 - 1. Who became King of Upper and Lower Egypt peacefully under the Kushite rulers?
A) Taharqa
B) Tantamani
C) Kashta
D) Piye
- 2. Who was Kashta's daughter appointed as Divine Adoratrice of Amun in Thebes?
A) Necho
B) Amanishakhete
C) Bocchoris
D) Amenirdis
- 3. To which city did the rulers of the 23rd Dynasty withdraw to avoid conflict with the Kushites?
A) Memphis
B) Thebes
C) Heracleopolis
D) Napata
- 4. What city served as the spiritual capital of Kush?
A) Tanis
B) Napata
C) Meroë
D) Sais
- 5. Which Kushite ruler invaded and took control of Egypt from Napata?
A) Piye
B) Kashta
C) Tantamani
D) Shebitku
- 6. What is the name of the lengthy hieroglyphic-filled stele where Piye recorded his victory?
A) Karnak Stele
B) Dream Stele
C) Stele of Victory
D) Ashtabula Stele
- 7. Whose royal titulary did Piye mostly use due to archaism?
A) Ramesses II
B) Tuthmosis III
C) Amenhotep III
D) Thutmose I
- 8. Which architectural feature of the Old and Middle Kingdoms did Piye revive by building the oldest known pyramid at El-Kurru?
A) Obelisk erection
B) Rock-cut tombs
C) Pyramid construction
D) Temple pylons
- 9. Who brought the entire Nile Valley as far as the Delta under the empire of Kush and is reputed to have had Bocchoris burnt to death?
A) Shabaka
B) Shebitku
C) Kashta
D) Piye
- 10. Who transferred the capital of the empire to Memphis?
A) Shebitku
B) Taharqa
C) Tantamani
D) Shabaka
- 11. In what year was Taharqa crowned in Memphis as Pharaoh?
A) 664 BC
B) 701 BC
C) 690 BC
D) 671 BC
- 12. From which city in the Delta did Taharqa rule Upper and Lower Egypt as Pharaoh?
A) Sais
B) Memphis
C) Thebes
D) Tanis
- 13. According to excavations at El-Kurru and horse skeleton studies, where were the finest horses used in Kushite and Assyrian warfare bred and exported from?
A) Babylon
B) Assyria
C) Nubia
D) Judah
- 14. What military assets were key to the Kushite war machine alongside chariots?
A) Catapults
B) Horses
C) Elephants
D) Iron swords
- 15. To which temple did Taharqa's inscriptions indicate he gave large amounts of gold?
A) Temple of Luxor
B) Temple of Amun at Kawa
C) Temple of Ptah at Memphis
D) Temple of Mut at Karnak
- 16. Through what daily training did Taharqa strengthen his army to achieve military success, according to László Török?
A) Wrestling in the sand
B) Swimming in the Nile
C) Archery practice
D) Long-distance running
- 17. Which military sites and forts did Taharqa build?
A) Elephantine and Philae
B) Abydos and Dendera
C) Semna and Buhen forts and Qasr Ibrim
D) The citadel of Cairo
- 18. Which King of Judah did Taharqa and his army aid in 701 BC against a siege by Sennacherib?
A) Ahaz
B) Hezekiah
C) Solomon
D) Josiah
- 19. Who murdered Sennacherib in Babylon in 681 BC?
A) Ashurbanipal
B) Taharqa
C) His own sons
D) Esarhaddon
- 20. Who was Sennacherib's successor who campaigned in Khor, destroyed Sidon, and forced Tyre into tribute?
A) Esarhaddon
B) Ashurbanipal
C) Sargon II
D) Tiglath-Pileser III
- 21. In what year did Esarhaddon first invade Egypt proper, only to be outright defeated by Taharqa and his army according to Babylonian records?
A) 671 BC
B) 674 BC
C) 701 BC
D) 668 BC
- 22. From where did Taharqa bring reserve troops in 672 BC, as mentioned in rock inscriptions?
A) Assyria
B) Kush
C) Thebes
D) Judah
- 23. Which Phoenician king put his trust upon his friend Taharqa during the conflicts with Assyria?
A) Hiram
B) Pygmalion
C) Ba'lu of Tyre
D) Ethbaal
- 24. In what year did Esarhaddon conquer Northern Egypt, capture Memphis, and impose tribute before withdrawing?
A) 671 BC
B) 674 BC
C) 668 BC
D) 681 BC
- 25. Whom did Esarhaddon capture and send to Assyria when he conquered Northern Egypt in 671 BC?
