of unbinilium predicted to have in terms of alpha decay half-lives?
A) Seconds
B) Minutes
C) Milliseconds
D) Microseconds
- 4. What cross section limit was provided by the initial JINR analysis for element 120 production in 2007?
A) 200 fb
B) 400 fb
C) 90 fb
D) 1.6 pb
- 5. Which elements were used by the GSI team in April 2007 to attempt to create element 120?
A) Californium and titanium
B) Uranium and nickel
C) Curium and chromium
D) Plutonium and iron
- 6. What cross section limit was initially found by the GSI team using uranium-238 and nickel-64?
A) 200 fb
B) 1.6 pb
C) 400 fb
D) 90 fb
- 7. In which months and years did the GSI repeat their uranium-nickel experiment with higher sensitivity for the third separate run?
A) September–October 2008
B) June–July 2010
C) January–March 2008
D) April–May 2007
- 8. What cross section limit did the GSI reach after repeating their uranium-nickel experiment in multiple runs?
A) 1.6 pb
B) 200 fb
C) 400 fb
D) 90 fb
- 9. Which reaction did scientists at the GSI attempt in June–July 2010 and 2011 after upgrading their equipment?
A) 248Cm + 54Cr
B) 249Cf + 50Ti
C) 244Pu + 58Fe
D) 238U + 64Ni
- 10. Why was the fusion reaction using curium and chromium expected to have a quintuple probability of synthesizing element 120?
A) Lower beam energy
B) Shorter half-lives
C) Strong dependence on asymmetry
D) Higher target radioactivity
- 11. What was the granddaughter of 299120 mentioned in the GSI's 2010-2011 experiment results?
A) 295Og
B) 291Lv
C) 290Lv
D) 288Lv
- 12. Why were the correlated signals observed in the GSI curium-chromium experiment ultimately not confirmed as element 120?
A) Lifetimes were much longer than expected
B) The cross section was too low
C) Decay energies did not match predictions
D) The equipment malfunctioned
- 13. Which facility at the GSI was used in August–October 2011 to try the californium and titanium reaction?
A) Dubna gas-filled recoil separator
B) TASCA
C) 88-inch cyclotron
D) JINR accelerator
- 14. What reaction was tried unsuccessfully in 2012 during an attempt to make element 119 because 249Bk decays to 249Cf?
A) 238U + 64Ni
B) 248Cm + 54Cr
C) 249Cf + 50Ti
D) 244Pu + 58Fe
- 15. What limiting cross-section was implied by the unsuccessful californium and titanium experiment at TASCA?
A) 1.6 pb
B) 200 fb
C) 90 fb
D) 400 fb
- 16. Who predicted the actual maximum cross-section for producing element 120 by any of the attempted reactions to be around 0.1 fb?
A) Jens Volker Kratz
B) The JINR team
C) The LBNL team
D) Oganesson
- 17. What was the world record for the smallest cross section of a successful reaction mentioned in the text?
A) 0.1 fb
B) 90 fb
C) 30 fb
D) 20 fb
- 18. What maximum cross-section did Jens Volker Kratz predict for producing the neighboring element 119?
A) 0.1 fb
B) 20 fb
C) 200 fb
D) 30 fb
- 19. According to Kratz's predictions, what would synthesizing element 120 require?
A) New methods
B) Higher beam intensity only
C) Current technology
D) Longer radioactive targets
- 20. In what month and year did the JINR announce plans to investigate the californium-titanium reaction in their new facility?
A) February 2022
B) Late 2023
C) May 2021
D) April 2007
- 21. Which organization in the United States would have had to make the californium target for the JINR's planned 2021 investigation?
A) GSI Helmholtz Centre
B) Oak Ridge National Laboratory
C) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- 22. Why did collaboration between the JINR and other institutes completely cease after February 2022?
A) Closure of the Dubna facility
B) Lack of funding for targets
C) Russian invasion of Ukraine and sanctions
D) Successful synthesis of element 120
- 23. When was a preparatory experiment using chromium-54 projectiles conducted by the JINR, successfully synthesising 288Lv?
A) February 2022
B) Late 2023
C) May 2021
D) 2025
- 24. By what year do they hope for experiments to synthesise element 120 to begin following the JINR's chromium-54 preparatory work?
A) 2022
B) 2025
C) 2021
D) 2023
- 25. What equipment is being used starting from 2022 at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to attempt to make new elements using titanium-50?
