CRIM- 7 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 AND 2
  • 1. Which term refers to a systematic plan of procedures for collecting and interpreting criminological data?
A) Criminal Typology
B) Research Methodology
C) Police Operations
D) Ethical Standards
E) Rehabilitation Program
  • 2. What research method aims to describe characteristics or events in criminal justice without manipulating variables?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Predictive Modeling
C) Tactical Profiling
D) Operational Policing
E) Experimental Approach
  • 3. Which study focuses on presenting detailed accounts of criminological phenomena through observation and documentation?
A) Comparative Research
B) Predictive Studies
C) Legal Commentary
D) Descriptive Studies
E) Forensic Analysis
  • 4. What research examines statistical relationships between criminological variables without proving cause-and-effect?
A) Predictive Controls
B) Field Surveying
C) Correlation Studies
D) Penal Code Interpretation
E) Action Research
  • 5. Which research approach explores individuals’ lived experiences related to crime or victimization?
A) Forensic Evaluation
B) Administrative Profiling
C) Phenomenological Studies
D) Civil Litigation
E) Tactical Investigation
  • 6. What philosophical approach emphasizes understanding human experiences behind criminal actions and justice practices?
A) Retributive Justice
B) Social Learning Theory
C) Conflict Model
D) Rational Choice Theory
E) Phenomenology
  • 7. What research method involves in-depth study of one person, event, or criminal institution?
A) Patrol Mapping
B) Criminal Profiling
C) Legal Drafting
D) Case Studies
E) Court Hearings
  • 8. Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
A) Narrative Inquiry
B) Tactical Reporting
C) Legal Review
D) Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
E) Conflict Resolution
  • 9. What research design manipulates independent variables to observe effects under controlled conditions?
A) Experimental Research
B) Field Audit
C) Community Survey
D) Ethnographic Study
E) Policy Monitoring
  • 10. Which design uses comparison groups without random assignment to evaluate the impact of criminology programs?
A) Judicial Sampling
B) Procedural Audit
C) Recursive Sampling
D) Quasi-Experimental Design
E) Historical Mapping
  • 11. Which research tracks criminological variables over a long period to observe behavioral changes?
A) Case Study
B) Longitudinal Studies
C) Predictive Research
D) Cross-Sectional Study
E) Ethnographic Research
  • 12. Which study collects data at a single point to analyze patterns within criminal populations?
A) Comparative Study
B) Correlation Research
C) Longitudinal Research
D) Cross-Sectional Studies
E) Experimental Study
  • 13. Which qualitative research involves immersion in criminal subcultures to understand behaviors and social interactions?
A) Ethnographic Research
B) Phenomenological Research
C) Descriptive Research
D) Case Study
E) Experimental Research
  • 14. Which study examines past criminal events and justice practices using archival documents and statistics?
A) Historical Research
B) Mixed-Methods Research
C) Cross-Sectional Research
D) Experimental Design
E) Experimental Design
  • 15. Which method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for richer understanding?
A) Mixed-Methods Research
B) Correlation Research
C) Longitudinal Research
D) Case Study
E) Phenomenology
  • 16. Which research aims to expand theoretical knowledge about crime without immediate practical application?
A) Applied Research
B) Predictive Research
C) Basic Research
D) Evaluative Research
E) Explanatory Research
  • 17. Which research is designed to solve practical criminological problems in policies and law enforcement?
A) Historical Study
B) Comparative Research
C) Basic Research
D) Applied Research
E) Phenomenological Research
  • 18. Which research assesses the effectiveness of programs or strategies in criminal justice agencies?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Evaluative Research
C) Cross-Sectional Study
D) Explanatory Research
E) Predictive Research
  • 19. Which study compares crime patterns, justice systems, or behaviors across different jurisdictions or cultures?
A) Ethnographic Study
B) Case Study
C) Applied Research
D) Comparative Research
E) Longitudinal Research
  • 20. Which research attempts to forecast future criminal behaviors using statistical models?
A) Experimental Research
B) Predictive Research
C) Quasi-Experimental Study
D) Correlation Study
E) Descriptive Research
  • 21. What guides the procedures and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting criminological data?
A) Theoretical Framework
B) Conceptual Framework
C) Research Instrument
D) Sampling Technique
E) Research Design
  • 22. Which method is used to select participants from a population for criminological research?