A) Prince Nes-Anhuret and the royal wives
B) Necho I and Psamtik I
C) Taharqa himself
D) Amenirdis and Kashta
- 26. In what year did Taharqa reoccupy Memphis and the Delta and recommence intrigues with the king of Tyre?
A) 664 BC
B) 669 BC
C) 672 BC
D) 665 BC
- 27. Who took command of the Assyrian army when Esarhaddon died in 668 BC during an expedition to Egypt?
A) Necho I
B) Sennacherib
C) Sargon II
D) Ashurbanipal
- 28. Who was appointed by Ashurbanipal as his vassal ruler in Egypt after defeating Taharqa?
A) Ba'lu
B) Bocchoris
C) Necho I
D) Psamtik I
- 29. Where was Necho I's son, Psamtik I, educated during Esarhaddon's reign?
A) Nineveh
B) Napata
C) Memphis
D) Thebes
- 30. In what year was a plot by vassal rulers of Sais, Mendes, and Pelusium making overtures to Taharqa uncovered by Ashurbanipal?
A) 665 BC
B) 671 BC
C) 590 BC
D) 669 BC
- 31. Who was Taharqa's successor who sailed north from Napata to Thebes to be ritually installed as king of Egypt?
A) Shabaka
B) Shebitku
C) Tantamani
D) Kashta
- 32. What text states that Tantamani restored order from chaos where royal temples and cults were not being maintained?
A) Mut temple inscriptions
B) Tantamani's dream stele
C) Sanam temple inscriptions
D) Stele of Victory
- 33. Approximately how many years did the Kushites influence their northern neighbours before being repelled by the invading Assyrians?
A) Nearly 50 years
B) Nearly 900 years
C) Nearly 100 years
D) Nearly 500 years
- 34. Which native dynasty of Egypt was installed by the Assyrians under Psamtik I?
A) 25th Dynasty
B) 18th Dynasty
C) 23rd Dynasty
D) 26th Dynasty
- 35. Around what year did the Assyrians and the 26th Dynasty permanently force the Kushites out of Egypt?
A) 45 BC
B) 664 BC
C) 590 BC
D) 701 BC
- 36. In what year was the new Kushite capital of Napata sacked by the Egyptians after the Kushites were pushed south?
A) 590 BC
B) 45 BC
C) 671 BC
D) 592 BC
- 37. For how many more years did the Kushite kingdom survive after being pushed south to Meroë?
A) 100 years
B) 50 years
C) 900 years
D) 2000 years
- 38. Which queen acceded in 45 BC and temporarily arrested the loss of Egyptian culture in Nubia?
A) Queen Amanishakhete
B) Queen Hatshepsut
C) Queen Nefertiti
D) Queen Amenirdis
- 39. Where is the region of Nubia located along?
A) The Nile river
B) The Tigris river
C) The Amazon river
D) The Yangtze river
- 40. Which civilization is considered one of the earliest of ancient Africa in Nubia?
A) Sennar sultanate
B) Ottoman Empire
C) Kerma culture
D) Aksumite Empire
- 41. What was the Greco-Roman name for northern Nubia when it was annexed by Greece and Rome?
A) Qustul
B) Affad 23
C) Nabta Playa
D) Dodekaschoinos
- 42. How many Christian kingdoms arose after the collapse of Kush?
A) Five
B) Three
C) Four
D) Two
- 43. What medical pioneering achievement are ancient Nubians credited with?
A) Surgical anesthesia
B) Vaccination for smallpox
C) Early antibiotics
D) Blood transfusions
- 44. What did ancient Nubian geometric systems serve as the basis for?
A) Navigation compasses
B) Pyramid blueprints
C) Initial sunclocks
D) Irrigation canals
- 45. What is the interdisciplinary study of ancient Nubia called?
A) Nubiography
B) Cataractology
C) Nubiology
D) Nileology
- 46. Which language is descended from Old Nubian?
A) Dongolawi
B) Birgid
C) Midob
D) Nobiin
- 47. Where is the Midob language mostly spoken?
A) Aswan
B) Nuba mountains
C) North Darfur
D) Khartoum
- 48. What type of language was Birgid?
A) A living Eastern Sudanic language
B) An extinct language
C) An Afroasiatic language
D) A Cushitic language
- 49. Where are the Hill Nubian languages spoken?
A) Nuba mountains region
B) Dodekaschoinos
C) Nabta Playa
D) Dongola Reach
- 50. Which language family do more recent researchers generally support for the ancient Kerma culture?
