Willow - Quiz
Willow
  • 1. What genus do willows belong to?
A) Salix
B) Populus
C) Pinus
D) Quercus
  • 2. Approximately how many species make up the genus Salix?
A) 350
B) 50
C) 150
D) 500
  • 3. How many willow hybrids have been named due to free hybridisation?
A) Exactly 100
B) Over 160
C) Under 50
D) Over 350
  • 4. What is a key ecological trait of willows regarding sunlight?
A) Full sun obligate
B) Darkness dependent
C) Shade tolerant
D) Deep shade intolerant
  • 5. What type of life span do willows typically have?
A) Perennial evergreen
B) Centuries-old
C) Extremely long-lived
D) Short-lived
  • 6. What do willows require to outcompete conifers or large deciduous species?
A) Complete isolation
B) Heavy fertilizer
C) Drought conditions
D) Disturbances
  • 7. How are willow seeds carried?
A) By birds only
B) By wind and water
C) By heavy mammals
D) Underground by ants
  • 8. What are willow seeds like in size?
A) Large
B) Tiny
C) Medium-sized
D) Heavy
  • 9. For how long are willow seeds viable?
A) Only for a few days
B) Up to a year
C) Decades
D) Several months
  • 10. What conditions do willow seeds require to take root?
A) Warm and moist conditions
B) Cold and dry conditions
C) Arid desert soil
D) Freezing temperatures
  • 11. How can willows reproduce vegetatively?
A) From decapitated stumps and branches
B) From fallen flower petals
C) Exclusively through leaf dropping
D) Only from underground roots
  • 12. What do bees make from the nectar produced by willows?
A) Wax
B) Royal jelly
C) Honey
D) Propolis
  • 13. Why are willows especially valued by bees?
A) For their winter shelter
B) For high nectar volume
C) Because of their sweet bark
D) As a source of early pollen
  • 14. Which animal uses willows to build dams?
A) Otters
B) Muskrats
C) Badgers
D) Beavers
  • 15. The larvae of which butterfly use willows as food?
A) Mourning cloak butterfly
B) Monarch butterfly
C) Painted lady butterfly
D) Swallowtail butterfly
  • 16. Which insects are common on willows inhabited by aphids, coming to collect honeydew?
A) Ants
B) Caterpillars
C) Grasshoppers
D) Beetles
  • 17. Besides ants, which other insect sometimes collects aphid honeydew on willows?
A) Mosquitoes
B) Flies
C) Wasps
D) Dragonflies
  • 18. Willow species are hosts to more than how many aphid species?
A) A hundred
B) Ten
C) Five
D) A thousand
  • 19. Which aphid genus is mentioned as hosting on willows?
A) Eriosoma
B) Chaitophorus
C) Aphis
D) Myzus
  • 20. Where do large aphid colonies typically feed on willow plants?
A) On the upper bark
B) On the underside of leaves
C) Inside the roots
D) On the flower petals
  • 21. What is the common name of Corythucha elegans?
A) Willow aphid
B) Willow leaf beetle
C) Willow lace bug
D) Willow gall midge
  • 22. In which family is the willow lace bug classified?
A) Cicadellidae
B) Aphididae
C) Pentatomidae
D) Tingidae
  • 23. In which region is the willow lace bug found on willows?
A) Europe
B) Asia
C) Australia
D) North America
  • 24. What is Rhabdophaga rosaria?
A) A type of gall found on willows
B) An aphid predator
C) A parasitic vine
D) A species of fungal rust
  • 25. What causes rust that damages willow leaves?
A) Insects of genus Chaitophorus
B) Bacteria of genus Pseudomonas
C) Fungi of genus Melampsora
D) Viruses of the Potyviridae family
  • 26. How does rust typically affect the leaves of willows?
A) Covering them with orange spots
B) Causing them to curl inward
C) Turning them entirely black
D) Creating white powdery mildew
  • 27. What did some Native Americans do to allow new willow stands to form?
A) Removed all competing conifers by hand
B) Allowed wildfires to burn and set fires intentionally
C) Diverted watercourses to flood fields
D) Planted seeds in rows near rivers
  • 28. Why were a small number of willow species widely planted in Australia?