A) Pilot Testing
B) Regression Analysis
C) Sampling Technique
D) Data Cleaning
E) Trend Analysis
  • 23. What refers to the complete group of individuals sharing characteristics relevant to a study?
A) Unit
B) Subgroup
C) Sample
D) Cluster
E) Population
  • 24. What is a subgroup selected to represent the population in research?
A) Participant
B) Cluster
C) Sample
D) Variable
E) Population
  • 25. Which selection method gives each population member equal chance of inclusion?
A) Purposive Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Probability Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
E) Convenience Sampling
  • 26. Which sampling technique ensures every unit has equal chance of selection?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Convenience Sampling
C) Stratified Sampling
D) Simple Random Sampling
E) Purposive Sampling
  • 27. Which method divides the population into subgroups for proportionate representation?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Stratified Sampling
D) Simple Random Sampling
E) Purposive Sampling
  • 28. Which sampling selects groups rather than individuals, useful in large-scale studies?
A) Stratified Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Convenience Sampling
E) Purposive Sampling
  • 29. Which non-probability sampling selects participants based on relevant characteristics?
A) Purposive Sampling
B) Convenience Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
E) Cluster Sampling
  • 30. Which method chooses readily available participants when access is limited?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Simple Random Sampling
E) Probability Sampling
  • 31. Which tool is used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews, or tests?
A) Population
B) Sampling Technique
C) Research Instrument
D) Trend Analysis
E) Data Cleaning
  • 32. Which is a structured set of questions measuring attitudes or behaviors?
A) Tabulation Chart
B) Regression Table
C) Questionnaire
D) Interview Schedule
E) Coding Sheet
  • 33. Which is a structured outline of questions administered personally for qualitative data?
A) Literature Review
B) Interview Schedule
C) Questionnaire
D) Research Design
E) Sampling Form
  • 34. What measures the accuracy of an instrument in capturing intended variables?
A) Reliability
B) Tabulation
C) Coding
D) Validity
E) Content Analysis
  • 35. What measures consistency of research results when repeated under similar conditions?
A) Pilot Testing
B) Reliability
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Validity
E) Regression Analysis
  • 36. Which validity measures if the instrument represents the entire domain of a concept?
A) Criterion Validity
B) Content Validity
C) External Validity
D) Construct Validity
E) Internal Validity
  • 37. Which validity measures whether an instrument captures abstract theoretical ideas?
A) Reliability
B) Construct Validity
C) Trend Analysis
D) Content Validity
E) Criterion Validity
  • 38. Which validity checks if a tool can predict performance based on established benchmarks?
A) Criterion Validity
B) Internal Validity
C) External Validity
D) Construct Validity
E) Content Validity
  • 39. Which validity refers to confidence in causal relationships within experiments?
A) Reliability
B) Internal Validity
C) Construct Validity
D) External Validity
E) Content Validity
  • 40. Which validity ensures results can be generalized to broader populations?
A) External Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Content Validity
D) Criterion Validity
E) Internal Validity
  • 41. Which statistics summarize numerical criminological data through averages, percentages, or frequencies?
A) Descriptive Statistics
B) Frequency Analysis
C) Trend Analysis
D) Inferential Statistics
E) Regression Analysis
  • 42. Which statistics make predictions about populations from sample findings?
A) Coding
B) Descriptive Statistics
C) Tabulation
D) Inferential Statistics
E) Trend Analysis
  • 43. Which represents the arithmetic average of criminological data?
A) Median
B) Mean
C) Mode
D) Frequency
E) Standard Deviation
  • 44. Which is the middle value in an ordered dataset?
A) Mean
B) Median
C) Frequency
D) Mode
E) Regression
  • 45. Which value occurs most frequently in a dataset?
A) Mode
B) Standard Deviation
C) Mean
D) Correlation
E) Median
  • 46. Which measures variability of data from the mean?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Mean
C) Mode
D) Regression Coefficient
E) Frequency Distribution
  • 47. Which presents how often data values occur in categories?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Regression Table
C) Coding Sheet
D) Trend Analysis
E) Standard Deviation
  • 48. Which value determines the strength and direction of relationships between variables?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Frequency Distribution
C) Correlation Coefficient
D) Standard Deviation
E) Mean
  • 49. Which method predicts relationships between variables to estimate outcomes?
A) Descriptive Study
B) Frequency Table
C) Regression Analysis
D) Inferential Analysis
E) Correlation Study
  • 50. Which is a preliminary trial of research instruments to identify weaknesses?
