JDCPRE 2nd sem prelim
  • 1. A child or young person treated differently by the legal system due to immaturity is called:
A) Juvenile
B) Adult offender
C) Minor criminal
D) Delinquent
  • 2. Behavior violating criminal law committed by a person under 18 is called:
A) Delinquency
B) Deviance
C) Crime
D) Misconduct
  • 3. A child without parents or guardians and dependent on public support is called:
A) Neglected child
B) Disabled child
C) Dependent child
D) Abandoned child
  • 4. A child who has no parental care for at least six continuous months is known as:
A) Disabled child
B) Neglected child
C) Dependent child
D) Abandoned child
  • 5. A child whose basic needs are deliberately unattended is called:
A) Juvenile offender
B) Neglected child
C) Disabled child
D) Dependent child
  • 6. A court-appointed person who protects the best interests of the child is:
A) Prosecutor
B) Judge
C) Guardian Ad Litem
D) Social worker
  • 7. A child accused or adjudged of committing an offense is called:
A) Youthful offender
B) Child in conflict with the law
C) Child at risk
D) Status offender
  • 8. The mental capacity to understand right from wrong is called:
A) Judgment
B) Responsibility
C) Awareness
D) Discernment
  • 9. Acts that are illegal only when committed by minors are known as:
A) Status offenses
B) Criminal offenses
C) Public crimes
D) Status offenses
  • 10. The first institution for juvenile offenders in the United States established in 1825 was called:
A) Juvenile reform center
B) House of Refuge
C) Youth detention center
D) Marine Society
  • 11. The Marine Society of England was established in:
A) 1776
B) 1756
C) 1704
D) 1825
  • 12. The Code of Hammurabi was created around:
A) 1800 B.C.
B) 2500 B.C.
C) 1500 B.C.
D) 2270 B.C.
  • 13. Under Anglo-Saxon law, children under this age were presumed innocent:
A) 10
B) 6
C) 7
D) 5
  • 14. The stage of delinquency involving petty larceny (8–12 years old) is:
A) Conflagration
B) Emergence
C) Explosion
D) Exploration
  • 15. Shoplifting and vandalism are common in which stage?
A) Conflagration
B) Emergence
C) Explosion
D) Exploration
  • 16. The stage characterized by a significant increase in variety and seriousness of crimes is:
A) Conflagration
B) Emergence
C) Explosion
D) Exploration
  • 17. The stage where four or more types of crimes are added is called:
A) Conflagration
B) Conflagration
C) Explosion
D) Exploration
  • 18. The theory that evil spirits cause people to commit crimes is called:
A) Demonological theory
B) Classical theory
C) Positivist theory
D) Psychological theory
  • 19. The classical theory of crime was developed by:
A) Lombroso and Ferri
B) Beccaria and Bentham
C) Durkheim and Marx
D) Freud and Jung
  • 20. The positivist theory was mainly associated with:
A) Edwin Sutherland
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Cesare Lombroso
D) Sigmund Freud
  • 21. The theory stating that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction is:
A) Strain theory
B) Differential association theory
C) Labeling theory
D) Control theory
  • 22. The theory that strong social bonds prevent delinquency was proposed by:
A) Albert Cohen
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Edwin Lemert
D) Robert Merton
  • 23. The theory that frustration leads to aggression is called:
A) Social control theory
B) Strain theory
C) Labeling theory
D) Frustration-aggression theory
  • 24. The theory stating that crime results from inequality between goals and means is:
A) Strain theory
B) Labeling theory
C) Differential association theory
D) Control theory
  • 25. The sociologist who explained that calling a child delinquent encourages delinquent behavior was:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Howard Becker
C) Frank Tannenbaum
D) Edwin Schur
  • 26. The theory distinguishing between primary and secondary deviation was developed by:
A) Albert Cohen
B) Austin Turk
C) Edwin Lemert
D) George Vold
  • 27. According to research, which child is more likely to become delinquent?
