JDCPRE 2nd sem prelim
  • 1. A child or young person treated differently by the legal system due to immaturity is called:
A) Minor criminal
B) Juvenile
C) Adult offender
D) Delinquent
  • 2. Behavior violating criminal law committed by a person under 18 is called:
A) Misconduct
B) Deviance
C) Delinquency
D) Crime
  • 3. A child without parents or guardians and dependent on public support is called:
A) Abandoned child
B) Disabled child
C) Dependent child
D) Neglected child
  • 4. A child who has no parental care for at least six continuous months is known as:
A) Abandoned child
B) Neglected child
C) Dependent child
D) Disabled child
  • 5. A child whose basic needs are deliberately unattended is called:
A) Juvenile offender
B) Disabled child
C) Dependent child
D) Neglected child
  • 6. A court-appointed person who protects the best interests of the child is:
A) Social worker
B) Judge
C) Guardian Ad Litem
D) Prosecutor
  • 7. A child accused or adjudged of committing an offense is called:
A) Status offender
B) Child at risk
C) Child in conflict with the law
D) Youthful offender
  • 8. The mental capacity to understand right from wrong is called:
A) Responsibility
B) Judgment
C) Awareness
D) Discernment
  • 9. Acts that are illegal only when committed by minors are known as:
A) Criminal offenses
B) Status offenses
C) Status offenses
D) Public crimes
  • 10. The first institution for juvenile offenders in the United States established in 1825 was called:
A) House of Refuge
B) Youth detention center
C) Juvenile reform center
D) Marine Society
  • 11. The Marine Society of England was established in:
A) 1776
B) 1704
C) 1756
D) 1825
  • 12. The Code of Hammurabi was created around:
A) 1800 B.C.
B) 2500 B.C.
C) 1500 B.C.
D) 2270 B.C.
  • 13. Under Anglo-Saxon law, children under this age were presumed innocent:
A) 5
B) 10
C) 6
D) 7
  • 14. The stage of delinquency involving petty larceny (8–12 years old) is:
A) Emergence
B) Explosion
C) Exploration
D) Conflagration
  • 15. Shoplifting and vandalism are common in which stage?
A) Emergence
B) Explosion
C) Exploration
D) Conflagration
  • 16. The stage characterized by a significant increase in variety and seriousness of crimes is:
A) Exploration
B) Explosion
C) Conflagration
D) Emergence
  • 17. The stage where four or more types of crimes are added is called:
A) Conflagration
B) Conflagration
C) Explosion
D) Exploration
  • 18. The theory that evil spirits cause people to commit crimes is called:
A) Demonological theory
B) Psychological theory
C) Classical theory
D) Positivist theory
  • 19. The classical theory of crime was developed by:
A) Durkheim and Marx
B) Lombroso and Ferri
C) Beccaria and Bentham
D) Freud and Jung
  • 20. The positivist theory was mainly associated with:
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) Travis Hirschi
D) Edwin Sutherland
  • 21. The theory stating that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction is:
A) Control theory
B) Labeling theory
C) Differential association theory
D) Strain theory
  • 22. The theory that strong social bonds prevent delinquency was proposed by:
A) Robert Merton
B) Edwin Lemert
C) Travis Hirschi
D) Albert Cohen
  • 23. The theory that frustration leads to aggression is called:
A) Frustration-aggression theory
B) Labeling theory
C) Strain theory
D) Social control theory
  • 24. The theory stating that crime results from inequality between goals and means is:
A) Strain theory
B) Labeling theory
C) Differential association theory
D) Control theory
  • 25. The sociologist who explained that calling a child delinquent encourages delinquent behavior was:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Edwin Schur
C) Howard Becker
D) Frank Tannenbaum
  • 26. The theory distinguishing between primary and secondary deviation was developed by:
A) Albert Cohen
B) Austin Turk
C) George Vold
D) Edwin Lemert
  • 27. According to research, which child is more likely to become delinquent?
