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CRIM- 7 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 AND 2 - Quiz
  • 1. Which term refers to a systematic plan of procedures for collecting and interpreting criminological data?
A) Ethical Standards
B) Criminal Typology
C) Research Methodology
D) Police Operations
  • 2. What research method aims to describe characteristics or events in criminal justice without manipulating variables?
A) Experimental Approach
B) Predictive Modeling
C) Operational Policing
D) Descriptive Research
  • 3. Which study focuses on presenting detailed accounts of criminological phenomena through observation and documentation?
A) Forensic Analysis
B) Predictive Studies
C) Descriptive Studies
D) Comparative Research
  • 4. What research examines statistical relationships between criminological variables without proving cause-and-effect?
A) Field Surveying
B) Action Research
C) Penal Code Interpretation
D) Correlation Studies
  • 5. Which research approach explores individuals’ lived experiences related to crime or victimization?
A) Phenomenological Studies
B) Forensic Evaluation
C) Tactical Investigation
D) Administrative Profiling
  • 6. What philosophical approach emphasizes understanding human experiences behind criminal actions and justice practices?
A) Phenomenology
B) Retributive Justice
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Rational Choice Theory
  • 7. What research method involves in-depth study of one person, event, or criminal institution?
A) Legal Drafting
B) Case Studies
C) Criminal Profiling
D) Court Hearings
  • 8. Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
A) Legal Review
B) Conflict Resolution
C) Narrative Inquiry
D) Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
  • 9. What research design manipulates independent variables to observe effects under controlled conditions?
A) Field Audit
B) Experimental Research
C) Ethnographic Study
D) Policy Monitoring
  • 10. Which design uses comparison groups without random assignment to evaluate the impact of criminology programs?
A) Recursive Sampling
B) Historical Mapping
C) Quasi-Experimental Design
D) Procedural Audit
  • 11. Which research tracks criminological variables over a long period to observe behavioral changes?
A) Longitudinal Studies
B) Case Study
C) Cross-Sectional Study
D) Ethnographic Research
  • 12. Which study collects data at a single point to analyze patterns within criminal populations?
A) Experimental Study
B) Cross-Sectional Studies
C) Longitudinal Research
D) Correlation Research
  • 13. Which qualitative research involves immersion in criminal subcultures to understand behaviors and social interactions?
A) Phenomenological Research
B) Experimental Research
C) Ethnographic Research
D) Case Study
  • 14. Which study examines past criminal events and justice practices using archival documents and statistics?
A) Cross-Sectional Research
B) Experimental Design
C) Historical Research
D) Experimental Design
  • 15. Which method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for richer understanding?
A) Case Study
B) Mixed-Methods Research
C) Longitudinal Research
D) Phenomenology
  • 16. Which research aims to expand theoretical knowledge about crime without immediate practical application?
A) Applied Research
B) Explanatory Research
C) Evaluative Research
D) Basic Research
  • 17. Which research is designed to solve practical criminological problems in policies and law enforcement?
A) Historical Study
B) Basic Research
C) Applied Research
D) Phenomenological Research
  • 18. Which research assesses the effectiveness of programs or strategies in criminal justice agencies?
A) Evaluative Research
B) Explanatory Research
C) Descriptive Research
D) Predictive Research
  • 19. Which study compares crime patterns, justice systems, or behaviors across different jurisdictions or cultures?
A) Longitudinal Research
B) Ethnographic Study
C) Case Study
D) Comparative Research
  • 20. Which research attempts to forecast future criminal behaviors using statistical models?
A) Predictive Research
B) Correlation Study
C) Descriptive Research
D) Experimental Research
  • 21. What guides the procedures and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting criminological data?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Research Instrument
C) Sampling Technique
D) Research Design
  • 22. Which method is used to select participants from a population for criminological research?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Trend Analysis
C) Regression Analysis
D) Sampling Technique
  • 23. What refers to the complete group of individuals sharing characteristics relevant to a study?
A) Cluster
B) Sample
C) Population
D) Subgroup
  • 24. What is a subgroup selected to represent the population in research?
A) Variable
B) Cluster
C) Sample
D) Population
  • 25. Which selection method gives each population member equal chance of inclusion?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Probability Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
  • 26. Which sampling technique ensures every unit has equal chance of selection?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
  • 27. Which method divides the population into subgroups for proportionate representation?
A) Stratified Sampling
B) Simple Random Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
  • 28. Which sampling selects groups rather than individuals, useful in large-scale studies?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
  • 29. Which non-probability sampling selects participants based on relevant characteristics?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Convenience Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
  • 30. Which method chooses readily available participants when access is limited?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Probability Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Convenience Sampling
  • 31. Which tool is used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews, or tests?
A) Sampling Technique
B) Research Instrument
C) Population
D) Data Cleaning
  • 32. Which is a structured set of questions measuring attitudes or behaviors?
