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CRIM- 7 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 AND 2
  • 1. Which term refers to a systematic plan of procedures for collecting and interpreting criminological data?
A) Police Operations
B) Criminal Typology
C) Research Methodology
D) Ethical Standards
  • 2. What research method aims to describe characteristics or events in criminal justice without manipulating variables?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Operational Policing
C) Predictive Modeling
D) Experimental Approach
  • 3. Which study focuses on presenting detailed accounts of criminological phenomena through observation and documentation?
A) Forensic Analysis
B) Descriptive Studies
C) Comparative Research
D) Predictive Studies
  • 4. What research examines statistical relationships between criminological variables without proving cause-and-effect?
A) Penal Code Interpretation
B) Field Surveying
C) Action Research
D) Correlation Studies
  • 5. Which research approach explores individuals’ lived experiences related to crime or victimization?
A) Phenomenological Studies
B) Administrative Profiling
C) Forensic Evaluation
D) Tactical Investigation
  • 6. What philosophical approach emphasizes understanding human experiences behind criminal actions and justice practices?
A) Retributive Justice
B) Social Learning Theory
C) Phenomenology
D) Rational Choice Theory
  • 7. What research method involves in-depth study of one person, event, or criminal institution?
A) Case Studies
B) Criminal Profiling
C) Court Hearings
D) Legal Drafting
  • 8. Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
A) Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
B) Legal Review
C) Narrative Inquiry
D) Conflict Resolution
  • 9. What research design manipulates independent variables to observe effects under controlled conditions?
A) Policy Monitoring
B) Field Audit
C) Ethnographic Study
D) Experimental Research
  • 10. Which design uses comparison groups without random assignment to evaluate the impact of criminology programs?
A) Quasi-Experimental Design
B) Procedural Audit
C) Historical Mapping
D) Recursive Sampling
  • 11. Which research tracks criminological variables over a long period to observe behavioral changes?
A) Ethnographic Research
B) Case Study
C) Longitudinal Studies
D) Cross-Sectional Study
  • 12. Which study collects data at a single point to analyze patterns within criminal populations?
A) Cross-Sectional Studies
B) Experimental Study
C) Longitudinal Research
D) Correlation Research
  • 13. Which qualitative research involves immersion in criminal subcultures to understand behaviors and social interactions?
A) Case Study
B) Experimental Research
C) Phenomenological Research
D) Ethnographic Research
  • 14. Which study examines past criminal events and justice practices using archival documents and statistics?
A) Historical Research
B) Cross-Sectional Research
C) Experimental Design
D) Experimental Design
  • 15. Which method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for richer understanding?
A) Mixed-Methods Research
B) Phenomenology
C) Case Study
D) Longitudinal Research
  • 16. Which research aims to expand theoretical knowledge about crime without immediate practical application?
A) Applied Research
B) Explanatory Research
C) Basic Research
D) Evaluative Research
  • 17. Which research is designed to solve practical criminological problems in policies and law enforcement?
A) Historical Study
B) Phenomenological Research
C) Basic Research
D) Applied Research
  • 18. Which research assesses the effectiveness of programs or strategies in criminal justice agencies?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Predictive Research
C) Evaluative Research
D) Explanatory Research
  • 19. Which study compares crime patterns, justice systems, or behaviors across different jurisdictions or cultures?
A) Comparative Research
B) Case Study
C) Ethnographic Study
D) Longitudinal Research
  • 20. Which research attempts to forecast future criminal behaviors using statistical models?
A) Correlation Study
B) Descriptive Research
C) Experimental Research
D) Predictive Research
  • 21. What guides the procedures and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting criminological data?
A) Research Instrument
B) Conceptual Framework
C) Sampling Technique
D) Research Design
  • 22. Which method is used to select participants from a population for criminological research?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Trend Analysis
C) Regression Analysis
D) Sampling Technique
  • 23. What refers to the complete group of individuals sharing characteristics relevant to a study?
A) Sample
B) Population
C) Subgroup
D) Cluster
  • 24. What is a subgroup selected to represent the population in research?
A) Variable
B) Population
C) Cluster
D) Sample
  • 25. Which selection method gives each population member equal chance of inclusion?
A) Probability Sampling
B) Convenience Sampling
C) Stratified Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
  • 26. Which sampling technique ensures every unit has equal chance of selection?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Stratified Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
  • 27. Which method divides the population into subgroups for proportionate representation?
A) Purposive Sampling
B) Simple Random Sampling
C) Stratified Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
  • 28. Which sampling selects groups rather than individuals, useful in large-scale studies?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
  • 29. Which non-probability sampling selects participants based on relevant characteristics?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Simple Random Sampling
C) Convenience Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
  • 30. Which method chooses readily available participants when access is limited?
A) Probability Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Convenience Sampling
  • 31. Which tool is used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews, or tests?
A) Population
B) Research Instrument
C) Data Cleaning
D) Sampling Technique
  • 32. Which is a structured set of questions measuring attitudes or behaviors?
