 - 1. What is the primary function of diacritics in Latin script?
A) To change the sound-values of letters
B) To replace the alphabet entirely
C) To identify the author of a text
D) To serve as punctuation marks
- 2. Which language is noted as the only major modern European language that does not typically use diacritics?
A) English
B) Spanish
C) French
D) German
- 3. What is the origin of the word 'diacritic'?
A) Ancient Greek
B) Old English
C) Latin
D) French
- 4. In English, what was the historical purpose of the diaeresis in a word like 'coöperate'?
A) To denote an abbreviation
B) To distinguish between homonyms
C) To indicate correct pronunciation
D) To mark a borrowed word
- 5. What is the grammatical difference between 'diacritic' and 'diacritical'?
A) Diacritic is a noun, diacritical is an adjective
B) They are synonymous nouns
C) Diacritic is an adjective, diacritical is a noun
D) They are interchangeable adjectives
- 6. How are diacritics used in Vietnamese and Hanyu Pinyin?
A) To mark sentence stress
B) To mark tones
C) To mark abbreviations
D) To mark silence
- 7. What is the function of the Arabic sukūn?
A) To distinguish homonyms
B) To mark prosody
C) To mark the presence of a long vowel
D) To mark the absence of vowels
- 8. Where does the 'tittle' appear?
A) Inside the letter o
B) Above the letters i and j
C) Between words
D) Below the letters p and q
- 9. What does the dot over a consonant in Gaelic type indicate?
A) Lenition
B) Vowel quality
C) Tonal stress
D) Abbreviation
- 10. In the Wali language, where is the apostrophe placed to affect the entire word?
A) Above the first vowel
B) In the middle of the word
C) At the beginning of the word
D) At the end of the word
- 11. What is the name of the diacritic used in the word 'façade'?
A) Cedilla
B) Diaeresis
C) Acute
D) Circumflex
- 12. What are 'in-line diacritics'?
A) Punctuation marks that function as letters
B) Diacritics placed between lines of text
C) Numbers used as phonetic markers
D) Letters used to modify the sound of preceding letters
- 13. What term refers to the vertical stroke in Indic scripts that marks the absence of vowels?
A) Niqqud
B) Harakat
C) Virama
D) Titlo
- 14. In Turkish, what is the role of the tittle on the letter 'i'?
A) It is an abbreviation marker
B) It is a clarifying mark only
C) It is a tonal marker
D) It is a genuine diacritic
- 15. How are diacritics treated in collation and orthography?
A) Varies by language and case
B) Always as a distinct letter
C) Ignored in all collation systems
D) Always as part of the base letter
- 16. What does the Arabic hamza indicate?
A) A consonant doubling
B) A long vowel
C) A glottal stop
D) A grammatical case
- 17. What is another name for the superscript alif?
A) Hamza alif
B) Shadda alif
C) Dagger alif
D) Long alif
- 18. What is the phonetic value represented by the fatḥa in Arabic?
A) o
B) u
C) a
D) i
- 19. Which ḥarakāt indicates the absence of a vowel in Arabic?
A) Sukūn
B) Ḍamma
C) Kasra
D) Fatḥa
- 20. In Arabic, which case does the ḍamma represent for nouns?
A) Genitive
B) Nominative
C) Accusative
D) Dative
- 21. What is the iota subscript in Greek?
A) ᾿◌
B) ◌ͺ
C) ◌́
D) ῾◌
- 22. What does the rough breathing mark in Ancient Greek indicate?
A) Lack of aspiration
B) Aspiration
C) A long vowel
D) A nasal sound
- 23. What is the term for the smooth breathing mark in Latin?
A) Psilòn pneûma
B) Spīritus lēnis
C) Spīritus asper
D) Dasỳ pneûma
- 24. Which Hebrew diacritic is represented by a dot in the top right corner?
A) Shva
B) Dagesh
C) Sin dot
D) Shin dot
- 25. Which Arabic ḥarakāt represents the vowel 'i'?
A) Kasra
B) Sukūn
C) Ḍamma
D) Fatḥa
- 26. In Hebrew, which dot is placed at the top left corner?
A) Mappiq
B) Shin dot
C) Dagesh
D) Sin dot
- 27. What linguistic role does tanwīn serve in Arabic?
A) Pitch accent
B) Aspiration
C) Grammatical
D) Stress marking
- 28. In Syriac, what sound does a dot above and a dot below a letter represent?
A) [o]
B) [i]
C) [a]
D) [u]
- 29. What is the transliteration for the Syriac vowel sound [ɑ] represented by two diagonally-placed dots above a letter?
