JDCPRE 2nd sem prelim
  • 1. A child or young person treated differently by the legal system due to immaturity is called:
A) Adult offender
B) Minor criminal
C) Delinquent
D) Juvenile
  • 2. Behavior violating criminal law committed by a person under 18 is called:
A) Misconduct
B) Delinquency
C) Deviance
D) Crime
  • 3. A child without parents or guardians and dependent on public support is called:
A) Neglected child
B) Dependent child
C) Abandoned child
D) Disabled child
  • 4. A child who has no parental care for at least six continuous months is known as:
A) Disabled child
B) Neglected child
C) Abandoned child
D) Dependent child
  • 5. A child whose basic needs are deliberately unattended is called:
A) Dependent child
B) Neglected child
C) Disabled child
D) Juvenile offender
  • 6. A court-appointed person who protects the best interests of the child is:
A) Prosecutor
B) Guardian Ad Litem
C) Judge
D) Social worker
  • 7. A child accused or adjudged of committing an offense is called:
A) Youthful offender
B) Status offender
C) Child at risk
D) Child in conflict with the law
  • 8. The mental capacity to understand right from wrong is called:
A) Responsibility
B) Judgment
C) Awareness
D) Discernment
  • 9. Acts that are illegal only when committed by minors are known as:
A) Public crimes
B) Status offenses
C) Status offenses
D) Criminal offenses
  • 10. The first institution for juvenile offenders in the United States established in 1825 was called:
A) Youth detention center
B) House of Refuge
C) Marine Society
D) Juvenile reform center
  • 11. The Marine Society of England was established in:
A) 1704
B) 1825
C) 1756
D) 1776
  • 12. The Code of Hammurabi was created around:
A) 2500 B.C.
B) 1800 B.C.
C) 2270 B.C.
D) 1500 B.C.
  • 13. Under Anglo-Saxon law, children under this age were presumed innocent:
A) 5
B) 7
C) 10
D) 6
  • 14. The stage of delinquency involving petty larceny (8–12 years old) is:
A) Conflagration
B) Emergence
C) Explosion
D) Exploration
  • 15. Shoplifting and vandalism are common in which stage?
A) Exploration
B) Conflagration
C) Emergence
D) Explosion
  • 16. The stage characterized by a significant increase in variety and seriousness of crimes is:
A) Conflagration
B) Emergence
C) Explosion
D) Exploration
  • 17. The stage where four or more types of crimes are added is called:
A) Conflagration
B) Exploration
C) Conflagration
D) Explosion
  • 18. The theory that evil spirits cause people to commit crimes is called:
A) Demonological theory
B) Psychological theory
C) Classical theory
D) Positivist theory
  • 19. The classical theory of crime was developed by:
A) Durkheim and Marx
B) Freud and Jung
C) Lombroso and Ferri
D) Beccaria and Bentham
  • 20. The positivist theory was mainly associated with:
A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Edwin Sutherland
D) Travis Hirschi
  • 21. The theory stating that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction is:
A) Labeling theory
B) Control theory
C) Strain theory
D) Differential association theory
  • 22. The theory that strong social bonds prevent delinquency was proposed by:
A) Albert Cohen
B) Robert Merton
C) Edwin Lemert
D) Travis Hirschi
  • 23. The theory that frustration leads to aggression is called:
A) Frustration-aggression theory
B) Strain theory
C) Labeling theory
D) Social control theory
  • 24. The theory stating that crime results from inequality between goals and means is:
A) Labeling theory
B) Control theory
C) Differential association theory
D) Strain theory
  • 25. The sociologist who explained that calling a child delinquent encourages delinquent behavior was:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Frank Tannenbaum
C) Howard Becker
D) Edwin Schur
  • 26. The theory distinguishing between primary and secondary deviation was developed by:
A) Edwin Lemert
B) Albert Cohen
C) George Vold
D) Austin Turk
  • 27. According to research, which child is more likely to become delinquent?