A) For commercial timber production
B) To feed local livestock
C) As erosion-control measures along watercourses
D) To provide shade for parks
  • 29. How are willows now regarded in Australia?
A) As sacred trees
B) As invasive weeds
C) As endangered plants
D) As protected native species
  • 30. In which part of Australia do willows occupy extensive areas?
A) Northern Australia
B) Central Australia
C) Western Australia
D) Southern Australia
  • 31. What official designation do willows hold in Australia?
A) Endangered Native Trees
B) Protected Flora of Australia
C) Weeds of National Significance
D) Agricultural Pests of Concern
  • 32. What are many catchment management authorities in Australia doing with willows?
A) Fertilizing them to boost growth
B) Removing and replacing them with native trees
C) Protecting them with fences
D) Pruning them for urban landscaping
  • 33. Almost all natural population studies of willow sex ratios report evidence of what?
A) A complete lack of female plants
B) An exactly even sex ratio
C) A female-biased secondary sex ratio
D) A male-biased secondary sex ratio
  • 34. In several studies, willow sex ratios were associated with environmental conditions such as:
A) Soil pH or nitrogen levels
B) Pollution or salinity
C) Draught or altitude
D) Wind speed or humidity
  • 35. What does the lack of ecological difference between sexes in some Salix species suggest?
A) Willows change sex as they mature
B) Sex is determined entirely by soil moisture
C) Environmental conditions have no effect
D) Sex bias could be present from the seed stage
  • 36. Almost all willows take root very readily from what?
A) Unfertilized blossoms
B) Fallen leaves
C) Deep taproots
D) Cuttings or broken branches
  • 37. Which willow species is an exception to taking root readily from cuttings or broken branches?
A) Peachleaf willow (Salix amygdaloides)
B) Weeping willow (Salix babylonica)
C) Crack willow (Salix fragilis)
D) White willow (Salix alba)
  • 38. Who begged a twig from a parcel tied with twigs sent from Spain to Lady Suffolk?
A) A Spanish botanist
B) An Australian catchment manager
C) The poet Alexander Pope
D) Lady Suffolk herself
  • 39. According to legend, all of England's weeping willows are descended from a twig sent from where?
A) France
B) Spain
C) Japan
D) Italy
  • 40. How are willows extensively used around the world in cultivation?
A) In hedges and landscaping
B) For indoor houseplants
C) For building large ships
D) As a primary source of paper
  • 41. Which high end shopping district has a long history of cultivating willow?
A) Champs-Elysees in Paris
B) Fifth Avenue in New York
C) Ginza in Tokyo, Japan
D) Oxford Street in London
  • 42. What are the streets of Ginza well known for regarding willows?
A) Being willow lined
B) Being paved with willow wood
C) Having willow-themed cafes
D) Hosting willow festivals
  • 43. What are narrow-leaved shrub species of willow called?
A) Shrublet
B) Osier
C) Sapling
D) Sallow
  • 44. What are broader-leaved species of willow referred to as?
A) Conifer
B) Frond
C) Sallow
D) Osier
  • 45. From which language does the word 'sallow' derive?
A) Latin
B) Ancient Greek
C) Old English
D) Old Norse
  • 46. What is the maximum height the dwarf willow rarely exceeds?
A) 6 centimetres
B) 20 centimetres
C) 12 centimetres
D) 50 centimetres
  • 47. What substance is rich in the watery bark sap of willows?
A) Salicin
B) Tannin
C) Resin
D) Lignin
  • 48. What can easily sprout from aerial parts of the willow plant?
A) Roots
B) Tendrils
C) Thorns
D) Flowers
  • 49. What shape are willow leaves typically?
A) Star-shaped
B) Elongated
C) Perfectly round
D) Square-shaped
  • 50. What type of leaf edges do willow leaves frequently have?
A) Smooth and entire
B) Lobed like an oak
C) Spiny and sharp
D) Serrated
  • 51. Are most willow species deciduous or evergreen?