A) First-born
B) Middle child
C) Youngest child
D) Only child
  • 28. One of the strongest predictors of delinquency in children is:
A) Family wealth
B) Parental rejection
C) Religion
D) School grades
  • 29. According to Hirschi's theory, delinquency decreases when there is strong:
A) Financial support
B) Family conflict
C) Social bond
D) Educational pressure
  • 30. The pathway that begins with stubborn behavior and progresses to authority avoidance is called:
A) Social pathway
B) Covert pathway
C) Overt pathway
D) Authority-conflict pathway
  • 31. The pathway that starts with minor underhanded behavior and develops into serious criminal acts is:
A) Covert pathway
B) Authority-conflict pathway
C) Overt pathway
D) Aggression pathway
  • 32. The pathway characterized by aggression leading to violent acts is:
A) Authority pathway
B) Social pathway
C) Covert pathway
D) Overt pathway
  • 33. Delinquents who are aggressive, rejected, and often abandoned belong to:
A) Socialized delinquency
B) Unsocialized aggression
C) Group delinquency
D) Over-inhibited delinquency
  • 34. Delinquency committed by members of groups encouraging criminal acts is called:
A) Socialized delinquency
B) Maladjusted delinquency
C) Unsocialized aggression
D) Individual delinquency
  • 35. Delinquents secretly trained to perform illegal activities are classified as:
A) Over-inhibited delinquents
B) Maladjusted delinquents
C) Occasional delinquents
D) Gang delinquents
  • 36. Delinquents who participate in criminal acts occasionally and are influenced by peers are called:
A) Chronic offenders
B) Gang delinquents
C) Occasional delinquents
D) Maladjusted delinquents
  • 37. Delinquents who often commit serious offenses as part of organized groups are:
A) Maladjusted delinquents
B) Occasional delinquents
C) Status offenders
D) Gang delinquents
  • 38. Delinquents whose criminal behavior is due to personality disturbances are:
A) Gang delinquents
B) Occasional delinquents
C) Maladjusted delinquents
D) Status offenders
  • 39. A gang is best described as:
A) A school organization
B) A temporary group of friends
C) An organized social group with leadership and territory
D) A disorganized gathering
  • 40. The theory that delinquency develops because of disorganized communities was proposed by:
A) Freud and Jung
B) Merton and Agnew
C) Lombroso and Ferri
D) Shaw and McKay
  • 41. The sociologist who studied gang formation and development was:
A) Edwin Lemert
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Albert Cohen
D) Frederick Thrasher
  • 42. The theory explaining that lower-class youths create subcultures due to status frustration was developed by:
A) William Sheldon
B) Albert Cohen
C) Travis Hirschi
D) Edwin Sutherland
  • 43. The theory stating that crime occurs when legitimate opportunities are blocked was developed by:
A) Cloward and Ohlin
B) Becker and Lemert
C) Lombroso and Garofalo
D) Freud and Jung
  • 44. The theory that delinquency is natural and must be controlled through socialization was proposed by:
A) Edwin Lemert
B) Ivan Nye
C) Robert Merton
D) Travis Hirschi
  • 45. The theory explaining how juveniles justify delinquent acts was developed by:
A) Becker and Lemert
B) Lombroso and Ferri
C) Sykes and Matza
D) Hirschi and Nye
  • 46. Saying "It is not my fault" is an example of which technique of neutralization?
A) Denial of responsibility
B) Condemnation of condemners
C) Denial of victim
D) Appeal to higher authority
  • 47. The theory stating that law represents the interests of powerful groups was influenced by:
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Cesare Lombroso
D) Karl Marx
  • 48. The theory explaining conflict between crime norms and conduct norms was developed by:
A) Austin Turk
B) Thorsten Sellin
C) William Bonger
D) George Vold
  • 49. Large families may increase delinquency due to:
A) Lack of supervision
B) Increased education
C) Strong parental bonding
D) Excessive discipline
  • 50. Poor marital adjustment in parents may lead to:
A) Financial stability
B) Strong discipline
C) Child delinquency
D) Academic success
  • 51. Teenage pregnancy often results in:
A) Strong family structure
B) Financial stability
C) Increased education
D) Social isolation and economic strain
  • 52. Which of the following is an example of a status offense?
A) Murder
B) Truancy
C) Robbery
D) Assault
  • 53. Running away from home by a minor is classified as:
A) Violent offense
B) Status offense
C) Public offense
D) Criminal offense
  • 54. The legal principle stating that the state acts as the parent of a child is called:
A) Restorative justice
B) Discernment doctrine
C) Social control
D) Parens patriae
  • 55. The legal principle suggesting that mothers should have custody of children during early years is:
A) Tender years rule
B) Child welfare doctrine
C) Social bond theory
D) Parens patriae
  • 56. A government facility that physically restricts a child while awaiting court decision is called:
A) Youth shelter
B) Child welfare office
C) Rehabilitation center
D) Youth detention center
  • 57. The theory stating that criminals are born with physical abnormalities was proposed by:
A) Edwin Sutherland
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Cesare Lombroso
D) Albert Cohen
  • 58. The theory suggesting body type influences criminal behavior was proposed by:
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Ernest Hooton
C) William Sheldon
D) Robert Merton
  • 59. According to Sheldon, the body type most likely to commit crimes is:
A) Endomorph
B) Mesomorph
C) Somatomorph
D) Ectomorph
  • 60. The psychoanalytic theory of personality was developed by:
A) Freud
B) Lombroso
C) Becker
D) Durkheim
  • 61. The part of personality representing instinctive drives is:
A) Ego
B) Id
C) Conscience
D) Superego
  • 62. The part of personality responsible for rational thinking is:
A) Ego
B) Id
C) Instinct
D) Superego
  • 63. The moral component of personality is called:
A) Instinct
B) Superego
C) Ego
D) Id
  • 64. The concept of anomie refers to:
A) Breakdown of social norms
B) Strong family bonds
C) Moral behavior
D) Strong social control
  • 65. The sociologist who developed the concept of anomie was:
A) Emile Durkheim
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Albert Cohen
D) Edwin Sutherland
  • 66. The idea that deviance becomes part of a person's identity is called:
A) Anomie
B) Differential association
C) Master status
D) Social bond
  • 67. The sociologist associated with the concept of master status is:
A) Howard Becker
B) Frank Tannenbaum
C) Robert Merton
D) Edwin Lemert
  • 68. The theory that laws are created by powerful groups to control weaker groups was proposed by:
A) Edwin Lemert
B) Albert Cohen
C) George Vold
D) Travis Hirschi
  • 69. The theory stating that capitalism encourages crime was proposed by:
A) Thorsten Sellin
B) Frederick Thrasher
C) Austin Turk
D) William Bonger
  • 70. Strong family cohesiveness generally results in:
A) Increased conflict
B) Reduced delinquency
C) Weak discipline
D) Increased delinquency
  • 71. Parents of chronic delinquents often lack:
A) Employment
B) Education
C) Religious beliefs
D) Parenting skills
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