A) First-born
B) Middle child
C) Youngest child
D) Only child
  • 28. One of the strongest predictors of delinquency in children is:
A) Parental rejection
B) Family wealth
C) School grades
D) Religion
  • 29. According to Hirschi's theory, delinquency decreases when there is strong:
A) Family conflict
B) Social bond
C) Educational pressure
D) Financial support
  • 30. The pathway that begins with stubborn behavior and progresses to authority avoidance is called:
A) Authority-conflict pathway
B) Social pathway
C) Covert pathway
D) Overt pathway
  • 31. The pathway that starts with minor underhanded behavior and develops into serious criminal acts is:
A) Aggression pathway
B) Authority-conflict pathway
C) Covert pathway
D) Overt pathway
  • 32. The pathway characterized by aggression leading to violent acts is:
A) Covert pathway
B) Overt pathway
C) Social pathway
D) Authority pathway
  • 33. Delinquents who are aggressive, rejected, and often abandoned belong to:
A) Socialized delinquency
B) Group delinquency
C) Unsocialized aggression
D) Over-inhibited delinquency
  • 34. Delinquency committed by members of groups encouraging criminal acts is called:
A) Unsocialized aggression
B) Maladjusted delinquency
C) Individual delinquency
D) Socialized delinquency
  • 35. Delinquents secretly trained to perform illegal activities are classified as:
A) Gang delinquents
B) Occasional delinquents
C) Maladjusted delinquents
D) Over-inhibited delinquents
  • 36. Delinquents who participate in criminal acts occasionally and are influenced by peers are called:
A) Occasional delinquents
B) Gang delinquents
C) Chronic offenders
D) Maladjusted delinquents
  • 37. Delinquents who often commit serious offenses as part of organized groups are:
A) Maladjusted delinquents
B) Occasional delinquents
C) Status offenders
D) Gang delinquents
  • 38. Delinquents whose criminal behavior is due to personality disturbances are:
A) Maladjusted delinquents
B) Occasional delinquents
C) Status offenders
D) Gang delinquents
  • 39. A gang is best described as:
A) A school organization
B) A disorganized gathering
C) An organized social group with leadership and territory
D) A temporary group of friends
  • 40. The theory that delinquency develops because of disorganized communities was proposed by:
A) Lombroso and Ferri
B) Shaw and McKay
C) Freud and Jung
D) Merton and Agnew
  • 41. The sociologist who studied gang formation and development was:
A) Albert Cohen
B) Edwin Lemert
C) Frederick Thrasher
D) Travis Hirschi
  • 42. The theory explaining that lower-class youths create subcultures due to status frustration was developed by:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) William Sheldon
D) Albert Cohen
  • 43. The theory stating that crime occurs when legitimate opportunities are blocked was developed by:
A) Cloward and Ohlin
B) Becker and Lemert
C) Freud and Jung
D) Lombroso and Garofalo
  • 44. The theory that delinquency is natural and must be controlled through socialization was proposed by:
A) Robert Merton
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Edwin Lemert
D) Ivan Nye
  • 45. The theory explaining how juveniles justify delinquent acts was developed by:
A) Sykes and Matza
B) Becker and Lemert
C) Lombroso and Ferri
D) Hirschi and Nye
  • 46. Saying "It is not my fault" is an example of which technique of neutralization?
A) Appeal to higher authority
B) Denial of responsibility
C) Condemnation of condemners
D) Denial of victim
  • 47. The theory stating that law represents the interests of powerful groups was influenced by:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Karl Marx
C) Cesare Lombroso
D) Sigmund Freud
  • 48. The theory explaining conflict between crime norms and conduct norms was developed by:
A) Thorsten Sellin
B) Austin Turk
C) William Bonger
D) George Vold
  • 49. Large families may increase delinquency due to:
A) Strong parental bonding
B) Lack of supervision
C) Excessive discipline
D) Increased education
  • 50. Poor marital adjustment in parents may lead to:
A) Financial stability
B) Child delinquency
C) Academic success
D) Strong discipline
  • 51. Teenage pregnancy often results in:
A) Social isolation and economic strain
B) Financial stability
C) Increased education
D) Strong family structure
  • 52. Which of the following is an example of a status offense?
A) Assault
B) Robbery
C) Truancy
D) Murder
  • 53. Running away from home by a minor is classified as:
A) Public offense
B) Criminal offense
C) Status offense
D) Violent offense
  • 54. The legal principle stating that the state acts as the parent of a child is called:
A) Social control
B) Restorative justice
C) Parens patriae
D) Discernment doctrine
  • 55. The legal principle suggesting that mothers should have custody of children during early years is:
A) Parens patriae
B) Tender years rule
C) Child welfare doctrine
D) Social bond theory
  • 56. A government facility that physically restricts a child while awaiting court decision is called:
A) Youth detention center
B) Youth shelter
C) Rehabilitation center
D) Child welfare office
  • 57. The theory stating that criminals are born with physical abnormalities was proposed by:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) Albert Cohen
D) Edwin Sutherland
  • 58. The theory suggesting body type influences criminal behavior was proposed by:
A) William Sheldon
B) Robert Merton
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Ernest Hooton
  • 59. According to Sheldon, the body type most likely to commit crimes is:
A) Mesomorph
B) Ectomorph
C) Somatomorph
D) Endomorph
  • 60. The psychoanalytic theory of personality was developed by:
A) Freud
B) Lombroso
C) Becker
D) Durkheim
  • 61. The part of personality representing instinctive drives is:
A) Superego
B) Id
C) Conscience
D) Ego
  • 62. The part of personality responsible for rational thinking is:
A) Superego
B) Ego
C) Id
D) Instinct
  • 63. The moral component of personality is called:
A) Instinct
B) Ego
C) Id
D) Superego
  • 64. The concept of anomie refers to:
A) Moral behavior
B) Strong family bonds
C) Breakdown of social norms
D) Strong social control
  • 65. The sociologist who developed the concept of anomie was:
A) Emile Durkheim
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Travis Hirschi
D) Albert Cohen
  • 66. The idea that deviance becomes part of a person's identity is called:
A) Anomie
B) Master status
C) Social bond
D) Differential association
  • 67. The sociologist associated with the concept of master status is:
A) Robert Merton
B) Frank Tannenbaum
C) Edwin Lemert
D) Howard Becker
  • 68. The theory that laws are created by powerful groups to control weaker groups was proposed by:
A) Edwin Lemert
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Albert Cohen
D) George Vold
  • 69. The theory stating that capitalism encourages crime was proposed by:
A) William Bonger
B) Thorsten Sellin
C) Austin Turk
D) Frederick Thrasher
  • 70. Strong family cohesiveness generally results in:
A) Increased delinquency
B) Increased conflict
C) Reduced delinquency
D) Weak discipline
  • 71. Parents of chronic delinquents often lack:
A) Employment
B) Religious beliefs
C) Education
D) Parenting skills
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