Biostatistics - Exam
  • 1. Biostatistics is a branch of statistics that deals with data related to living organisms. It involves the design, analysis, and interpretation of data in fields such as biology, medicine, public health, and environmental science. Biostatistics plays a crucial role in research studies, clinical trials, and public health initiatives by providing statistical methods to analyze data, draw conclusions, and make informed decisions. It helps in understanding patterns of diseases, identifying risk factors, evaluating treatment interventions, and predicting health outcomes. Biostatisticians use their expertise in statistical theory and methods to address complex research questions and contribute to advancements in health science and policy.

    What is the purpose of hypothesis testing in biostatistics?
A) To prove a hypothesis with 100% certainty.
B) To determine if there is enough evidence to reject a null hypothesis.
C) To calculate standard deviation.
D) To estimate the population mean.
  • 2. In a clinical trial, what is the role of a control group?
A) To analyze the results.
B) To provide a baseline for comparison to the treatment group.
C) To collect data from participants.
D) To administer the treatment to participants.
  • 3. Which type of study design is best suited for determining cause and effect relationships?
A) Randomized Controlled Trial
B) Cross-Sectional Study
C) Case-Control Study
D) Observational Study
  • 4. Which statistical test can be used to compare more than two group means?
A) Two-Sample t-test
B) Paired t-test
C) ANOVA
D) Chi-Square Test
  • 5. What is the purpose of regression analysis?
A) To explore the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
B) To calculate probabilities.
C) To determine central tendency.
D) To estimate population parameters.
  • 6. Which type of sampling technique divides a population into subgroups and then samples each subgroup?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Systematic Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
  • 7. What does p-value indicate in hypothesis testing?
A) The probability of obtaining results as extreme as the observed results, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
B) The strength of the relationship between variables.
C) The sample size required for the study.
D) The confidence interval of the estimate.
  • 8. What is sensitivity in the context of diagnostic testing?
A) The proportion of true negative results among all individuals without the condition.
B) The proportion of false negative results.
C) The proportion of true positive results among all individuals with the condition.
D) The proportion of false positive results.
  • 9. What is biostatistics also referred to as?
A) Biometry
B) Biomechanics
C) Biomathematics
D) Bioinformatics
  • 10. Which field is closely related to medical statistics?
A) Biostatistics
B) Pharmacology
C) Epidemiology
D) Pathology
  • 11. Who started genetics studies by investigating segregation patterns in pea families?
A) Francis Galton
B) William Bateson
C) Gregor Mendel
D) Charles Darwin
  • 12. Who strongly disagreed with Galton's ideas on heredity?
A) Raphael Weldon
B) William Bateson
C) Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire
D) Karl Pearson
  • 13. Which group supported Mendel's ideas on genetic inheritance?
A) Neo-Darwinians
B) Darwinists
C) Mendelians
D) Biometricians
  • 14. Who developed the ANOVA and p-value concepts?
A) Betty Allan
B) Ronald Fisher
C) Sewall G. Wright
D) J. B. S. Haldane
  • 15. Who developed F-statistics and methods of computing them?
A) Ronald Fisher
B) Sewall G. Wright
C) J. B. S. Haldane
D) Betty Allan
  • 16. What did J. B. S. Haldane's book reestablish as the premier mechanism of evolution?
A) Gene flow
B) Natural selection
C) Genetic drift
D) Mutation
  • 17. Who banned the Friden calculator from his department at Caltech?
A) Ronald Fisher
B) Sewall G. Wright
C) J. B. S. Haldane
D) Thomas Hunt Morgan
  • 18. Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of experimental statistics?
A) Randomization
B) Sample size determination
C) Local control
D) Replication
  • 19. What should guide the formulation of a research question?
A) The experimental design.
B) An exhaustive literature review.
C) Data analysis perspectives.
D) Cost considerations.
  • 20. Which component of research planning involves defining how to ask a scientific question?
A) Data analysis perspectives.
B) Experimental design.
C) Costs involved.
D) The research question.
  • 21. Which principle of experimental statistics helps to eliminate bias?
A) Replication
B) Randomization
C) Local control
D) Cost estimation
  • 22. What is the first step in defining a research question according to the text?
A) Determining data collection methods.
B) Conducting an exhaustive literature review.
C) Outlining experimental design.
D) Estimating costs.
  • 23. In the formula for arithmetic mean, what does '∑' represent?
A) Summation
B) Division
C) Product
D) Difference
  • 24. Which cloud service provider is mentioned as a tool for statistical analysis in biological data?
A) Google Cloud Platform
B) Microsoft Azure
C) IBM Cloud
D) Amazon Web Services
  • 25. Which software is used for linear algebra computations?
A) LAPACK
B) NumPy
C) SciPy
D) SageMath
  • 26. What does a Pearson correlation coefficient value of -1 indicate?
A) A perfect negative correlation
B) No linear correlation
C) An undefined relationship
D) A perfect positive correlation
  • 27. Which database is dedicated to Arabidopsis thaliana?