A) e or ĕ
B) ū or u
C) a or ă
D) ā or â or å
- 30. In the East Syriac dialect, what sound is often represented by two horizontally-placed dots below a letter?
A) [v]
B) [ɛ]
C) [ɪ]
D) [e]
- 31. Which Syriac mark represents the [dʒ] sound when placed under Gamel?
A) A dot
B) A semicircle
C) A circle
D) A tilde (~)
- 32. What does the Waw with a dot above it represent in Syriac?
A) [i]
B) [o]
C) [u]
D) [e]
- 33. A semicircle under the Syriac letter Peh represents which sound?
A) [p]
B) [f]
C) [v]
D) [t͡ʃ]
- 34. What is the name of the Devanagari moon-dot symbol used for vowel nasalization?
A) nigori
B) virama
C) dakuten
D) chandrabindu
- 35. What sound does the 'inner ring' modify [t] to in Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics?
A) [θ]
B) [p]
C) [f]
D) [w]
- 36. What is the Japanese name for the 'dot dot' symbol used to indicate voiced consonants?
A) dakuten
B) nigori
C) handakuten
D) maru
- 37. What does the 'maru' (circle) symbol in Japanese indicate?
A) Phonetic changes
B) Vowel nasalization
C) Consonant doubling
D) Vowel length
- 38. What do Hebrew and Arabic script use diacritics to indicate in addition to vowels?
A) W-glide
B) Vowel length
C) Final codas
D) Consonant doubling
- 39. How do French and Portuguese treat letters with diacritical marks during collation?
A) As distinct letters after z
B) As the same as the underlying letter
C) As symbols that are always ignored
D) As combinations of vowels and e
- 40. Where are the characters å, ä, and ö sorted in Scandinavian and Finnish languages?
A) Between m and n
B) Alongside the underlying vowel
C) Before a
D) After z
- 41. How is the combination 'aa' treated when used as an alternative spelling for å?
A) Ignored in collation
B) Sorted before a
C) Sorted as å
D) Sorted as two a's
- 42. In German dictionary sorting, which word comes first: schon or schön?
A) schon
B) They are treated as identical
C) schön
D) They are sorted randomly
- 43. What is the primary reason early binary encodings had a bias against diacritics?
A) Diacritics were considered illegal
B) They were developed in English-speaking countries
C) They were only used in Asian languages
D) Computer memory was too cheap
- 44. How many printable characters did the original ASCII standard encode?
A) 128
B) 95
C) 64
D) 256
- 45. What is the purpose of Unicode regarding character encoding?
A) Assigning every known character its own code
B) Limiting characters to 95
C) Only supporting English characters
D) Eliminating all diacritics
- 46. What are letter-with-accent combinations with unique code points called?
A) Precomposed characters
B) Binary fragments
C) Overprinted symbols
D) Dead keys
- 47. Which diacritic does Lithuanian use for the letter ė?
A) macron
B) overdot
C) caron
D) ogonek
- 48. In Welsh, which diacritic is used as a macron?
A) acute
B) grave
C) circumflex
D) diaeresis
- 49. Which language uses the cedilla in the digraph ⟨çh⟩?
A) Manx
B) Latvian
C) Breton
D) Irish
- 50. How is lenition indicated in Irish when using Roman type?
A) circumflex
B) suffixed h
C) acute accent
D) overdot
- 51. In Breton, what is the tilde used for?
A) nasalization
B) vowel length
C) plural suffixes
D) diphthongs
- 52. Which diacritic is used by Irish to mark long vowels?
A) diaeresis
B) circumflex
C) acute
D) grave
- 53. In Scottish Gaelic, which diacritic is used on all vowels?
A) grave
B) acute
C) circumflex
D) diaeresis
- 54. How many vowels does Welsh use with accents?
A) eight
B) seven
C) five
D) six
- 55. In Breton, what is the apostrophe used to distinguish?
A) c'h from ch
B) nasalization
C) diphthongs
D) vowel length
- 56. In Lithuanian, are letters with the ogonek considered separate letters?
A) only in specific words
B) only in lowercase
C) no
D) yes
- 57. Which language uses the overdot for lenition in Gaelic type?
A) Manx
B) Scottish Gaelic
C) Irish
D) Welsh
- 58. Which letter does Manx use with a cedilla?
A) h
B) c
C) t
D) s
- 59. What is the primary function of the plural suffix -où in Breton?
A) mark nasalization
B) distinguish from the digraph ou
C) indicate pronunciation
D) mark vowel length
- 60. What is the function of the acute accent in Hungarian for the vowels ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩?