A) Indo-European
B) Eastern Sudanic
C) Semitic
D) Cushitic
- 51. What languages are thought to have been spoken by northern Nubia peoples like the C-Group culture and Blemmyes?
A) Eastern Sudanic
B) Nobiin
C) Old Nubian
D) Cushitic
- 52. What did Khartoum Mesolithic fisher-hunter-gatherers produce from the ninth to the sixth millennia cal BC?
A) Glass ornaments
B) Sophisticated pottery
C) Iron tools
D) Bronze weapons
- 53. What do Saharan rock reliefs depict that suggests a cattle cult?
A) Scenes with cattle
B) Navigational charts
C) Battle formations
D) Agricultural irrigation systems
- 54. Where were megaliths discovered that are early examples of an astronomical device predating Stonehenge?
A) Nabta Playa
B) Qustul
C) Affad 23
D) Aswan
- 55. Which American anthropologist noted that the culture of Upper Egypt could be called a Sudanese transplant?
A) Joseph Vogel
B) Bruce Williams
C) Basil Davidson
D) Shomarka Keita
- 56. Which British Africanist described ancient Egyptians as part of a wide community sharing a common Saharan-Sudanese culture?
A) A.J. Boyce
B) Basil Davidson
C) Dietrich Wildung
D) Joseph Vogel
- 57. Which archaeologist advanced the view that Nubian elites participated with early Egyptian rulers in developing pharaonic civilization?
A) Dietrich Wildung
B) Basil Davidson
C) Joseph Vogel
D) Bruce Williams
- 58. In what year did Bruce Williams clarify his findings regarding the Qustul incense burner?
A) 2018
B) 2500
C) 1500
D) 1987
- 59. Where were the tombs located that Bruce Williams described as vastly wealthier and greater in size than Abydos tombs?
A) Nabta Playa
B) Khartoum
C) Affad
D) Qustul
- 60. Who examined Eastern Saharan pottery styles and Sudanese stone sculptures in 2018, suggesting they influenced pre-dynastic Egyptian culture?
A) Shomarka Keita
B) Bruce Williams
C) Dietrich Wildung
D) A.J. Boyce
- 61. What term refers to regions downstream (further north) according to Nubian geography?
A) Lower
B) Upper
C) Middle
D) Central
- 62. What term refers to regions upstream (further south) according to Nubian geography?
A) Northern
B) Upper
C) Downstream
D) Lower
- 63. When did evidence of agriculture first appear in the A-Group period?
A) Classical A-Group period
B) Pre-Kerma period
C) Terminal A-Group period
D) Early A-Group period
- 64. What was a major export of the A-Group culture to Egypt?
A) Gold
B) Bronze
C) Iron
D) Silver
- 65. How have the physical characteristics of the A-Group population been described?
A) Closely related to Western Asian groups
B) Distinctly Mesopotamian in origin
C) Completely dissimilar to Nile Valley populations
D) Very similar to pre-dynastic Egyptians
- 66. At which site were houses with stone foundation slabs found?
A) Afyeh
B) Nag el-Hamdulab
C) Sayala
D) Qustul
- 67. During what years did excavations take place at Qustul?
A) 1960–64
B) 1980–84
C) 1950–54
D) 1970–74
- 68. Who wrote that the Qustul incense burner provides evidence of a pivotal change to Egyptian monumental art?
A) David Wengrow
B) Frank Yurco
C) David O'Connor
D) Bruce Williams
- 69. Where have the earliest representations of pharaonic iconography been excavated?
A) Afyeh
B) Qustul
C) Nag el-Hamdulab
D) Sayala
- 70. What skill were the Nubians known for according to Egyptian writings?
A) Archery
B) Metalworking
C) Pottery making
D) Shipbuilding
- 71. Whose burials contained very few Nubian craft goods, according to Kathryn Bard?
A) First Dynasty pharaohs
B) Upper Egyptian royalty
C) Naqada cultural burials
D) Gash group burials
- 72. According to anthropologist Jane Hill, is there evidence that First Dynasty pharaohs buried at Abydos were of Nubian origin?
A) Uncertain
B) Yes
C) No
D) Only partially
- 73. Who was the Egyptian scholar and editor of UNESCO General History of Africa Volume II (1981)?
A) Kathryn Bard
B) Harkhuf
C) Jane Hill
D) Gamal Mokhtar
- 74. Why were Nubians more reticent in adopting writing, according to Mokhtar?