A) Coding
B) Pilot Testing
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Interpretation
E) Data Cleaning
  • 51. What identifies a criminological issue requiring investigation?
A) Research Problem
B) Hypothesis
C) Variable
D) Operational Definition
E) Scope
  • 52. What systematically recognizes gaps in criminological understanding for research?
A) Literature Review
B) Variables
C) Problem Identification
D) Assumption
E) Research Framework
  • 53. What articulates the criminological concern specifying variables and boundaries?
A) Scope
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Research Design
D) Problem Definition
E) Operational Definition
  • 54. What is a tentative explanation predicting relationships between variables?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Research Design
C) Assumption
D) Hypothesis
E) Literature Review
  • 55. Which statement suggests no significant relationship exists between variables?
A) Alternative Hypothesis
B) Descriptive Statement
C) Null Hypothesis
D) Predictive Statement
E) Correlation Statement
  • 56. Which asserts there is a significant relationship between variables?
A) Descriptive Study
B) Alternative Hypothesis
C) Explanatory Research
D) Predictive Research
E) Null Hypothesis
  • 57. Which explains relationships among theories, variables, and concepts?
A) Research Framework
B) Delimitation
C) Conceptualization
D) Literature Review
E) Operational Definition
  • 58. Which links concepts in a diagram supporting study direction?
A) Research Problem
B) Sampling Design
C) Theoretical Framework
D) Conceptual Framework
E) Variable Analysis
  • 59. Which section identifies theories guiding interpretation of research phenomena?
A) Data Interpretation
B) Research Design
C) Theoretical Framework
D) Literature Review
E) Conceptual Framework
  • 60. What refers to characteristics capable of change and measurable in research?
A) Assumptions
B) Sample
C) Hypothesis
D) Variables
E) Population
  • 61. Which factor is manipulated or considered the influencing cause in research?
A) Sample
B) Independent Variable
C) Dependent Variable
D) Assumption
E) Scope
  • 62. Which is the outcome measured and affected by changes in the independent variable?
A) Hypothesis
B) Dependent Variable
C) Delimitation
D) Independent Variable
E) Literature Review
  • 63. Which specifies how concepts will be measured or interpreted in a study?
A) Scope
B) Operational Definition
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Research Problem
E) Theoretical Framework
  • 64. Which examines scholarly works supporting, comparing, and contextualizing research topics?
A) Frequency Table
B) Pilot Testing
C) Regression Analysis
D) Literature Review
E) Data Cleaning
  • 65. Which are original firsthand materials like statistics, interviews, or case records?
A) Primary Sources
B) Conceptual Sources
C) Literature
D) Operational Data
E) Secondary Sources
  • 66. Which are interpreted data from authors analyzing primary sources?
A) Secondary Sources
B) Conceptual Frameworks
C) Variables
D) Research Instruments
E) Primary Sources
  • 67. Which process defines ideas clearly for measurable application in research?
A) Coding
B) Tabulation
C) Data Cleaning
D) Conceptualization
E) Literature Review
  • 68. Which specifies boundaries and limitations of research variables, participants, or settings?
A) Assumption
B) Sampling
C) Delimitation
D) Hypothesis
E) Scope of Study
  • 69. Which refers to conditions accepted as true for research to proceed logically?
A) Literature
B) Pilot Test
C) Hypothesis
D) Variables
E) Assumptions
  • 70. Which defines the boundaries, subjects, location, and time period of a study?
A) Variables
B) Delimitation
C) Research Framework
D) Scope of the Study
E) Conceptualization
  • 71. Which refers to moral standards guiding responsible research conduct?
A) Transparency
B) Research Ethics
C) Privacy Rights
D) Risk Assessment
E) Integrity
  • 72. Which is voluntary agreement acknowledging understanding of research purpose, risks, and benefits?
A) Confidentiality
B) Informed Consent
C) Debriefing
D) Voluntary Participation
E) Coercion
  • 73. Which ensures private information collected from participants remains undisclosed?
A) Data Security
B) Transparency
C) Integrity
D) Confidentiality
E) Anonymity
  • 74. Which conceals participant identities so responses cannot be linked to individuals?
A) Transparency
B) Confidentiality
C) Anonymity
D) Privacy Rights
E) Voluntary Participation
  • 75. Which principle ensures research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks?
