- 1. Which term refers to a systematic plan of procedures for collecting and interpreting criminological data?
A) Criminal Typology
B) Police Operations
C) Research Methodology
D) Ethical Standards
- 2. What research method aims to describe characteristics or events in criminal justice without manipulating variables?
A) Operational Policing
B) Descriptive Research
C) Experimental Approach
D) Predictive Modeling
- 3. Which study focuses on presenting detailed accounts of criminological phenomena through observation and documentation?
A) Comparative Research
B) Predictive Studies
C) Forensic Analysis
D) Descriptive Studies
- 4. What research examines statistical relationships between criminological variables without proving cause-and-effect?
A) Field Surveying
B) Correlation Studies
C) Penal Code Interpretation
D) Action Research
- 5. Which research approach explores individuals’ lived experiences related to crime or victimization?
A) Forensic Evaluation
B) Tactical Investigation
C) Administrative Profiling
D) Phenomenological Studies
- 6. What philosophical approach emphasizes understanding human experiences behind criminal actions and justice practices?
A) Retributive Justice
B) Phenomenology
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Rational Choice Theory
- 7. What research method involves in-depth study of one person, event, or criminal institution?
A) Legal Drafting
B) Criminal Profiling
C) Case Studies
D) Court Hearings
- 8. Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
A) Conflict Resolution
B) Narrative Inquiry
C) Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
D) Legal Review
- 9. What research design manipulates independent variables to observe effects under controlled conditions?
A) Policy Monitoring
B) Ethnographic Study
C) Experimental Research
D) Field Audit
- 10. Which design uses comparison groups without random assignment to evaluate the impact of criminology programs?
A) Recursive Sampling
B) Quasi-Experimental Design
C) Historical Mapping
D) Procedural Audit
- 11. Which research tracks criminological variables over a long period to observe behavioral changes?
A) Longitudinal Studies
B) Ethnographic Research
C) Cross-Sectional Study
D) Case Study
- 12. Which study collects data at a single point to analyze patterns within criminal populations?
A) Longitudinal Research
B) Correlation Research
C) Experimental Study
D) Cross-Sectional Studies
- 13. Which qualitative research involves immersion in criminal subcultures to understand behaviors and social interactions?
A) Phenomenological Research
B) Case Study
C) Experimental Research
D) Ethnographic Research
- 14. Which study examines past criminal events and justice practices using archival documents and statistics?
A) Experimental Design
B) Historical Research
C) Cross-Sectional Research
D) Experimental Design
- 15. Which method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for richer understanding?
A) Phenomenology
B) Mixed-Methods Research
C) Case Study
D) Longitudinal Research
- 16. Which research aims to expand theoretical knowledge about crime without immediate practical application?
A) Evaluative Research
B) Explanatory Research
C) Applied Research
D) Basic Research
- 17. Which research is designed to solve practical criminological problems in policies and law enforcement?
A) Phenomenological Research
B) Applied Research
C) Historical Study
D) Basic Research
- 18. Which research assesses the effectiveness of programs or strategies in criminal justice agencies?
A) Explanatory Research
B) Predictive Research
C) Evaluative Research
D) Descriptive Research
- 19. Which study compares crime patterns, justice systems, or behaviors across different jurisdictions or cultures?
A) Comparative Research
B) Longitudinal Research
C) Case Study
D) Ethnographic Study
- 20. Which research attempts to forecast future criminal behaviors using statistical models?
A) Experimental Research
B) Correlation Study
C) Descriptive Research
D) Predictive Research
- 21. What guides the procedures and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting criminological data?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Research Design
C) Sampling Technique
D) Research Instrument
- 22. Which method is used to select participants from a population for criminological research?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Cleaning
D) Sampling Technique
- 23. What refers to the complete group of individuals sharing characteristics relevant to a study?
A) Subgroup
B) Sample
C) Cluster
D) Population
- 24. What is a subgroup selected to represent the population in research?
A) Variable
B) Population
C) Sample
D) Cluster
- 25. Which selection method gives each population member equal chance of inclusion?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Stratified Sampling
D) Probability Sampling
- 26. Which sampling technique ensures every unit has equal chance of selection?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
- 27. Which method divides the population into subgroups for proportionate representation?
A) Purposive Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
- 28. Which sampling selects groups rather than individuals, useful in large-scale studies?
A) Purposive Sampling
B) Simple Random Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
- 29. Which non-probability sampling selects participants based on relevant characteristics?
A) Purposive Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Convenience Sampling
- 30. Which method chooses readily available participants when access is limited?
A) Purposive Sampling
B) Probability Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Convenience Sampling
- 31. Which tool is used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews, or tests?
A) Research Instrument
B) Population
C) Sampling Technique
D) Data Cleaning
- 32. Which is a structured set of questions measuring attitudes or behaviors?
