- 1. Which term refers to a systematic plan of procedures for collecting and interpreting criminological data?
A) Research Methodology
B) Police Operations
C) Ethical Standards
D) Criminal Typology
- 2. What research method aims to describe characteristics or events in criminal justice without manipulating variables?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Predictive Modeling
C) Experimental Approach
D) Operational Policing
- 3. Which study focuses on presenting detailed accounts of criminological phenomena through observation and documentation?
A) Predictive Studies
B) Forensic Analysis
C) Descriptive Studies
D) Comparative Research
- 4. What research examines statistical relationships between criminological variables without proving cause-and-effect?
A) Correlation Studies
B) Penal Code Interpretation
C) Action Research
D) Field Surveying
- 5. Which research approach explores individuals’ lived experiences related to crime or victimization?
A) Forensic Evaluation
B) Phenomenological Studies
C) Administrative Profiling
D) Tactical Investigation
- 6. What philosophical approach emphasizes understanding human experiences behind criminal actions and justice practices?
A) Rational Choice Theory
B) Retributive Justice
C) Phenomenology
D) Social Learning Theory
- 7. What research method involves in-depth study of one person, event, or criminal institution?
A) Legal Drafting
B) Case Studies
C) Court Hearings
D) Criminal Profiling
- 8. Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
A) Narrative Inquiry
B) Conflict Resolution
C) Legal Review
D) Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
- 9. What research design manipulates independent variables to observe effects under controlled conditions?
A) Policy Monitoring
B) Ethnographic Study
C) Experimental Research
D) Field Audit
- 10. Which design uses comparison groups without random assignment to evaluate the impact of criminology programs?
A) Quasi-Experimental Design
B) Procedural Audit
C) Recursive Sampling
D) Historical Mapping
- 11. Which research tracks criminological variables over a long period to observe behavioral changes?
A) Cross-Sectional Study
B) Case Study
C) Longitudinal Studies
D) Ethnographic Research
- 12. Which study collects data at a single point to analyze patterns within criminal populations?
A) Cross-Sectional Studies
B) Correlation Research
C) Experimental Study
D) Longitudinal Research
- 13. Which qualitative research involves immersion in criminal subcultures to understand behaviors and social interactions?
A) Case Study
B) Phenomenological Research
C) Experimental Research
D) Ethnographic Research
- 14. Which study examines past criminal events and justice practices using archival documents and statistics?
A) Cross-Sectional Research
B) Experimental Design
C) Historical Research
D) Experimental Design
- 15. Which method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for richer understanding?
A) Case Study
B) Mixed-Methods Research
C) Longitudinal Research
D) Phenomenology
- 16. Which research aims to expand theoretical knowledge about crime without immediate practical application?
A) Explanatory Research
B) Applied Research
C) Basic Research
D) Evaluative Research
- 17. Which research is designed to solve practical criminological problems in policies and law enforcement?
A) Phenomenological Research
B) Historical Study
C) Basic Research
D) Applied Research
- 18. Which research assesses the effectiveness of programs or strategies in criminal justice agencies?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Predictive Research
C) Evaluative Research
D) Explanatory Research
- 19. Which study compares crime patterns, justice systems, or behaviors across different jurisdictions or cultures?
A) Longitudinal Research
B) Comparative Research
C) Ethnographic Study
D) Case Study
- 20. Which research attempts to forecast future criminal behaviors using statistical models?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Experimental Research
C) Correlation Study
D) Predictive Research
- 21. What guides the procedures and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting criminological data?
A) Research Instrument
B) Sampling Technique
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Research Design
- 22. Which method is used to select participants from a population for criminological research?
A) Sampling Technique
B) Data Cleaning
C) Regression Analysis
D) Trend Analysis
- 23. What refers to the complete group of individuals sharing characteristics relevant to a study?
A) Subgroup
B) Population
C) Cluster
D) Sample
- 24. What is a subgroup selected to represent the population in research?
A) Variable
B) Sample
C) Population
D) Cluster
- 25. Which selection method gives each population member equal chance of inclusion?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Probability Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
- 26. Which sampling technique ensures every unit has equal chance of selection?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Stratified Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
- 27. Which method divides the population into subgroups for proportionate representation?
A) Stratified Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Simple Random Sampling
- 28. Which sampling selects groups rather than individuals, useful in large-scale studies?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Simple Random Sampling
- 29. Which non-probability sampling selects participants based on relevant characteristics?
A) Purposive Sampling
B) Convenience Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
- 30. Which method chooses readily available participants when access is limited?
A) Purposive Sampling
B) Convenience Sampling
C) Probability Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
- 31. Which tool is used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews, or tests?
A) Population
B) Sampling Technique
C) Research Instrument
D) Data Cleaning
- 32. Which is a structured set of questions measuring attitudes or behaviors?