A) Non-Maleficence
B) Integrity
C) Beneficence
D) Transparency
E) Justice
  • 76. Which requires researchers to avoid causing harm or unnecessary distress?
A) Transparency
B) Non-Maleficence
C) Integrity
D) Beneficence
E) Justice
  • 77. Which ensures fairness in selection, treatment, and inclusion of participants?
A) Coercion
B) Beneficence
C) Integrity
D) Transparency
E) Justice
  • 78. Which guarantees participants join research without coercion or undue influence?
A) Informed Consent
B) Anonymity
C) Confidentiality
D) Voluntary Participation
E) Justice
  • 79. Which protects research information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Data Security
C) Confidentiality
D) Transparency
E) Integrity
  • 80. Which is the unethical act of using others’ ideas or words without acknowledgment?
A) Integrity
B) Debriefing
C) Coercion
D) Plagiarism
E) Misrepresentation
  • 81. Which refers to honesty and accuracy throughout research activities?
A) Integrity
B) Plagiarism
C) Coercion
D) Ethical Clearance
E) Transparency
  • 82. Which explains study purposes, procedures, or withheld information to participants after research?
A) Debriefing
B) Confidentiality
C) Informed Consent
D) Beneficence
E) Voluntary Participation
  • 83. Which is formal approval from a review board permitting research involving humans?
A) Transparency
B) Integrity
C) Informed Consent
D) Ethical Clearance
E) Research Ethics
  • 84. Which are prescribed professional guidelines ensuring responsible researcher actions?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Beneficence
C) Risk Assessment
D) Code of Ethics
E) Integrity
  • 85. Which evaluates potential dangers participants might experience during research?
A) Coercion
B) Plagiarism
C) Data Security
D) Ethical Clearance
E) Risk Assessment
  • 86. Which participants require special ethical safeguards due to limited decision-making capacity?
A) Population
B) Vulnerable Participants
C) Voluntary Participants
D) Sample Group
E) Subgroup
  • 87. Which is forcing participants to join research against their free will?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Coercion
C) Beneficence
D) Transparency
E) Integrity
  • 88. Which is participant entitlement to control personal information shared in research?
A) Confidentiality
B) Data Security
C) Privacy Rights
D) Voluntary Participation
E) Anonymity
  • 89. Which ensures full disclosure of research intentions to foster trust and credibility?
A) Transparency
B) Confidentiality
C) Integrity
D) Ethical Clearance
E) Beneficence
  • 90. Which is deliberate distortion of research data or findings violating ethical standards?
A) Plagiarism
B) Coercion
C) Debriefing
D) Misrepresentation
E) Transparency
  • 91. Which is the systematic organization and examination of collected data to find patterns?
A) Coding
B) Data Analysis
C) Data Cleaning
D) Tabulation
E) Trend Analysis
  • 92. Which is the logical explanation of analyzed findings to provide conclusions?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Coding
C) Trend Analysis
D) Statistical Treatment
E) Data Interpretation
  • 93. Which categorizes qualitative data into themes for systematic examination?
A) Interpretation
B) Coding
C) Tabulation
D) Data Cleaning
E) Trend Analysis
  • 94. Which arranges data in tables for easier comparison and analysis?
A) Statistical Treatment
B) Tabulation
C) Coding
D) Data Interpretation
E) Trend Analysis
  • 95. Which communicates research results clearly using charts, tables, or narratives?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Data Presentation
C) Coding
D) Trend Analysis
E) Tabulation
  • 96. Which identifies patterns over time to understand developments and future directions?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Regression
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Cleaning
E) Statistical Treatment
  • 97. Which removes inconsistencies and errors from databases before analysis?
A) Interpretation
B) Data Cleaning
C) Tabulation
D) Trend Analysis
E) Coding
  • 98. Which applies mathematical formulas to process data and derive results?
A) Descriptive Statistics
B) Inferential Statistics
C) Statistical Treatment
D) Correlation Coefficient
E) Regression Analysis
  • 99. Which are final analyzed results describing outcomes and relationships?
A) Coding
B) Interpretation
C) Findings
D) Tabulation
E) Conclusion
  • 100. Which is the summarized interpretation of outcomes supported by evidence addressing the research problem?
A) Findings
B) Conclusion
C) Interpretation
D) Trend Analysis
E) Data Presentation
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