A) Dubna gas-filled separator
B) Oak Ridge reactor
C) TASCA facility
D) 88-inch cyclotron
- 26. Which isotope was successfully created in 2024 at LBNL during the test of the plutonium-titanium reaction?
A) 288Lv
B) 291Lv
C) 295Og
D) 290Lv
- 27. Which laboratory is collaborating with the LBNL on the project to make element 120 using titanium-50?
A) GSI Helmholtz Centre
B) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C) Oak Ridge National Laboratory
D) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
- 28. Which reaction successfully produced oganesson in 2006, inspiring the Dubna team's subsequent element 120 experiments?
A) 249Cf + 50Ti
B) 249Cf + 48Ca
C) 244Pu + 58Fe
D) 238U + 64Ni
- 29. What was the name of the daughter product matched to the correlated signals in the 2010-2011 GSI experiment?
A) 290Lv
B) 291Lv
C) 288Lv
D) 295Og
- 30. In which city is the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory located?
A) Berkeley, California, United States
B) Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States
C) Dubna, Russia
D) Darmstadt, Germany
- 31. In which country is the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research located?
A) United States
B) Russia
C) France
D) Germany
- 32. What type of projectiles were used in the preparatory experiment conducted by the JINR in late 2023?
A) 54Cr
B) 50Ti
C) 58Fe
D) 48Ca
- 33. Who suggested two forms of the extended periodic table up to 172?
A) Fricke
B) Nefedov
C) Pyykkö
D) Andrey Kulsha
- 34. Whose versions up to 164 did Kulsha's extended periodic table build on and refine?
A) Nefedov et al.
B) Oganessian et al.
C) Smits et al.
D) Fricke et al.
- 35. Whose calculations were referenced in Kulsha's extended periodic table up to 172?
A) Indelicato's
B) Utyonkov's
C) Oganessian's
D) Pyykkö's
- 36. In Kulsha's table, elements 157–172 are placed as eighth-period congeners of which fifth-period group?
A) Yttrium through palladium
B) Lanthanum through lutetium
C) Yttrium through xenon
D) Scandium through krypton
- 37. Nefedov et al. placed elements 157–164 under which group of elements?
A) Yttrium through xenon
B) Yttrium through palladium
C) Scandium through bromine
D) Titanium through silver
- 38. Which elements lack precise analogues among earlier elements, according to Kulsha?
A) 119–120
B) 139–170
C) 121–156
D) 157–172
- 39. In Kulsha's first form (2011), elements 121–138 and 139–156 are together called what?
A) Congeners
B) Superheavy elements
C) Transactinides
D) Ultrransition elements
- 40. The rows in Kulsha's 2011 form are related by the addition of which subshell into the core?
A) 6d10
B) 4f14
C) 5f14
D) 5g18
- 41. In Kulsha's second suggestion from 2016, elements 121–142 form what block due to 5g activity?
A) d-block
B) f-block
C) g-block
D) s-block
- 42. In Kulsha's 2016 suggestion, elements 143–156 form an f-block placed under which elements?
A) Yttrium through xenon
B) Actinium through nobelium
C) Scandium through zinc
D) Lanthanum through lutetium
- 43. How many elements does period 8 emerge with in Kulsha's structure?
A) 50
B) 18
C) 32
D) 54
- 44. According to Kulsha's layout, what is the next noble element after element 118?
A) 170
B) 156
C) 168
D) 172
- 45. What basis did Smits et al. use to attempt to place elements 119 to 170 in the periodic table?
A) Cross-section yields
B) Oxidation states
C) Electron configurations
D) Half-life decay rates
- 46. In the work by Smits et al., which element appeared twice?
A) 145
B) 121
C) 168
D) 119
- 47. Attempts have been made to synthesize period 8 elements up to unbiseptium, except for which one?
A) Unbitrium
B) Unbiunium
C) Unbinilium
D) Ununennium
- 48. What is the status of synthesis attempts for ununennium and unbinilium as of 2026?
A) Successfully completed
B) Never attempted
C) Ongoing
D) Permanently abandoned
- 49. In what year was the synthesis of element 119 (ununennium) first attempted?
A) 2023
B) 2018
C) 1985
D) 2012
- 50. What target and projectile were used in the 1985 attempt to synthesize ununennium?