A) Coding Sheet
B) Questionnaire
C) Tabulation Chart
D) Interview Schedule
- 33. Which is a structured outline of questions administered personally for qualitative data?
A) Research Design
B) Literature Review
C) Interview Schedule
D) Questionnaire
- 34. What measures the accuracy of an instrument in capturing intended variables?
A) Tabulation
B) Content Analysis
C) Validity
D) Reliability
- 35. What measures consistency of research results when repeated under similar conditions?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Regression Analysis
C) Validity
D) Reliability
- 36. Which validity measures if the instrument represents the entire domain of a concept?
A) Construct Validity
B) Internal Validity
C) Content Validity
D) Criterion Validity
- 37. Which validity measures whether an instrument captures abstract theoretical ideas?
A) Content Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Reliability
D) Criterion Validity
- 38. Which validity checks if a tool can predict performance based on established benchmarks?
A) Criterion Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Internal Validity
D) Content Validity
- 39. Which validity refers to confidence in causal relationships within experiments?
A) Content Validity
B) Reliability
C) External Validity
D) Internal Validity
- 40. Which validity ensures results can be generalized to broader populations?
A) Criterion Validity
B) Internal Validity
C) External Validity
D) Content Validity
- 41. Which statistics summarize numerical criminological data through averages, percentages, or frequencies?
A) Frequency Analysis
B) Inferential Statistics
C) Descriptive Statistics
D) Regression Analysis
- 42. Which statistics make predictions about populations from sample findings?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Coding
C) Descriptive Statistics
D) Inferential Statistics
- 43. Which represents the arithmetic average of criminological data?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Frequency
C) Mean
D) Median
- 44. Which is the middle value in an ordered dataset?
A) Mode
B) Mean
C) Frequency
D) Median
- 45. Which value occurs most frequently in a dataset?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Mode
C) Median
D) Mean
- 46. Which measures variability of data from the mean?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Standard Deviation
C) Mean
D) Mode
- 47. Which presents how often data values occur in categories?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Regression Table
C) Standard Deviation
D) Coding Sheet
- 48. Which value determines the strength and direction of relationships between variables?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Standard Deviation
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Correlation Coefficient
- 49. Which method predicts relationships between variables to estimate outcomes?
A) Inferential Analysis
B) Correlation Study
C) Descriptive Study
D) Regression Analysis
- 50. Which is a preliminary trial of research instruments to identify weaknesses?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Data Interpretation
C) Data Cleaning
D) Pilot Testing
- 51. What identifies a criminological issue requiring investigation?
A) Scope
B) Research Problem
C) Variable
D) Hypothesis
- 52. What systematically recognizes gaps in criminological understanding for research?
A) Literature Review
B) Research Framework
C) Problem Identification
D) Assumption
- 53. What articulates the criminological concern specifying variables and boundaries?
A) Problem Definition
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Operational Definition
D) Research Design
- 54. What is a tentative explanation predicting relationships between variables?
A) Hypothesis
B) Assumption
C) Research Design
D) Conceptual Framework
- 55. Which statement suggests no significant relationship exists between variables?
A) Alternative Hypothesis
B) Predictive Statement
C) Descriptive Statement
D) Null Hypothesis
- 56. Which asserts there is a significant relationship between variables?
A) Descriptive Study
B) Explanatory Research
C) Alternative Hypothesis
D) Null Hypothesis
- 57. Which explains relationships among theories, variables, and concepts?
A) Literature Review
B) Conceptualization
C) Operational Definition
D) Research Framework
- 58. Which links concepts in a diagram supporting study direction?
A) Theoretical Framework
B) Conceptual Framework
C) Research Problem
D) Variable Analysis
- 59. Which section identifies theories guiding interpretation of research phenomena?
A) Research Design
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Literature Review
D) Conceptual Framework
- 60. What refers to characteristics capable of change and measurable in research?
A) Variables
B) Population
C) Assumptions
D) Hypothesis
- 61. Which factor is manipulated or considered the influencing cause in research?
A) Assumption
B) Dependent Variable
C) Independent Variable
D) Scope
- 62. Which is the outcome measured and affected by changes in the independent variable?
A) Delimitation
B) Independent Variable
C) Hypothesis
D) Dependent Variable
- 63. Which specifies how concepts will be measured or interpreted in a study?
A) Theoretical Framework
B) Research Problem
C) Operational Definition
D) Conceptual Framework
- 64. Which examines scholarly works supporting, comparing, and contextualizing research topics?
A) Pilot Testing
B) Literature Review
C) Regression Analysis
D) Data Cleaning
- 65. Which are original firsthand materials like statistics, interviews, or case records?
A) Conceptual Sources
B) Primary Sources
C) Secondary Sources
D) Operational Data
- 66. Which are interpreted data from authors analyzing primary sources?
A) Conceptual Frameworks
B) Research Instruments
C) Primary Sources
D) Secondary Sources
- 67. Which process defines ideas clearly for measurable application in research?