A) Indicates a hiatus
B) Indicates a silent letter
C) Indicates a fronted vowel
D) Indicates the long form
- 61. Which letter does Karelian use instead of the ⟨ü⟩ found in Estonian?
A) ö
B) ä
C) i
D) y
- 62. In Dutch, what is the primary linguistic function of the two-dots diacritic?
A) Indicating long length
B) Indicating a foreign origin
C) Fronting of back vowels
D) A vowel hiatus
- 63. In the Swedish alphabet, in what order are ⟨å⟩, ⟨ä⟩, and ⟨ö⟩ collated?
A) ⟨å⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ä⟩
B) ⟨å⟩, ⟨ä⟩, ⟨ö⟩
C) ⟨ä⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨å⟩
D) ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ä⟩, ⟨å⟩
- 64. Which language uses the cedilla with the letter ⟨c⟩ as in French?
A) Finnish
B) Faroese
C) Swedish
D) Dutch
- 65. How many additional vowel forms does Afrikaans use?
A) 4
B) 12
C) 16
D) 8
- 66. Which diacritic does Asturian use to mark the letters ⟨Ḷ⟩ and ⟨Ḥ⟩?
A) Circumflex
B) Diaeresis
C) Acute accent
D) Underdot
- 67. How many diacritics does French use?
A) Four
B) Two
C) Five
D) Three
- 68. How many diacritics are used in Italian?
A) Three
B) Four
C) One
D) Two
- 69. Which diacritic does Romanian use on the letter a to indicate the sound schwa /ə/?
A) Circumflex
B) Breve
C) Acute accent
D) Cedilla
- 70. Which letter does Spanish use the diaeresis on?
A) e
B) a
C) o
D) u
- 71. Which language uses the interpunct ⟨l·l⟩?
A) Catalan
B) Romanian
C) Portuguese
D) Spanish
- 72. What can Leonese use instead of ⟨ñ⟩?
A) ⟨nn⟩
B) ⟨ny⟩
C) ⟨n·n⟩
D) ⟨nh⟩
- 73. In the Czech alphabet, what diacritic is used on the letter ů?
A) The circumflex
B) The acute
C) The caron
D) The ring
- 74. Which alphabet is described as having no diacritics, using unique graphemes instead?
A) Croatian Latin
B) Slovak
C) Serbian Cyrillic
D) Turkish
- 75. Which letter does Crimean Tatar possess that Turkish does not?
A) Ș
B) Ț
C) Ñ
D) Ä
- 76. In the Turkmen alphabet, what does the ⟨Ň⟩ represent?
A) Rounded front vowel
B) Velar nasal /ŋ/
C) Fricative /ʃ/
D) Palatal approximant /j/
- 77. Which diacritic is used in Hawaiian over vowels, though its status as an individual letter is debated?
A) Diaeresis
B) Kahakō (macron)
C) Acute accent
D) Caron
- 78. What is the name of the long sign used in the Irish language?
A) Umlaut
B) Caron
C) Síneadh fada
D) Cedilla
- 79. Which language uses the grave accent to distinguish between homophones like 'of' (or) and 'òf' (either)?
A) Spanish
B) Afrikaans
C) French
D) Italian
- 80. Which language's alphabet includes ⟨ë⟩ solely to mark the schwa (/ə/)?
A) Albanian
B) French
C) German
D) Filipino
- 81. In Arabic romanization, what is the underdot typically used for?
A) Emphatic consonants
B) Tone marking
C) Soft consonants
D) Long vowels
- 82. Which diacritic is used to represent the /ʃ/ sound in many Arabic romanization systems?
A) ṭ
B) š
C) ḍ
D) ḥ
- 83. What is the name of the lossless romanization system used for Sanskrit?
A) IAST
B) Nihon-shiki
C) Hanyu Pinyin
D) Hepburn
- 84. What is the maximum number of combining diacritics mentioned as required to compose the HAKṢHMALAWARAYAṀ grapheme cluster?
A) 8
B) 5
C) 10
D) 3
- 85. What is the term for text created by decorating words with excessive nonsensical diacritics?
A) Romanized text
B) IAST text
C) Pinyin text
D) Zalgo text
- 86. In Hanyu Pinyin, which diacritic represents the third tone?
A) Macron
B) Caron
C) Acute
D) Grave
- 87. Which language uses the macron to represent the first tone in its romanization system?
A) Chinese
B) Arabic
C) Japanese
D) Sanskrit
- 88. Which diacritic is often used for the sound /ɣ/ in Arabic romanization?
A) ḥ
B) ġ
C) š
D) ṭ
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