A) Lack of intelligence
B) Strict religious taboos
C) Preference for oral traditions
D) Higher reliance on mobile, stock-raising
- 75. What was the uniform culture of nomadic herders that existed from 3000 to 1500 BC called?
A) The Naqada people
B) The A-Group
C) The Gash group
D) The C-Group
- 76. What group developed into the Middle phase Kerma group?
A) Pre-Kerma
B) Naqada people
C) A-Group
D) Gash group
- 77. Which Egyptian official mentioned that Irtjet, Setjet, and Wawat combined under a single ruler?
A) Kathryn Bard
B) Bonnet
C) Harkhuf
D) Gamal Mokhtar
- 78. Where was Shaat centered?
A) Upper Egypt
B) The Naqada region
C) Kerma
D) Sai island
- 79. Who posits that Kush actually ruled all of Upper Nubia?
A) Harkhuf
B) Bonnet
C) Gamal Mokhtar
D) Jane Hill
- 80. Who were some of the Pan Grave people likely to be?
A) The Medjay
B) The Egyptians
C) The Hyksos
D) The A-group people
- 81. What was one feature of the Pan Grave culture?
A) Cremation
B) Mummification
C) Pyramid construction
D) Shallow grave burial
- 82. Did the Pan Grave and C-Group interact?
A) No, they avoided each other completely
B) Only through military conflict
C) Yes, they definitely interacted
D) Only after 1525 BC
- 83. What did the Egyptians refer to Upper Nubia as?
A) Yam
B) Setju
C) Irtjet
D) Wawat
- 84. What term did the C-Group culture likely use for themselves as an ethnonym?
A) Nehasyu
B) Wawat
C) Medjay
D) Yam
- 85. What was the southern limit of Egyptian control at the time of trade with Nubia?
A) Thebes
B) Buhen
C) Aswan
D) Semna
- 86. Where did Nubian bowmen settle during the First Intermediate Period?
A) Gebelein
B) Buhen
C) Aswan
D) Thebes
- 87. Who expressed the view that Mentuhotep II of the 11th Dynasty was quite possibly of Nubian origin?
A) Dietrich Wildung
B) Richard Loban
C) Frank Yurco
D) Sesostris III
- 88. Which pharaoh of the Seventeenth Dynasty was identified by Frank Yurco as having Nubian features?
A) Sesostris III
B) Sequenre Tao
C) Amenemhet I
D) Mentuhotep II
- 89. Where were the Medjay most notable for protecting royal palaces and tombs?
A) Buhen
B) Gebelein
C) Thebes
D) Semna
- 90. Who excavated sites at the royal city of Kerma and found distinctive Nubian architecture?
A) Flinders Petrie
B) Davies
C) Howard Carter
D) George Andrew Reisner
- 91. What was the diameter of the large pebble-covered tombs found by George Andrew Reisner?
A) 50 meters
B) 100 meters
C) 25 meters
D) 90 meters
- 92. Who led the joint British Museum and Egyptian archaeological team mentioned in the text?
A) Reisner
B) Belzoni
C) Champollion
D) Davies
- 93. Which indigenous group in Lower Nubia merged with remaining Egyptians in garrison towns?
A) Cushites
B) Thebans
C) C-group
D) Hyksos
- 94. What features were found in the rich tombs of Kerma besides possessions for the afterlife?
A) Large human sacrifices
B) Written legal codes
C) Bronze statues of Egyptian gods
D) Chariots and horses
- 95. Who recorded the primitive working conditions for the slaves in the gold mines?
A) Diodorus Siculus
B) Barbara Lesko
C) Flinders Petrie
D) Elena Vassilika
- 96. What is the name of one of the oldest known maps of a gold mine, dating to about 1160 BC?
A) Turin Papyrus Map
B) Theban Papyrus Map
C) Napata Road Map
D) Kushite Survey Map
- 97. Which queen was thought by Flinders Petrie to be of Nubian origin because she is often depicted with black skin?
A) Ahmose-Nefertari
B) Cleopatra
C) Hatshepsut
D) Nefertiti
- 98. In which tomb is Ahmose-Nefertari represented with the same light skin as other individuals before her deification?
A) TT1070
B) TT1160
C) TT161
D) TT15
- 99. In which tomb does the earliest black skin depiction of Ahmose-Nefertari appear, c. 150 years after her death?
A) TT1160
B) TT1070
C) TT161
D) TT15
- 100. What skin color does Ahmose-Nefertari's coffin portrait give her, according to Barbara Lesko?
A) Dark black
B) Bright white
C) Typical light yellow
D) Deep red
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