A) Interview Schedule
B) Coding Sheet
C) Tabulation Chart
D) Questionnaire
- 33. Which is a structured outline of questions administered personally for qualitative data?
A) Interview Schedule
B) Questionnaire
C) Literature Review
D) Research Design
- 34. What measures the accuracy of an instrument in capturing intended variables?
A) Reliability
B) Validity
C) Content Analysis
D) Tabulation
- 35. What measures consistency of research results when repeated under similar conditions?
A) Validity
B) Regression Analysis
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Reliability
- 36. Which validity measures if the instrument represents the entire domain of a concept?
A) Construct Validity
B) Content Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Internal Validity
- 37. Which validity measures whether an instrument captures abstract theoretical ideas?
A) Reliability
B) Construct Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Content Validity
- 38. Which validity checks if a tool can predict performance based on established benchmarks?
A) Internal Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Content Validity
- 39. Which validity refers to confidence in causal relationships within experiments?
A) Reliability
B) Content Validity
C) External Validity
D) Internal Validity
- 40. Which validity ensures results can be generalized to broader populations?
A) External Validity
B) Content Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Internal Validity
- 41. Which statistics summarize numerical criminological data through averages, percentages, or frequencies?
A) Inferential Statistics
B) Regression Analysis
C) Descriptive Statistics
D) Frequency Analysis
- 42. Which statistics make predictions about populations from sample findings?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Coding
C) Inferential Statistics
D) Descriptive Statistics
- 43. Which represents the arithmetic average of criminological data?
A) Median
B) Standard Deviation
C) Mean
D) Frequency
- 44. Which is the middle value in an ordered dataset?
A) Median
B) Mode
C) Frequency
D) Mean
- 45. Which value occurs most frequently in a dataset?
A) Mode
B) Mean
C) Median
D) Standard Deviation
- 46. Which measures variability of data from the mean?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Mode
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Mean
- 47. Which presents how often data values occur in categories?
A) Coding Sheet
B) Frequency Distribution
C) Standard Deviation
D) Regression Table
- 48. Which value determines the strength and direction of relationships between variables?
A) Correlation Coefficient
B) Regression Analysis
C) Standard Deviation
D) Frequency Distribution
- 49. Which method predicts relationships between variables to estimate outcomes?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Descriptive Study
C) Correlation Study
D) Inferential Analysis
- 50. Which is a preliminary trial of research instruments to identify weaknesses?
A) Pilot Testing
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Interpretation
D) Data Cleaning
- 51. What identifies a criminological issue requiring investigation?
A) Scope
B) Hypothesis
C) Variable
D) Research Problem
- 52. What systematically recognizes gaps in criminological understanding for research?
A) Problem Identification
B) Assumption
C) Literature Review
D) Research Framework
- 53. What articulates the criminological concern specifying variables and boundaries?
A) Theoretical Framework
B) Research Design
C) Operational Definition
D) Problem Definition
- 54. What is a tentative explanation predicting relationships between variables?
A) Hypothesis
B) Research Design
C) Assumption
D) Conceptual Framework
- 55. Which statement suggests no significant relationship exists between variables?
A) Predictive Statement
B) Descriptive Statement
C) Alternative Hypothesis
D) Null Hypothesis
- 56. Which asserts there is a significant relationship between variables?
A) Descriptive Study
B) Explanatory Research
C) Alternative Hypothesis
D) Null Hypothesis
- 57. Which explains relationships among theories, variables, and concepts?
A) Operational Definition
B) Literature Review
C) Research Framework
D) Conceptualization
- 58. Which links concepts in a diagram supporting study direction?
A) Theoretical Framework
B) Variable Analysis
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Research Problem
- 59. Which section identifies theories guiding interpretation of research phenomena?
A) Research Design
B) Conceptual Framework
C) Literature Review
D) Theoretical Framework
- 60. What refers to characteristics capable of change and measurable in research?
A) Population
B) Assumptions
C) Variables
D) Hypothesis
- 61. Which factor is manipulated or considered the influencing cause in research?
A) Assumption
B) Dependent Variable
C) Scope
D) Independent Variable
- 62. Which is the outcome measured and affected by changes in the independent variable?
A) Hypothesis
B) Independent Variable
C) Dependent Variable
D) Delimitation
- 63. Which specifies how concepts will be measured or interpreted in a study?
A) Operational Definition
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Research Problem
D) Conceptual Framework
- 64. Which examines scholarly works supporting, comparing, and contextualizing research topics?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Data Cleaning
C) Pilot Testing
D) Literature Review
- 65. Which are original firsthand materials like statistics, interviews, or case records?
A) Secondary Sources
B) Operational Data
C) Primary Sources
D) Conceptual Sources
- 66. Which are interpreted data from authors analyzing primary sources?
A) Conceptual Frameworks
B) Research Instruments
C) Primary Sources
D) Secondary Sources
- 67. Which process defines ideas clearly for measurable application in research?