A) Only child
B) Middle child
C) First-born
D) Youngest child
  • 28. One of the strongest predictors of delinquency in children is:
A) Religion
B) Family wealth
C) Parental rejection
D) School grades
  • 29. According to Hirschi's theory, delinquency decreases when there is strong:
A) Social bond
B) Educational pressure
C) Financial support
D) Family conflict
  • 30. The pathway that begins with stubborn behavior and progresses to authority avoidance is called:
A) Social pathway
B) Overt pathway
C) Covert pathway
D) Authority-conflict pathway
  • 31. The pathway that starts with minor underhanded behavior and develops into serious criminal acts is:
A) Covert pathway
B) Overt pathway
C) Authority-conflict pathway
D) Aggression pathway
  • 32. The pathway characterized by aggression leading to violent acts is:
A) Overt pathway
B) Social pathway
C) Covert pathway
D) Authority pathway
  • 33. Delinquents who are aggressive, rejected, and often abandoned belong to:
A) Unsocialized aggression
B) Group delinquency
C) Socialized delinquency
D) Over-inhibited delinquency
  • 34. Delinquency committed by members of groups encouraging criminal acts is called:
A) Unsocialized aggression
B) Individual delinquency
C) Socialized delinquency
D) Maladjusted delinquency
  • 35. Delinquents secretly trained to perform illegal activities are classified as:
A) Gang delinquents
B) Maladjusted delinquents
C) Occasional delinquents
D) Over-inhibited delinquents
  • 36. Delinquents who participate in criminal acts occasionally and are influenced by peers are called:
A) Occasional delinquents
B) Maladjusted delinquents
C) Gang delinquents
D) Chronic offenders
  • 37. Delinquents who often commit serious offenses as part of organized groups are:
A) Occasional delinquents
B) Status offenders
C) Gang delinquents
D) Maladjusted delinquents
  • 38. Delinquents whose criminal behavior is due to personality disturbances are:
A) Maladjusted delinquents
B) Gang delinquents
C) Status offenders
D) Occasional delinquents
  • 39. A gang is best described as:
A) A disorganized gathering
B) An organized social group with leadership and territory
C) A temporary group of friends
D) A school organization
  • 40. The theory that delinquency develops because of disorganized communities was proposed by:
A) Freud and Jung
B) Merton and Agnew
C) Shaw and McKay
D) Lombroso and Ferri
  • 41. The sociologist who studied gang formation and development was:
A) Albert Cohen
B) Edwin Lemert
C) Frederick Thrasher
D) Travis Hirschi
  • 42. The theory explaining that lower-class youths create subcultures due to status frustration was developed by:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) William Sheldon
C) Edwin Sutherland
D) Albert Cohen
  • 43. The theory stating that crime occurs when legitimate opportunities are blocked was developed by:
A) Cloward and Ohlin
B) Lombroso and Garofalo
C) Freud and Jung
D) Becker and Lemert
  • 44. The theory that delinquency is natural and must be controlled through socialization was proposed by:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Ivan Nye
C) Robert Merton
D) Edwin Lemert
  • 45. The theory explaining how juveniles justify delinquent acts was developed by:
A) Hirschi and Nye
B) Sykes and Matza
C) Lombroso and Ferri
D) Becker and Lemert
  • 46. Saying "It is not my fault" is an example of which technique of neutralization?
A) Appeal to higher authority
B) Denial of victim
C) Condemnation of condemners
D) Denial of responsibility
  • 47. The theory stating that law represents the interests of powerful groups was influenced by:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Karl Marx
C) Cesare Lombroso
D) Sigmund Freud
  • 48. The theory explaining conflict between crime norms and conduct norms was developed by:
A) Thorsten Sellin
B) Austin Turk
C) George Vold
D) William Bonger
  • 49. Large families may increase delinquency due to:
A) Excessive discipline
B) Increased education
C) Strong parental bonding
D) Lack of supervision
  • 50. Poor marital adjustment in parents may lead to:
A) Child delinquency
B) Academic success
C) Strong discipline
D) Financial stability
  • 51. Teenage pregnancy often results in:
A) Social isolation and economic strain
B) Financial stability
C) Increased education
D) Strong family structure
  • 52. Which of the following is an example of a status offense?
A) Assault
B) Murder
C) Robbery
D) Truancy
  • 53. Running away from home by a minor is classified as:
A) Violent offense
B) Status offense
C) Criminal offense
D) Public offense
  • 54. The legal principle stating that the state acts as the parent of a child is called:
A) Restorative justice
B) Parens patriae
C) Social control
D) Discernment doctrine
  • 55. The legal principle suggesting that mothers should have custody of children during early years is:
A) Tender years rule
B) Social bond theory
C) Parens patriae
D) Child welfare doctrine
  • 56. A government facility that physically restricts a child while awaiting court decision is called:
A) Youth detention center
B) Youth shelter
C) Rehabilitation center
D) Child welfare office
  • 57. The theory stating that criminals are born with physical abnormalities was proposed by:
A) Albert Cohen
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Edwin Sutherland
D) Cesare Lombroso
  • 58. The theory suggesting body type influences criminal behavior was proposed by:
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Robert Merton
C) Ernest Hooton
D) William Sheldon
  • 59. According to Sheldon, the body type most likely to commit crimes is:
A) Somatomorph
B) Ectomorph
C) Mesomorph
D) Endomorph
  • 60. The psychoanalytic theory of personality was developed by:
A) Becker
B) Freud
C) Durkheim
D) Lombroso
  • 61. The part of personality representing instinctive drives is:
A) Ego
B) Conscience
C) Id
D) Superego
  • 62. The part of personality responsible for rational thinking is:
A) Superego
B) Ego
C) Instinct
D) Id
  • 63. The moral component of personality is called:
A) Ego
B) Id
C) Superego
D) Instinct
  • 64. The concept of anomie refers to:
A) Strong family bonds
B) Moral behavior
C) Breakdown of social norms
D) Strong social control
  • 65. The sociologist who developed the concept of anomie was:
A) Albert Cohen
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Travis Hirschi
D) Emile Durkheim
  • 66. The idea that deviance becomes part of a person's identity is called:
A) Differential association
B) Anomie
C) Master status
D) Social bond
  • 67. The sociologist associated with the concept of master status is:
A) Robert Merton
B) Howard Becker
C) Frank Tannenbaum
D) Edwin Lemert
  • 68. The theory that laws are created by powerful groups to control weaker groups was proposed by:
A) George Vold
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Albert Cohen
D) Edwin Lemert
  • 69. The theory stating that capitalism encourages crime was proposed by:
A) Thorsten Sellin
B) William Bonger
C) Austin Turk
D) Frederick Thrasher
  • 70. Strong family cohesiveness generally results in:
A) Increased delinquency
B) Weak discipline
C) Increased conflict
D) Reduced delinquency
  • 71. Parents of chronic delinquents often lack:
A) Employment
B) Religious beliefs
C) Education
D) Parenting skills
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