JDCPRE 2nd sem prelim
  • 1. A child or young person treated differently by the legal system due to immaturity is called:
A) Minor criminal
B) Delinquent
C) Juvenile
D) Adult offender
  • 2. Behavior violating criminal law committed by a person under 18 is called:
A) Delinquency
B) Crime
C) Misconduct
D) Deviance
  • 3. A child without parents or guardians and dependent on public support is called:
A) Neglected child
B) Dependent child
C) Abandoned child
D) Disabled child
  • 4. A child who has no parental care for at least six continuous months is known as:
A) Neglected child
B) Dependent child
C) Disabled child
D) Abandoned child
  • 5. A child whose basic needs are deliberately unattended is called:
A) Juvenile offender
B) Disabled child
C) Dependent child
D) Neglected child
  • 6. A court-appointed person who protects the best interests of the child is:
A) Prosecutor
B) Guardian Ad Litem
C) Judge
D) Social worker
  • 7. A child accused or adjudged of committing an offense is called:
A) Child at risk
B) Youthful offender
C) Child in conflict with the law
D) Status offender
  • 8. The mental capacity to understand right from wrong is called:
A) Responsibility
B) Judgment
C) Discernment
D) Awareness
  • 9. Acts that are illegal only when committed by minors are known as:
A) Criminal offenses
B) Status offenses
C) Public crimes
D) Status offenses
  • 10. The first institution for juvenile offenders in the United States established in 1825 was called:
A) House of Refuge
B) Youth detention center
C) Juvenile reform center
D) Marine Society
  • 11. The Marine Society of England was established in:
A) 1825
B) 1704
C) 1776
D) 1756
  • 12. The Code of Hammurabi was created around:
A) 2500 B.C.
B) 1800 B.C.
C) 1500 B.C.
D) 2270 B.C.
  • 13. Under Anglo-Saxon law, children under this age were presumed innocent:
A) 6
B) 10
C) 7
D) 5
  • 14. The stage of delinquency involving petty larceny (8–12 years old) is:
A) Emergence
B) Exploration
C) Explosion
D) Conflagration
  • 15. Shoplifting and vandalism are common in which stage?
A) Explosion
B) Conflagration
C) Emergence
D) Exploration
  • 16. The stage characterized by a significant increase in variety and seriousness of crimes is:
A) Explosion
B) Conflagration
C) Emergence
D) Exploration
  • 17. The stage where four or more types of crimes are added is called:
A) Explosion
B) Conflagration
C) Conflagration
D) Exploration
  • 18. The theory that evil spirits cause people to commit crimes is called:
A) Classical theory
B) Demonological theory
C) Psychological theory
D) Positivist theory
  • 19. The classical theory of crime was developed by:
A) Lombroso and Ferri
B) Durkheim and Marx
C) Freud and Jung
D) Beccaria and Bentham
  • 20. The positivist theory was mainly associated with:
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Travis Hirschi
D) Cesare Lombroso
  • 21. The theory stating that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction is:
A) Control theory
B) Labeling theory
C) Strain theory
D) Differential association theory
  • 22. The theory that strong social bonds prevent delinquency was proposed by:
A) Albert Cohen
B) Edwin Lemert
C) Travis Hirschi
D) Robert Merton
  • 23. The theory that frustration leads to aggression is called:
A) Strain theory
B) Labeling theory
C) Social control theory
D) Frustration-aggression theory
  • 24. The theory stating that crime results from inequality between goals and means is:
A) Control theory
B) Differential association theory
C) Labeling theory
D) Strain theory
  • 25. The sociologist who explained that calling a child delinquent encourages delinquent behavior was:
A) Edwin Schur
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Howard Becker
D) Frank Tannenbaum
  • 26. The theory distinguishing between primary and secondary deviation was developed by:
A) George Vold
B) Edwin Lemert
C) Albert Cohen
D) Austin Turk
  • 27. According to research, which child is more likely to become delinquent?