A) Questionnaire
B) Tabulation Chart
C) Coding Sheet
D) Interview Schedule
  • 33. Which is a structured outline of questions administered personally for qualitative data?
A) Interview Schedule
B) Questionnaire
C) Research Design
D) Literature Review
  • 34. What measures the accuracy of an instrument in capturing intended variables?
A) Validity
B) Content Analysis
C) Reliability
D) Tabulation
  • 35. What measures consistency of research results when repeated under similar conditions?
A) Reliability
B) Frequency Distribution
C) Validity
D) Regression Analysis
  • 36. Which validity measures if the instrument represents the entire domain of a concept?
A) Content Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Internal Validity
  • 37. Which validity measures whether an instrument captures abstract theoretical ideas?
A) Criterion Validity
B) Content Validity
C) Reliability
D) Construct Validity
  • 38. Which validity checks if a tool can predict performance based on established benchmarks?
A) Content Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Internal Validity
  • 39. Which validity refers to confidence in causal relationships within experiments?
A) External Validity
B) Content Validity
C) Reliability
D) Internal Validity
  • 40. Which validity ensures results can be generalized to broader populations?
A) Criterion Validity
B) Content Validity
C) Internal Validity
D) External Validity
  • 41. Which statistics summarize numerical criminological data through averages, percentages, or frequencies?
A) Frequency Analysis
B) Descriptive Statistics
C) Regression Analysis
D) Inferential Statistics
  • 42. Which statistics make predictions about populations from sample findings?
A) Descriptive Statistics
B) Trend Analysis
C) Coding
D) Inferential Statistics
  • 43. Which represents the arithmetic average of criminological data?
A) Mean
B) Standard Deviation
C) Frequency
D) Median
  • 44. Which is the middle value in an ordered dataset?
A) Median
B) Mode
C) Frequency
D) Mean
  • 45. Which value occurs most frequently in a dataset?
A) Mean
B) Standard Deviation
C) Mode
D) Median
  • 46. Which measures variability of data from the mean?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Standard Deviation
C) Mode
D) Mean
  • 47. Which presents how often data values occur in categories?
A) Regression Table
B) Coding Sheet
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Standard Deviation
  • 48. Which value determines the strength and direction of relationships between variables?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Frequency Distribution
C) Correlation Coefficient
D) Standard Deviation
  • 49. Which method predicts relationships between variables to estimate outcomes?
A) Inferential Analysis
B) Correlation Study
C) Descriptive Study
D) Regression Analysis
  • 50. Which is a preliminary trial of research instruments to identify weaknesses?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Data Interpretation
C) Pilot Testing
D) Data Cleaning
  • 51. What identifies a criminological issue requiring investigation?
A) Research Problem
B) Variable
C) Scope
D) Hypothesis
  • 52. What systematically recognizes gaps in criminological understanding for research?
A) Literature Review
B) Problem Identification
C) Research Framework
D) Assumption
  • 53. What articulates the criminological concern specifying variables and boundaries?
A) Research Design
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Operational Definition
D) Problem Definition
  • 54. What is a tentative explanation predicting relationships between variables?
A) Research Design
B) Conceptual Framework
C) Hypothesis
D) Assumption
  • 55. Which statement suggests no significant relationship exists between variables?
A) Predictive Statement
B) Descriptive Statement
C) Alternative Hypothesis
D) Null Hypothesis
  • 56. Which asserts there is a significant relationship between variables?
A) Alternative Hypothesis
B) Explanatory Research
C) Null Hypothesis
D) Descriptive Study
  • 57. Which explains relationships among theories, variables, and concepts?
A) Literature Review
B) Operational Definition
C) Research Framework
D) Conceptualization
  • 58. Which links concepts in a diagram supporting study direction?
A) Research Problem
B) Conceptual Framework
C) Theoretical Framework
D) Variable Analysis
  • 59. Which section identifies theories guiding interpretation of research phenomena?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Research Design
C) Literature Review
D) Theoretical Framework
  • 60. What refers to characteristics capable of change and measurable in research?
A) Variables
B) Hypothesis
C) Assumptions
D) Population
  • 61. Which factor is manipulated or considered the influencing cause in research?
A) Assumption
B) Independent Variable
C) Dependent Variable
D) Scope
  • 62. Which is the outcome measured and affected by changes in the independent variable?
A) Dependent Variable
B) Independent Variable
C) Delimitation
D) Hypothesis
  • 63. Which specifies how concepts will be measured or interpreted in a study?
A) Theoretical Framework
B) Operational Definition
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Research Problem
  • 64. Which examines scholarly works supporting, comparing, and contextualizing research topics?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Data Cleaning
C) Literature Review
D) Pilot Testing
  • 65. Which are original firsthand materials like statistics, interviews, or case records?
A) Secondary Sources
B) Conceptual Sources
C) Primary Sources
D) Operational Data
  • 66. Which are interpreted data from authors analyzing primary sources?