A) Coding Sheet
B) Tabulation Chart
C) Questionnaire
D) Interview Schedule
  • 33. Which is a structured outline of questions administered personally for qualitative data?
A) Literature Review
B) Research Design
C) Interview Schedule
D) Questionnaire
  • 34. What measures the accuracy of an instrument in capturing intended variables?
A) Tabulation
B) Validity
C) Content Analysis
D) Reliability
  • 35. What measures consistency of research results when repeated under similar conditions?
A) Reliability
B) Validity
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Regression Analysis
  • 36. Which validity measures if the instrument represents the entire domain of a concept?
A) Construct Validity
B) Internal Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Content Validity
  • 37. Which validity measures whether an instrument captures abstract theoretical ideas?
A) Content Validity
B) Criterion Validity
C) Construct Validity
D) Reliability
  • 38. Which validity checks if a tool can predict performance based on established benchmarks?
A) Internal Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Content Validity
D) Criterion Validity
  • 39. Which validity refers to confidence in causal relationships within experiments?
A) Reliability
B) Content Validity
C) External Validity
D) Internal Validity
  • 40. Which validity ensures results can be generalized to broader populations?
A) Content Validity
B) Internal Validity
C) External Validity
D) Criterion Validity
  • 41. Which statistics summarize numerical criminological data through averages, percentages, or frequencies?
A) Descriptive Statistics
B) Frequency Analysis
C) Inferential Statistics
D) Regression Analysis
  • 42. Which statistics make predictions about populations from sample findings?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Coding
C) Inferential Statistics
D) Descriptive Statistics
  • 43. Which represents the arithmetic average of criminological data?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Mean
C) Frequency
D) Median
  • 44. Which is the middle value in an ordered dataset?
A) Mode
B) Mean
C) Median
D) Frequency
  • 45. Which value occurs most frequently in a dataset?
A) Median
B) Standard Deviation
C) Mean
D) Mode
  • 46. Which measures variability of data from the mean?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Mean
C) Standard Deviation
D) Mode
  • 47. Which presents how often data values occur in categories?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Regression Table
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Coding Sheet
  • 48. Which value determines the strength and direction of relationships between variables?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Regression Analysis
C) Standard Deviation
D) Correlation Coefficient
  • 49. Which method predicts relationships between variables to estimate outcomes?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Inferential Analysis
C) Correlation Study
D) Descriptive Study
  • 50. Which is a preliminary trial of research instruments to identify weaknesses?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Pilot Testing
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Interpretation
  • 51. What identifies a criminological issue requiring investigation?
A) Scope
B) Hypothesis
C) Variable
D) Research Problem
  • 52. What systematically recognizes gaps in criminological understanding for research?
A) Assumption
B) Problem Identification
C) Research Framework
D) Literature Review
  • 53. What articulates the criminological concern specifying variables and boundaries?
A) Research Design
B) Problem Definition
C) Theoretical Framework
D) Operational Definition
  • 54. What is a tentative explanation predicting relationships between variables?
A) Research Design
B) Assumption
C) Hypothesis
D) Conceptual Framework
  • 55. Which statement suggests no significant relationship exists between variables?
A) Descriptive Statement
B) Predictive Statement
C) Null Hypothesis
D) Alternative Hypothesis
  • 56. Which asserts there is a significant relationship between variables?
A) Alternative Hypothesis
B) Explanatory Research
C) Descriptive Study
D) Null Hypothesis
  • 57. Which explains relationships among theories, variables, and concepts?
A) Conceptualization
B) Research Framework
C) Literature Review
D) Operational Definition
  • 58. Which links concepts in a diagram supporting study direction?
A) Research Problem
B) Conceptual Framework
C) Variable Analysis
D) Theoretical Framework
  • 59. Which section identifies theories guiding interpretation of research phenomena?
A) Research Design
B) Literature Review
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Theoretical Framework
  • 60. What refers to characteristics capable of change and measurable in research?
A) Assumptions
B) Hypothesis
C) Population
D) Variables
  • 61. Which factor is manipulated or considered the influencing cause in research?
A) Assumption
B) Independent Variable
C) Dependent Variable
D) Scope
  • 62. Which is the outcome measured and affected by changes in the independent variable?
A) Hypothesis
B) Dependent Variable
C) Delimitation
D) Independent Variable
  • 63. Which specifies how concepts will be measured or interpreted in a study?
A) Theoretical Framework
B) Research Problem
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Operational Definition
  • 64. Which examines scholarly works supporting, comparing, and contextualizing research topics?
A) Literature Review
B) Pilot Testing
C) Data Cleaning
D) Regression Analysis
  • 65. Which are original firsthand materials like statistics, interviews, or case records?
A) Conceptual Sources
B) Primary Sources
C) Secondary Sources
D) Operational Data
  • 66. Which are interpreted data from authors analyzing primary sources?
A) Secondary Sources
B) Primary Sources
C) Research Instruments
D) Conceptual Frameworks
  • 67. Which process defines ideas clearly for measurable application in research?