A) Only child
B) Middle child
C) First-born
D) Youngest child
  • 28. One of the strongest predictors of delinquency in children is:
A) Religion
B) Family wealth
C) School grades
D) Parental rejection
  • 29. According to Hirschi's theory, delinquency decreases when there is strong:
A) Social bond
B) Financial support
C) Educational pressure
D) Family conflict
  • 30. The pathway that begins with stubborn behavior and progresses to authority avoidance is called:
A) Social pathway
B) Authority-conflict pathway
C) Overt pathway
D) Covert pathway
  • 31. The pathway that starts with minor underhanded behavior and develops into serious criminal acts is:
A) Authority-conflict pathway
B) Overt pathway
C) Aggression pathway
D) Covert pathway
  • 32. The pathway characterized by aggression leading to violent acts is:
A) Social pathway
B) Overt pathway
C) Covert pathway
D) Authority pathway
  • 33. Delinquents who are aggressive, rejected, and often abandoned belong to:
A) Over-inhibited delinquency
B) Group delinquency
C) Socialized delinquency
D) Unsocialized aggression
  • 34. Delinquency committed by members of groups encouraging criminal acts is called:
A) Unsocialized aggression
B) Socialized delinquency
C) Individual delinquency
D) Maladjusted delinquency
  • 35. Delinquents secretly trained to perform illegal activities are classified as:
A) Gang delinquents
B) Maladjusted delinquents
C) Occasional delinquents
D) Over-inhibited delinquents
  • 36. Delinquents who participate in criminal acts occasionally and are influenced by peers are called:
A) Chronic offenders
B) Maladjusted delinquents
C) Occasional delinquents
D) Gang delinquents
  • 37. Delinquents who often commit serious offenses as part of organized groups are:
A) Maladjusted delinquents
B) Occasional delinquents
C) Status offenders
D) Gang delinquents
  • 38. Delinquents whose criminal behavior is due to personality disturbances are:
A) Status offenders
B) Maladjusted delinquents
C) Occasional delinquents
D) Gang delinquents
  • 39. A gang is best described as:
A) A disorganized gathering
B) An organized social group with leadership and territory
C) A temporary group of friends
D) A school organization
  • 40. The theory that delinquency develops because of disorganized communities was proposed by:
A) Freud and Jung
B) Merton and Agnew
C) Shaw and McKay
D) Lombroso and Ferri
  • 41. The sociologist who studied gang formation and development was:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Albert Cohen
C) Edwin Lemert
D) Frederick Thrasher
  • 42. The theory explaining that lower-class youths create subcultures due to status frustration was developed by:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) William Sheldon
C) Albert Cohen
D) Edwin Sutherland
  • 43. The theory stating that crime occurs when legitimate opportunities are blocked was developed by:
A) Cloward and Ohlin
B) Becker and Lemert
C) Freud and Jung
D) Lombroso and Garofalo
  • 44. The theory that delinquency is natural and must be controlled through socialization was proposed by:
A) Robert Merton
B) Ivan Nye
C) Travis Hirschi
D) Edwin Lemert
  • 45. The theory explaining how juveniles justify delinquent acts was developed by:
A) Sykes and Matza
B) Becker and Lemert
C) Hirschi and Nye
D) Lombroso and Ferri
  • 46. Saying "It is not my fault" is an example of which technique of neutralization?
A) Appeal to higher authority
B) Denial of victim
C) Denial of responsibility
D) Condemnation of condemners
  • 47. The theory stating that law represents the interests of powerful groups was influenced by:
A) Karl Marx
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Cesare Lombroso
  • 48. The theory explaining conflict between crime norms and conduct norms was developed by:
A) Austin Turk
B) William Bonger
C) Thorsten Sellin
D) George Vold
  • 49. Large families may increase delinquency due to:
A) Lack of supervision
B) Excessive discipline
C) Increased education
D) Strong parental bonding
  • 50. Poor marital adjustment in parents may lead to:
A) Strong discipline
B) Child delinquency
C) Financial stability
D) Academic success
  • 51. Teenage pregnancy often results in:
A) Strong family structure
B) Social isolation and economic strain
C) Financial stability
D) Increased education
  • 52. Which of the following is an example of a status offense?
A) Murder
B) Truancy
C) Robbery
D) Assault
  • 53. Running away from home by a minor is classified as:
A) Violent offense
B) Public offense
C) Status offense
D) Criminal offense
  • 54. The legal principle stating that the state acts as the parent of a child is called:
A) Discernment doctrine
B) Restorative justice
C) Social control
D) Parens patriae
  • 55. The legal principle suggesting that mothers should have custody of children during early years is:
A) Social bond theory
B) Tender years rule
C) Child welfare doctrine
D) Parens patriae
  • 56. A government facility that physically restricts a child while awaiting court decision is called:
A) Rehabilitation center
B) Youth detention center
C) Youth shelter
D) Child welfare office
  • 57. The theory stating that criminals are born with physical abnormalities was proposed by:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Albert Cohen
C) Cesare Lombroso
D) Edwin Sutherland
  • 58. The theory suggesting body type influences criminal behavior was proposed by:
A) William Sheldon
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Ernest Hooton
D) Robert Merton
  • 59. According to Sheldon, the body type most likely to commit crimes is:
A) Ectomorph
B) Somatomorph
C) Endomorph
D) Mesomorph
  • 60. The psychoanalytic theory of personality was developed by:
A) Becker
B) Durkheim
C) Freud
D) Lombroso
  • 61. The part of personality representing instinctive drives is:
A) Conscience
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Id
  • 62. The part of personality responsible for rational thinking is:
A) Id
B) Superego
C) Ego
D) Instinct
  • 63. The moral component of personality is called:
A) Superego
B) Id
C) Ego
D) Instinct
  • 64. The concept of anomie refers to:
A) Strong family bonds
B) Strong social control
C) Moral behavior
D) Breakdown of social norms
  • 65. The sociologist who developed the concept of anomie was:
A) Albert Cohen
B) Emile Durkheim
C) Edwin Sutherland
D) Travis Hirschi
  • 66. The idea that deviance becomes part of a person's identity is called:
A) Differential association
B) Master status
C) Anomie
D) Social bond
  • 67. The sociologist associated with the concept of master status is:
A) Edwin Lemert
B) Frank Tannenbaum
C) Howard Becker
D) Robert Merton
  • 68. The theory that laws are created by powerful groups to control weaker groups was proposed by:
A) Edwin Lemert
B) Albert Cohen
C) George Vold
D) Travis Hirschi
  • 69. The theory stating that capitalism encourages crime was proposed by:
A) Frederick Thrasher
B) Austin Turk
C) William Bonger
D) Thorsten Sellin
  • 70. Strong family cohesiveness generally results in:
A) Increased delinquency
B) Reduced delinquency
C) Increased conflict
D) Weak discipline
  • 71. Parents of chronic delinquents often lack:
A) Religious beliefs
B) Employment
C) Education
D) Parenting skills
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