A) TAIR
B) dbSNP
C) KEGG
D) Phytozome
  • 28. Which database stores assemblies and annotation files of dozens of plant genomes?
A) TAIR
B) dbSNP
C) KEGG
D) Phytozome
  • 29. What is another term for a scatter plot?
A) Line graph
B) Pie chart
C) Scatter chart
D) Bar diagram
  • 30. What is a scatter plot also known as?
A) Histogram
B) Pie chart
C) Bar chart
D) Scattergram
  • 31. Which distribution was initially used for RNA-Seq counts data but underestimated sample error?
A) Negative Binomial
B) Poisson
C) Normal
D) Binomial
  • 32. What major initiative relates data from DDBJ, EMBL-EBI, and NCBI?
A) Bioinformatics Data Consortium
B) World Data Exchange Program
C) International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC)
D) Global Genome Initiative
  • 33. What does a significance level (α) represent in hypothesis testing?
A) The acceptable error rate when deciding statistical significance
B) The probability that the null hypothesis is true
C) The range of values for a confidence interval
D) The correlation coefficient between two variables
  • 34. Which statistical models are used to perform tests for statistical significance in RNA-Seq data analysis?
A) Chi-square tests
B) Generalized linear models
C) ANOVA
D) Linear regression models
  • 35. Which type of graph is best suited for showing changes over time?
A) Line graph
B) Pie chart
C) Histogram
D) Bar chart
  • 36. What is a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on?
A) Recombination frequency.
B) Linkage disequilibrium.
C) Quantitative trait loci.
D) Genomic selection.
  • 37. Which biostatistical method has gained popularity for statistical classification?
A) Re-sampling methods
B) Random forests
C) Bootstrapping
D) Decision trees
  • 38. What does marker-assisted selection aim to improve?
A) Genomic selection models.
B) Quantitative trait mapping.
C) Clinical decision support systems.
D) Breeding outcomes in agriculture.
  • 39. Which software package allows for variance component estimation under a general linear mixed model using REML?
A) ASReml
B) CycDesigN
C) SAS
D) Orange
  • 40. How does a well-defined research question benefit the scientific community?
A) By adding value through novel insights.
B) By simplifying data analysis.
C) By minimizing costs.
D) By reducing the need for replication.
  • 41. In a line graph, which axis typically represents time?
A) The vertical axis
B) Both axes equally represent time
C) The horizontal axis
D) Time is not represented in a line graph
  • 42. What is the formula for calculating the total number of observations (N) in a frequency table?
A) N = f1 + f2 + f3 + ... + fn
B) N = fi / N
C) N = fi * N
D) N = fi - N
  • 43. Which programming language is associated with deep-learning and image analysis in bioinformatics?
A) Python
B) R
C) SAS
D) SQL
  • 44. Which programming language is known for its open-source environment and statistical computing capabilities, with packages available on CRAN?
A) R
B) MATLAB
C) Python
D) SQL
  • 45. Which symbol represents the arithmetic mean in mathematical notation?
A) i
B) Σ
C) n
D) x̄
  • 46. What technique considers the perturbation of whole gene sets rather than single genes?
A) Next-generation sequencing
B) Linear discriminant analysis
C) Principal component analysis
D) Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA)
  • 47. Which aspect of research planning involves determining how to collect data?
A) Data collection methods.
B) Research question formulation.
C) Cost estimation.
D) Hypothesis testing.
  • 48. Which database is used for indexing scientific articles?
A) PubMed
B) dbSNP
C) Gene Ontology
D) KEGG
  • 49. What is the term for high intercorrelation between predictors in biostatistical settings?
A) Gene Set Enrichment Analysis
B) Principal component analysis
C) Dimensionality reduction
D) Multicollinearity
  • 50. Which software is a Java-based tool for machine learning and data mining?
A) Weka
B) SAS
C) Orange
D) R
  • 51. Which biostatistical method helps in reducing dimensionality by transforming predictors into a smaller set of uncorrelated components?
A) Logistic regression
B) Principal component analysis
C) Linear regression
D) Gene Set Enrichment Analysis
  • 52. Which software supports Quantitative Response Assays for regulated environments such as drug testing?
A) PLA 3.0
B) Apache Spark
C) SAS
D) Weka
  • 53. In which field is the design and analysis of clinical trials particularly important?
A) Quantitative genetics
B) Systems medicine
C) Animal breeding
D) Public health
  • 54. Which tool is used for high-level data processing, data mining, and visualization?
A) CycDesigN
B) PLA 3.0
C) Orange
D) ASReml
  • 55. Which mapping algorithm is not commonly used in QTL mapping?
A) Composite Interval Mapping
B) Interval Mapping
C) None of the above
D) Multiple Interval Mapping
  • 56. Which database focuses on SNPs?
A) dbSNP
B) KEGG
C) PubMed
D) Gene Ontology
  • 57. Who introduced histograms as a graphical representation?
A) John Tukey
B) Francis Galton
C) Ronald Fisher
D) Karl Pearson
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