A) Semi-deciduous
B) Evergreen
C) Deciduous
D) Annual
  • 52. Where are Salix micans and S. australior found?
A) Southern South America
B) Eastern Mediterranean
C) Western North America
D) Northern Scandinavia
  • 53. What covers the willow buds?
A) Multiple overlapping scales
B) A layer of thick fur
C) A sticky resinous coat
D) A single scale
  • 54. How are the veins arranged on willow leaves?
A) Feather-veined
B) Net-veined without a midrib
C) Palmate-veined
D) Parallel-veined
  • 55. What shape are willow leaf petioles?
A) Absent or sessile
B) Extremely long
C) Swollen and bulbous
D) Short
  • 56. What term describes stipules that soon fall off?
A) Persistent
B) Caducous
C) Perennial
D) Deciduous
  • 57. In what season do willows leaf out among the earliest woody plants?
A) Spring
B) Winter
C) Summer
D) Autumn
  • 58. What environmental factor stimulates leafout in willows?
A) Soil salinity
B) Air temperature
C) Moon phases
D) Wind velocity
  • 59. What consecutive daytime high temperature stimulates a willow to put out leaves and flowers?
A) 10 °C (50 °F)
B) 20 °C (68 °F)
C) 0 °C (32 °F)
D) 30 °C (86 °F)
  • 60. In the northern hemisphere, what triggers leaf drop in autumn?
A) Increased rainfall
B) Soil freezing
C) Shortening day length
D) Heavy snowfall
  • 61. What are male and female willow flowers produced as?
A) Calyces
B) Corollas
C) Racemes
D) Catkins
  • 62. What do staminate flowers consist simply of?
A) Stamens
B) Ovaries
C) Ovules
D) Styles
  • 63. What color are anthers in the bud?
A) Pale brown
B) Orange
C) Purple
D) Rose-colored
  • 64. How many cells do anthers have?
A) Three-celled
B) One-celled
C) Four-celled
D) Two-celled
  • 65. How many cells does the ovary have in pistillate flowers?
A) Two-celled
B) One-celled
C) Four-celled
D) Three-celled
  • 66. How many lobes does the style have in pistillate flowers?
A) One-lobed
B) Three-lobed
C) Two-lobed
D) Four-lobed
  • 67. Who originated the scientific use of the genus name Salix in 1753?
A) Carl Linnaeus
B) The Romans
C) Modern phylogeneticists
D) A Celtic tribe
  • 68. What language does the generic name Salix come from?
A) Latin
B) English
C) Greek
D) Celtic
  • 69. In the Celtic language theory, what does 'sal' mean?
A) 'Spring'
B) 'Tree'
C) 'Near'
D) 'Water'
  • 70. In the Celtic language theory, what does 'lis' mean?
A) 'Catkin'
B) 'Near'
C) 'Flower'
D) 'Water'
  • 71. Which country is the Peking willow (Salix babylonica) originally from?
A) Greece
B) Japan
C) China
D) Egypt
  • 72. Which country is the white willow (Salix alba) originally from?
A) Europe
B) America
C) Asia
D) Africa
  • 73. In recent times, Salix has become an important source for what type of production?
A) Rubber production
B) Bioenergy production
C) Paper pulp production
D) Silk production
  • 74. What did Native American tribes use willow shoots to weave?
A) Mats
B) Baskets
C) Nets
D) Hats
  • 75. What did Native American tribes build using willow branches and stems?
A) Fences
B) Fishing weirs
C) Ladders
D) Bridges
  • 76. Which ancient Greek physician wrote about willow properties as a folk medicine in the fifth century BC?
A) Galen
B) Dioscorides
C) Hippocrates
D) Asclepiades
  • 77. In the Sumerian narrative of Gilgameš, Enkidu and the Nether World, what were the seeds of the Haluppu-tree recommended to treat?
A) Wounds
B) Fever
C) Headaches
D) Infertility
  • 78. In the ancient Egyptian Ebers Papyrus, how many remedies mention willow?
A) Ten
B) Three
C) Five
D) One
  • 79. Which Roman author mentioned willow leaves pounded and boiled in vinegar as a treatment for uterine prolapse?