A) Coding
B) Tabulation
C) Literature Review
D) Conceptualization
- 68. Which specifies boundaries and limitations of research variables, participants, or settings?
A) Scope of Study
B) Hypothesis
C) Delimitation
D) Assumption
- 69. Which refers to conditions accepted as true for research to proceed logically?
A) Variables
B) Assumptions
C) Hypothesis
D) Pilot Test
- 70. Which defines the boundaries, subjects, location, and time period of a study?
A) Delimitation
B) Research Framework
C) Scope of the Study
D) Variables
- 71. Which refers to moral standards guiding responsible research conduct?
A) Transparency
B) Research Ethics
C) Risk Assessment
D) Privacy Rights
- 72. Which is voluntary agreement acknowledging understanding of research purpose, risks, and benefits?
A) Confidentiality
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Informed Consent
D) Debriefing
- 73. Which ensures private information collected from participants remains undisclosed?
A) Anonymity
B) Integrity
C) Data Security
D) Confidentiality
- 74. Which conceals participant identities so responses cannot be linked to individuals?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Confidentiality
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Anonymity
- 75. Which principle ensures research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks?
A) Beneficence
B) Non-Maleficence
C) Justice
D) Integrity
- 76. Which requires researchers to avoid causing harm or unnecessary distress?
A) Beneficence
B) Non-Maleficence
C) Transparency
D) Justice
- 77. Which ensures fairness in selection, treatment, and inclusion of participants?
A) Coercion
B) Beneficence
C) Justice
D) Transparency
- 78. Which guarantees participants join research without coercion or undue influence?
A) Confidentiality
B) Informed Consent
C) Anonymity
D) Voluntary Participation
- 79. Which protects research information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Transparency
C) Integrity
D) Data Security
- 80. Which is the unethical act of using others’ ideas or words without acknowledgment?
A) Misrepresentation
B) Debriefing
C) Plagiarism
D) Coercion
- 81. Which refers to honesty and accuracy throughout research activities?
A) Plagiarism
B) Coercion
C) Integrity
D) Transparency
- 82. Which explains study purposes, procedures, or withheld information to participants after research?
A) Informed Consent
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Confidentiality
D) Debriefing
- 83. Which is formal approval from a review board permitting research involving humans?
A) Integrity
B) Ethical Clearance
C) Research Ethics
D) Informed Consent
- 84. Which are prescribed professional guidelines ensuring responsible researcher actions?
A) Beneficence
B) Code of Ethics
C) Integrity
D) Risk Assessment
- 85. Which evaluates potential dangers participants might experience during research?
A) Plagiarism
B) Ethical Clearance
C) Risk Assessment
D) Data Security
- 86. Which participants require special ethical safeguards due to limited decision-making capacity?
A) Vulnerable Participants
B) Population
C) Voluntary Participants
D) Sample Group
- 87. Which is forcing participants to join research against their free will?
A) Coercion
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Beneficence
D) Transparency
- 88. Which is participant entitlement to control personal information shared in research?
A) Anonymity
B) Confidentiality
C) Data Security
D) Privacy Rights
- 89. Which ensures full disclosure of research intentions to foster trust and credibility?
A) Confidentiality
B) Transparency
C) Beneficence
D) Integrity
- 90. Which is deliberate distortion of research data or findings violating ethical standards?
A) Misrepresentation
B) Plagiarism
C) Transparency
D) Coercion
- 91. Which is the systematic organization and examination of collected data to find patterns?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Data Analysis
C) Tabulation
D) Data Cleaning
- 92. Which is the logical explanation of analyzed findings to provide conclusions?
A) Data Interpretation
B) Trend Analysis
C) Coding
D) Data Cleaning
- 93. Which categorizes qualitative data into themes for systematic examination?
A) Tabulation
B) Data Cleaning
C) Trend Analysis
D) Coding
- 94. Which arranges data in tables for easier comparison and analysis?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Data Interpretation
C) Coding
D) Tabulation
- 95. Which communicates research results clearly using charts, tables, or narratives?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Trend Analysis
C) Coding
D) Data Presentation
- 96. Which identifies patterns over time to understand developments and future directions?
A) Regression
B) Frequency Distribution
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Cleaning
- 97. Which removes inconsistencies and errors from databases before analysis?
A) Tabulation
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Cleaning
D) Coding
- 98. Which applies mathematical formulas to process data and derive results?
A) Statistical Treatment
B) Correlation Coefficient
C) Descriptive Statistics
D) Regression Analysis
- 99. Which are final analyzed results describing outcomes and relationships?
A) Interpretation
B) Findings
C) Conclusion
D) Tabulation
- 100. Which is the summarized interpretation of outcomes supported by evidence addressing the research problem?
A) Data Presentation
B) Conclusion
C) Interpretation
D) Findings
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