A) Primary Sources
B) Research Instruments
C) Conceptual Frameworks
D) Secondary Sources
  • 67. Which process defines ideas clearly for measurable application in research?
A) Tabulation
B) Literature Review
C) Conceptualization
D) Coding
  • 68. Which specifies boundaries and limitations of research variables, participants, or settings?
A) Delimitation
B) Hypothesis
C) Scope of Study
D) Assumption
  • 69. Which refers to conditions accepted as true for research to proceed logically?
A) Pilot Test
B) Hypothesis
C) Variables
D) Assumptions
  • 70. Which defines the boundaries, subjects, location, and time period of a study?
A) Delimitation
B) Scope of the Study
C) Variables
D) Research Framework
  • 71. Which refers to moral standards guiding responsible research conduct?
A) Research Ethics
B) Risk Assessment
C) Privacy Rights
D) Transparency
  • 72. Which is voluntary agreement acknowledging understanding of research purpose, risks, and benefits?
A) Debriefing
B) Confidentiality
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Informed Consent
  • 73. Which ensures private information collected from participants remains undisclosed?
A) Integrity
B) Data Security
C) Anonymity
D) Confidentiality
  • 74. Which conceals participant identities so responses cannot be linked to individuals?
A) Anonymity
B) Privacy Rights
C) Confidentiality
D) Voluntary Participation
  • 75. Which principle ensures research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks?
A) Integrity
B) Non-Maleficence
C) Justice
D) Beneficence
  • 76. Which requires researchers to avoid causing harm or unnecessary distress?
A) Transparency
B) Non-Maleficence
C) Beneficence
D) Justice
  • 77. Which ensures fairness in selection, treatment, and inclusion of participants?
A) Justice
B) Beneficence
C) Transparency
D) Coercion
  • 78. Which guarantees participants join research without coercion or undue influence?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Informed Consent
C) Confidentiality
D) Anonymity
  • 79. Which protects research information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Data Security
C) Integrity
D) Transparency
  • 80. Which is the unethical act of using others’ ideas or words without acknowledgment?
A) Coercion
B) Misrepresentation
C) Debriefing
D) Plagiarism
  • 81. Which refers to honesty and accuracy throughout research activities?
A) Integrity
B) Coercion
C) Transparency
D) Plagiarism
  • 82. Which explains study purposes, procedures, or withheld information to participants after research?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Informed Consent
C) Debriefing
D) Confidentiality
  • 83. Which is formal approval from a review board permitting research involving humans?
A) Informed Consent
B) Integrity
C) Ethical Clearance
D) Research Ethics
  • 84. Which are prescribed professional guidelines ensuring responsible researcher actions?
A) Code of Ethics
B) Risk Assessment
C) Beneficence
D) Integrity
  • 85. Which evaluates potential dangers participants might experience during research?
A) Ethical Clearance
B) Risk Assessment
C) Data Security
D) Plagiarism
  • 86. Which participants require special ethical safeguards due to limited decision-making capacity?
A) Sample Group
B) Voluntary Participants
C) Population
D) Vulnerable Participants
  • 87. Which is forcing participants to join research against their free will?
A) Coercion
B) Transparency
C) Beneficence
D) Voluntary Participation
  • 88. Which is participant entitlement to control personal information shared in research?
A) Confidentiality
B) Data Security
C) Anonymity
D) Privacy Rights
  • 89. Which ensures full disclosure of research intentions to foster trust and credibility?
A) Confidentiality
B) Transparency
C) Integrity
D) Beneficence
  • 90. Which is deliberate distortion of research data or findings violating ethical standards?
A) Coercion
B) Plagiarism
C) Transparency
D) Misrepresentation
  • 91. Which is the systematic organization and examination of collected data to find patterns?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Analysis
D) Tabulation
  • 92. Which is the logical explanation of analyzed findings to provide conclusions?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Data Interpretation
C) Coding
D) Trend Analysis
  • 93. Which categorizes qualitative data into themes for systematic examination?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Tabulation
C) Trend Analysis
D) Coding
  • 94. Which arranges data in tables for easier comparison and analysis?
A) Coding
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Interpretation
D) Tabulation
  • 95. Which communicates research results clearly using charts, tables, or narratives?
A) Data Presentation
B) Data Cleaning
C) Coding
D) Trend Analysis
  • 96. Which identifies patterns over time to understand developments and future directions?
A) Regression
B) Trend Analysis
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Data Cleaning
  • 97. Which removes inconsistencies and errors from databases before analysis?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Coding
C) Tabulation
D) Trend Analysis
  • 98. Which applies mathematical formulas to process data and derive results?
A) Correlation Coefficient
B) Statistical Treatment
C) Regression Analysis
D) Descriptive Statistics
  • 99. Which are final analyzed results describing outcomes and relationships?
A) Conclusion
B) Interpretation
C) Tabulation
D) Findings
  • 100. Which is the summarized interpretation of outcomes supported by evidence addressing the research problem?
A) Interpretation
B) Conclusion
C) Findings
D) Data Presentation
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