A) Uranium-238 target with chromium-54 ions
B) Berkelium-249 target with titanium-50 ions
C) Einsteinium-254 target with calcium-48 ions
D) Curium-248 target with vanadium-51 beam
- 51. What was the limiting cross section resulting from the 1985 attempt to synthesize element 119?
A) 0.5 pb
B) 70 fb
C) 480 fb
D) 300 nb
- 52. What is the short half-life with which berkelium-249 decays to californium-249?
A) 1 year
B) 327 days
C) 100 days
D) 5 months
- 53. What type of electronics did the GSI team use to register decay events within microseconds due to predicted short half-lives?
A) Silicon-strip detectors
B) Fast electronics
C) Cryogenic electronics
D) High-intensity linear amplifiers
- 54. Which institution began bombarding curium-248 targets with a vanadium-51 beam in January 2018?
A) RIKEN in Wakō, Japan
B) GSI in Darmstadt, Germany
C) Berkeley in California
D) JINR in Dubna, Russia
- 55. Why did RIKEN choose curium-248 as a target instead of heavier berkelium or californium?
A) Curium yields a higher reaction asymmetry
B) Heavier targets are difficult to prepare
C) Curium is cheaper to purchase
D) Curium has a much longer half-life
- 56. In what year was RIKEN's linear accelerator upgrade completed?
A) 2020
B) 2012
C) 2023
D) 2018
- 57. For how many days a year is RIKEN's experiment currently running intermittently?
A) 50 days
B) 327 days
C) At least 100 days
D) 365 days
- 58. In late 2023, the JINR reported the successful synthesis of which new isotope of livermorium using a 54Cr projectile?
A) 288Lv
B) 299119
C) 302119
D) 295119
- 59. Who stated at the JINR in February 2026 that an experiment to synthesize element 119 would begin in May of that year?
A) Pyykkö
B) Vladimir Utyonkov
C) Yuri Oganessian
D) Andrey Kulsha
- 60. How are elements usually referred to in literature instead of their systematic names?
A) By their temporary symbols
B) By their discovered discoverer's name
C) By their predicted group names
D) By their atomic numbers
- 61. What is the systematic symbol for element 164?
A) Upt
B) Uhs
C) Use
D) Uhq
- 62. Up to which orbital are orbitals assumed to be filled at element 118?
A) 6d
B) 8s
C) 7s
D) 7p
- 63. According to a simple extrapolation from the Aufbau principle, what is the order of orbital filling in the eighth row?
A) 8s, 7d, 6f, 5g, 8p
B) 8s, 8p, 5g, 6f, 7d
C) 8s, 5g, 6f, 7d, 8p
D) 5g, 6f, 7d, 8s, 8p
- 64. What caused some elements to be displaced from the Madelung energy-ordering rule in Fricke's model?
A) Sudden expansion of the core electron shells
B) Overlapping orbitals resulting from relativistic effects
C) Errors in the initial Aufbau principle extrapolation
D) Magnetic dipole interactions in heavy nuclei
- 65. In Fricke et al.'s table, which groups are elements 156–164 placed in based on their formal configurations?
A) Groups 5–10
B) Groups 1–3
C) Groups 4–12
D) Groups 13–18
- 66. Which shell is not available for chemical bonding in elements 156–164 according to Fricke et al.?
A) 8s shell
B) 5g shell
C) 9s shell
D) 7d shell
- 67. Which shell is available for chemical bonding instead of the 8s shell in elements 156–164?
A) 8p shell
B) 7s shell
C) 9s shell
D) 6f shell
- 68. What electron configuration does element 164 have in Fricke et al.'s model?
A) 7d109s0
B) 9s29p2
C) 8s28p4
D) 7d89s2
- 69. What is the electron configuration of palladium?
A) 5d106s0
B) 4d85s2
C) 3d104s2
D) 4d105s0
- 70. To which groups do Fricke et al. consider elements 157–172 to have chemical analogies?
A) Groups 8–18
B) Groups 4–15
C) Groups 1–12
D) Groups 3–18
- 71. When were elements beyond the actinides first proposed to exist?
A) 1895
B) 1955
C) 1913
D) 1922
- 72. Which chemist predicted a 32-element period ending at an inactive element with atomic weight 292?
A) Glenn T. Seaborg
B) Richard Swinne
C) Niels Bohr
D) Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen
E) Johannes Rydberg
- 73. What atomic weight did Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen predict for the end of the 32-element period?