A) Coding
B) Tabulation
C) Conceptualization
D) Literature Review
  • 68. Which specifies boundaries and limitations of research variables, participants, or settings?
A) Scope of Study
B) Delimitation
C) Hypothesis
D) Assumption
  • 69. Which refers to conditions accepted as true for research to proceed logically?
A) Pilot Test
B) Variables
C) Hypothesis
D) Assumptions
  • 70. Which defines the boundaries, subjects, location, and time period of a study?
A) Delimitation
B) Research Framework
C) Variables
D) Scope of the Study
  • 71. Which refers to moral standards guiding responsible research conduct?
A) Research Ethics
B) Risk Assessment
C) Transparency
D) Privacy Rights
  • 72. Which is voluntary agreement acknowledging understanding of research purpose, risks, and benefits?
A) Informed Consent
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Debriefing
D) Confidentiality
  • 73. Which ensures private information collected from participants remains undisclosed?
A) Anonymity
B) Confidentiality
C) Integrity
D) Data Security
  • 74. Which conceals participant identities so responses cannot be linked to individuals?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Anonymity
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Confidentiality
  • 75. Which principle ensures research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks?
A) Non-Maleficence
B) Beneficence
C) Integrity
D) Justice
  • 76. Which requires researchers to avoid causing harm or unnecessary distress?
A) Transparency
B) Beneficence
C) Non-Maleficence
D) Justice
  • 77. Which ensures fairness in selection, treatment, and inclusion of participants?
A) Beneficence
B) Transparency
C) Coercion
D) Justice
  • 78. Which guarantees participants join research without coercion or undue influence?
A) Anonymity
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Confidentiality
D) Informed Consent
  • 79. Which protects research information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure?
A) Transparency
B) Data Security
C) Privacy Rights
D) Integrity
  • 80. Which is the unethical act of using others’ ideas or words without acknowledgment?
A) Misrepresentation
B) Debriefing
C) Coercion
D) Plagiarism
  • 81. Which refers to honesty and accuracy throughout research activities?
A) Coercion
B) Plagiarism
C) Integrity
D) Transparency
  • 82. Which explains study purposes, procedures, or withheld information to participants after research?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Debriefing
C) Confidentiality
D) Informed Consent
  • 83. Which is formal approval from a review board permitting research involving humans?
A) Integrity
B) Ethical Clearance
C) Research Ethics
D) Informed Consent
  • 84. Which are prescribed professional guidelines ensuring responsible researcher actions?
A) Integrity
B) Code of Ethics
C) Beneficence
D) Risk Assessment
  • 85. Which evaluates potential dangers participants might experience during research?
A) Ethical Clearance
B) Data Security
C) Risk Assessment
D) Plagiarism
  • 86. Which participants require special ethical safeguards due to limited decision-making capacity?
A) Voluntary Participants
B) Vulnerable Participants
C) Population
D) Sample Group
  • 87. Which is forcing participants to join research against their free will?
A) Transparency
B) Beneficence
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Coercion
  • 88. Which is participant entitlement to control personal information shared in research?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Data Security
C) Confidentiality
D) Anonymity
  • 89. Which ensures full disclosure of research intentions to foster trust and credibility?
A) Confidentiality
B) Beneficence
C) Integrity
D) Transparency
  • 90. Which is deliberate distortion of research data or findings violating ethical standards?
A) Misrepresentation
B) Coercion
C) Transparency
D) Plagiarism
  • 91. Which is the systematic organization and examination of collected data to find patterns?
A) Tabulation
B) Data Cleaning
C) Data Analysis
D) Trend Analysis
  • 92. Which is the logical explanation of analyzed findings to provide conclusions?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Coding
C) Data Cleaning
D) Data Interpretation
  • 93. Which categorizes qualitative data into themes for systematic examination?
A) Tabulation
B) Trend Analysis
C) Coding
D) Data Cleaning
  • 94. Which arranges data in tables for easier comparison and analysis?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Coding
C) Data Interpretation
D) Tabulation
  • 95. Which communicates research results clearly using charts, tables, or narratives?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Data Presentation
C) Coding
D) Trend Analysis
  • 96. Which identifies patterns over time to understand developments and future directions?
A) Regression
B) Frequency Distribution
C) Data Cleaning
D) Trend Analysis
  • 97. Which removes inconsistencies and errors from databases before analysis?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Tabulation
C) Coding
D) Data Cleaning
  • 98. Which applies mathematical formulas to process data and derive results?
A) Statistical Treatment
B) Regression Analysis
C) Descriptive Statistics
D) Correlation Coefficient
  • 99. Which are final analyzed results describing outcomes and relationships?
A) Interpretation
B) Tabulation
C) Conclusion
D) Findings
  • 100. Which is the summarized interpretation of outcomes supported by evidence addressing the research problem?
A) Conclusion
B) Data Presentation
C) Interpretation
D) Findings
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