A) Coding
B) Conceptualization
C) Literature Review
D) Tabulation
- 68. Which specifies boundaries and limitations of research variables, participants, or settings?
A) Scope of Study
B) Assumption
C) Delimitation
D) Hypothesis
- 69. Which refers to conditions accepted as true for research to proceed logically?
A) Hypothesis
B) Pilot Test
C) Variables
D) Assumptions
- 70. Which defines the boundaries, subjects, location, and time period of a study?
A) Research Framework
B) Variables
C) Delimitation
D) Scope of the Study
- 71. Which refers to moral standards guiding responsible research conduct?
A) Risk Assessment
B) Transparency
C) Research Ethics
D) Privacy Rights
- 72. Which is voluntary agreement acknowledging understanding of research purpose, risks, and benefits?
A) Debriefing
B) Confidentiality
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Informed Consent
- 73. Which ensures private information collected from participants remains undisclosed?
A) Confidentiality
B) Data Security
C) Anonymity
D) Integrity
- 74. Which conceals participant identities so responses cannot be linked to individuals?
A) Anonymity
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Confidentiality
D) Privacy Rights
- 75. Which principle ensures research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks?
A) Justice
B) Integrity
C) Beneficence
D) Non-Maleficence
- 76. Which requires researchers to avoid causing harm or unnecessary distress?
A) Justice
B) Transparency
C) Beneficence
D) Non-Maleficence
- 77. Which ensures fairness in selection, treatment, and inclusion of participants?
A) Transparency
B) Beneficence
C) Coercion
D) Justice
- 78. Which guarantees participants join research without coercion or undue influence?
A) Confidentiality
B) Anonymity
C) Informed Consent
D) Voluntary Participation
- 79. Which protects research information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure?
A) Transparency
B) Data Security
C) Integrity
D) Privacy Rights
- 80. Which is the unethical act of using others’ ideas or words without acknowledgment?
A) Plagiarism
B) Coercion
C) Misrepresentation
D) Debriefing
- 81. Which refers to honesty and accuracy throughout research activities?
A) Integrity
B) Transparency
C) Plagiarism
D) Coercion
- 82. Which explains study purposes, procedures, or withheld information to participants after research?
A) Informed Consent
B) Confidentiality
C) Debriefing
D) Voluntary Participation
- 83. Which is formal approval from a review board permitting research involving humans?
A) Research Ethics
B) Informed Consent
C) Ethical Clearance
D) Integrity
- 84. Which are prescribed professional guidelines ensuring responsible researcher actions?
A) Beneficence
B) Risk Assessment
C) Code of Ethics
D) Integrity
- 85. Which evaluates potential dangers participants might experience during research?
A) Data Security
B) Ethical Clearance
C) Risk Assessment
D) Plagiarism
- 86. Which participants require special ethical safeguards due to limited decision-making capacity?
A) Sample Group
B) Vulnerable Participants
C) Voluntary Participants
D) Population
- 87. Which is forcing participants to join research against their free will?
A) Coercion
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Beneficence
D) Transparency
- 88. Which is participant entitlement to control personal information shared in research?
A) Anonymity
B) Data Security
C) Confidentiality
D) Privacy Rights
- 89. Which ensures full disclosure of research intentions to foster trust and credibility?
A) Integrity
B) Transparency
C) Confidentiality
D) Beneficence
- 90. Which is deliberate distortion of research data or findings violating ethical standards?
A) Plagiarism
B) Misrepresentation
C) Coercion
D) Transparency
- 91. Which is the systematic organization and examination of collected data to find patterns?
A) Data Analysis
B) Tabulation
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Cleaning
- 92. Which is the logical explanation of analyzed findings to provide conclusions?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Data Interpretation
C) Coding
D) Data Cleaning
- 93. Which categorizes qualitative data into themes for systematic examination?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Trend Analysis
C) Tabulation
D) Coding
- 94. Which arranges data in tables for easier comparison and analysis?
A) Data Interpretation
B) Coding
C) Tabulation
D) Trend Analysis
- 95. Which communicates research results clearly using charts, tables, or narratives?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Data Cleaning
C) Data Presentation
D) Coding
- 96. Which identifies patterns over time to understand developments and future directions?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Trend Analysis
C) Regression
D) Frequency Distribution
- 97. Which removes inconsistencies and errors from databases before analysis?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Tabulation
C) Coding
D) Trend Analysis
- 98. Which applies mathematical formulas to process data and derive results?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Correlation Coefficient
C) Statistical Treatment
D) Descriptive Statistics
- 99. Which are final analyzed results describing outcomes and relationships?
A) Conclusion
B) Tabulation
C) Interpretation
D) Findings
- 100. Which is the summarized interpretation of outcomes supported by evidence addressing the research problem?
A) Interpretation
B) Conclusion
C) Findings
D) Data Presentation
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