A) 168
B) 292
C) 118
D) 294
- 74. Which physicist predicted in 1913 that the next noble gas after radon would have atomic number 118?
A) Fricke
B) Johannes Rydberg
C) Richard Swinne
D) Niels Bohr
- 75. Who predicted the electronic structure of the noble gas at Z = 118 in 1922?
A) Pekka Pyykkö
B) Niels Bohr
C) Glenn T. Seaborg
D) Johannes Rydberg
- 76. Who published a review paper in 1926 containing predictions on transuranic elements and may have coined the term?
A) Richard Swinne
B) Pekka Pyykkö
C) Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen
D) Fricke
- 77. When did Richard Swinne first hypothesise that half-lives should not decrease strictly with atomic number?
A) 1914
B) 1957
C) 1922
D) 1895
- 78. By what year were elements beyond actinides called superheavy elements?
A) 1926
B) 1955
C) 1969
D) 1971
- 79. When were the first predictions on properties of undiscovered superheavy elements made based on nuclear shells?
A) 2010
B) 1971
C) 1967
D) 1957
- 80. In what year were more rigorous calculations performed centering the island of stability at flerovium?
A) 1957
B) 2010
C) 1967
D) 1971
- 81. Which element was theorized to be the center of the island of stability in rigorous 1967 calculations?
A) Flerovium
B) Unbiseptium
C) Tennessine
D) Oganesson
- 82. What is the atomic number of unbiseptium, up to which synthesis has been attempted?
A) 123
B) 127
C) 117
D) 118
- 83. What is the atomic number of unbitrium, the only element up to Z = 127 whose synthesis had not been attempted by April 2022?
A) 126
B) 114
C) 123
D) 121
- 84. What was the heaviest successfully synthesized element as mentioned in the text?
A) Tennessine
B) Oganesson
C) Unbiseptium
D) Flerovium
- 85. In what year was oganesson successfully synthesized?
A) 1971
B) 2002
C) 2010
D) 1967
- 86. In what year was tennessine discovered?
A) 1971
B) 2002
C) 2010
D) 1967
- 87. Who first proposed an additional eighth period containing superheavy elements beyond the seven-period table?
A) Niels Bohr
B) Pekka Pyykkö
C) Richard Swinne
D) Glenn T. Seaborg
- 88. In what year did Glenn T. Seaborg first propose an eighth period in the periodic table?
A) 1957
B) 1971
C) 1969
D) 1955
- 89. What new series did Glenn T. Seaborg's eighth-period model introduce beginning at element 121?
A) Lanthanide series
B) Actinide series
C) Superactinide series
D) Transuranic series
- 90. What atomic number corresponds to the element oganesson?
A) 126
B) 114
C) 118
D) 117
- 91. What atomic number corresponds to the element tennessine?
A) 118
B) 123
C) 127
D) 117
- 92. What atomic number corresponds to the element flerovium?
A) 121
B) 118
C) 114
D) 126
- 93. Which period of the periodic table is completed by oganesson?
A) Sixth
B) Seventh
C) Eighth
D) Ninth
- 94. What is the systematic name of the element with atomic number 121?
A) unbinilium
B) oganesson
C) unbiunium
D) ununoctium
- 95. Which effect reduces the validity of the orbital approximation substantially for elements of high atomic number?
A) thermal expansion
B) magnetic resonance
C) gravitational pull
D) spin–orbit coupling
- 96. According to the IUPAC definition, what is the minimum lifetime required for an element to officially exist?
A) 10−10 seconds
B) 10−18 seconds
C) 1 second
D) 10−14 seconds
- 97. What value represents the reciprocal of the fine-structure constant (1/α)?
A) 121.121
B) 137.036
C) 164.500
D) 118.000
- 98. What is predicted to be unable to exist beyond the critical limit of Z ≈ 168–172, rather than neutral atoms?
A) G-block orbitals
B) Electron clouds
C) Alpha particles
D) Bare nuclei
- 99. What are atoms beyond the critical atomic number (Z ≈ 168–172) called?
A) Fissionable nuclei
B) Supercritical atoms
C) Hypothetical atoms
D) Radioactive isomers
- 100. What is the electron configuration comparison given for element 160 by Nefedov et al.?
A) 7d10 9s0 vs Pd 4d10 5s0
B) 7d4 9s1 vs Nb 4d4 5s1
C) 7d7 9s1 vs Ru 4d7 5s1
D) 7d5 9s1 vs Mo 4d5 5s1
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