A) Seneca
B) Aulus Cornelius Celsus
C) Lucretius
D) Pliny the Elder
  • 80. In Nicholas Culpeper's book 'The Complete Herbal', what was willow recommended to provoke?
A) Urine
B) Saliva
C) Sweat
D) Vomiting
  • 81. What modern medical treatment does Nicholas Culpeper's remedy of burnt willow bark mixed with vinegar seem to correspond with?
A) Salicylic acid
B) Penicillin
C) Morphine
D) Quinine
  • 82. Who sent a letter to the Royal Society in 1763 describing experiments with powdered white willow bark?
A) Felix Hoffmann
B) Thomas John MacLagan
C) Reverend Edward Stone
D) Charles Frédéric Gerhardt
  • 83. What bark did Edward Stone think white willow bark tasted like?
A) Cinnamon Bark
B) Birch Bark
C) Oak Bark
D) Peruvian Bark
  • 84. What was 'Peruvian Bark' used to treat during Edward Stone's time?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Fevers
C) Rheumatism
D) Wounds
  • 85. Which military forces experimented unsuccessfully with willow as a cure for malaria during the American Civil War?
A) Union forces
B) Confederate forces
C) British forces
D) French forces
  • 86. In Jules Verne's novel 'The Mysterious Island', which character suffered from a fever induced by a bullet wound?
A) Herbert (Harbert) Brown
B) Pencroff
C) Gideon Spilett
D) Cyrus Smith
  • 87. In Jules Verne's novel 'The Mysterious Island', what substance finally saved Herbert from his fever?
A) Aspirin
B) Quinine
C) Powdered willow bark
D) Salicin
  • 88. Which Scottish physician experimented with salicin as a treatment for acute rheumatism in 1876?
A) Felix Hoffmann
B) Thomas John MacLagan
C) Charles Frédéric Gerhardt
D) Edward Stone
  • 89. In what medical journal did Thomas John MacLagan report his successful treatment of acute rheumatism with salicin?
A) The Lancet
B) Nature
C) New England Journal of Medicine
D) The British Medical Journal
  • 90. What form of salicylic acid did German scientists try with less success and more severe side effects?
A) Sodium salicylate
B) Salicin
C) Potassium salicylate
D) Acetylsalicylic acid
  • 91. What discovery in the 1880s gave rise to an 'acetylation' craze among chemists?
A) Salicylic acid
B) Penicillin
C) Acetanilide
D) Quinine
  • 92. Who treated sodium salicylate with acetyl chloride to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time in 1853?
A) Thomas John MacLagan
B) Felix Hoffmann
C) Charles Frédéric Gerhardt
D) Edward Stone
  • 93. In what year did Felix Hoffmann recreate acetylsalicylic acid, which was later found to have an analgesic effect?
A) 1853
B) 1897
C) 1876
D) 1899
  • 94. From which plant was Felix Hoffmann's created acid derived?
A) Spiraea plant
B) Haluppu-tree
C) Salix alba
D) Cinchona tree
  • 95. What name was given to acetylsalicylic acid by Felix Hoffmann's employer, Bayer AG?
A) Salicin
B) Acetanilide
C) Aspirin
D) Salicylate
  • 96. Who reported many uses of willow by Native Americans in the late 1990s?
A) Aulus Cornelius Celsus
B) Thomas John MacLagan
C) Daniel Moerman
D) Edward Stone
  • 97. Who described using the bark and powdered root of white willow in the early 20th century?
A) Louis Pasteur
B) Charles Darwin
C) Alexander Fleming
D) Maud Grieve
  • 98. What did Maud Grieve consider to be the active constituent of white willow?
A) Salicin
B) Tannin
C) Phenol
D) Aspirin
  • 99. Which condition was NOT mentioned by Maud Grieve as a treatment using white willow?
A) Dysentery
B) Worms
C) Headaches
D) Dyspepsia
  • 100. According to the text, what organ does willow-based pain relief avoid damaging compared to aspirin?
A) Kidneys
B) Heart
C) Liver
D) Stomach
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