Hernán Cortés - Quiz
Hernán Cortés
  • 1. In what year did Velázquez put Cortés in command of an expedition?
A) 1518
B) 1519
C) 1520
D) 1517
  • 2. What was the purpose of the expedition Velázquez put Cortés in command of?
A) To map the coastline of Florida
B) To establish a trade route to Asia
C) To explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization
D) To conquer South America and find spices
  • 3. Why did Velázquez change his mind and revoke Cortés's charter?
A) Because Cortés lacked sailing experience
B) Because the King ordered him to cancel it
C) Due to an old argument between the two
D) Because Cortés ran out of money
  • 4. In what month and year did Cortés set sail in open mutiny?
A) December 1518
B) March 1520
C) February 1519
D) January 1518
  • 5. Where did Cortés stop to hire more soldiers and obtain more horses?
A) Veracruz
B) Trinidad, Cuba
C) Havana, Cuba
D) San Juan de Ulúa
  • 6. How many ships accompanied Cortés when he landed on the Yucatán Peninsula?
A) About 11 ships
B) About 2 ships
C) About 5 ships
D) About 20 ships
  • 7. How many men accompanied Cortés initially on his expedition?
A) 200 men
B) 500 men
C) 1,100 men
D) 600 men
  • 8. What type of slaves were included among Cortés's men?
A) Newly captured slaves from the African coast
B) Skilled blacksmiths and shipbuilders from Spain
C) Translators captured in the Caribbean
D) "Seasoned" slaves accustomed to the climate, foods, and diseases of post-1492 America
  • 9. How many horses did Cortés have when he landed in Maya territory?
A) 5 horses
B) 15 horses
C) 13 horses
D) 50 horses
  • 10. Where did Cortés land after leaving Cuba?
A) Tenochtitlán
B) Veracruz
C) San Juan de Ulúa
D) The Yucatán Peninsula in Maya territory
  • 11. Who did Cortés encounter in Maya territory who had survived a shipwreck?
A) Xicotencatl the Elder
B) Pánfilo de Narváez
C) Geronimo de Aguilar
D) Pedro de Alvarado
  • 12. What was Geronimo de Aguilar's profession before his shipwreck?
A) Spanish merchant
B) Spanish soldier
C) Spanish Franciscan priest
D) Portuguese navigator
  • 13. What language had Geronimo de Aguilar learned during his captivity with the Maya?
A) Chontal Maya language
B) Quechua
C) Nahuatl language
D) Latin
  • 14. How would you describe Cortés's military experience before the expedition?
A) Gained in previous South American campaigns
B) Highly praised by Velázquez
C) Almost nonexistent
D) Extensive and decorated
  • 15. In what month and year did Cortés formally claim the land for the Spanish crown?
A) February 1519
B) November 1519
C) July 1519
D) March 1519
  • 16. After winning a battle against American Indians in Tabasco, how many young Amerindian women did Cortés receive?
A) Fifty
B) Twenty
C) Ten
D) Five
  • 17. What did Cortés do with the twenty young Amerindian women he received in Tabasco?
A) He sent them back to Spain
B) He converted them all to Christianity
C) He traded them for horses
D) He freed them immediately
  • 18. Who was Cortés's future mistress and the mother of his son Martín?
A) Xicotencatl
B) Pitalpitoque
C) La Malinche
D) Tendile
  • 19. What languages did La Malinche know, allowing communication with the Aztecs through Aguilar?
A) Spanish and Latin
B) Nahuatl and Chontal Maya
C) Chontal Maya and Spanish
D) Quechua and Nahuatl
  • 20. Who were the Aztec Empire governors Cortés met at San Juan de Ulúa on Easter Sunday 1519?
A) Narváez and Alvarado
B) Moctezuma II and Xicotencatl
C) Tendile and Pitalpitoque
D) Maxixcatzin and Aguilar
  • 21. In what month and year did Cortés's men take over Veracruz?
A) July 1519
B) April 1520
C) March 1519
D) August 1519
  • 22. By taking over Veracruz, whose authority did Cortés dismiss to place himself directly under King Charles?
A) The Council of the Indies
B) The Viceroy of Peru
C) The Bishop of Burgos
D) The governor of Cuba
  • 23. What drastic action did Cortés take in Veracruz to eliminate any ideas of retreat?
A) He scuttled his ships
B) He executed his captains
C) He gave away all his weapons
D) He burned all the food supplies
  • 24. Who was the tlatoani (ruler) of the Aztec Empire whom Cortés wanted to meet?
A) Moctezuma II
B) Xicotencatl
C) Pitalpitoque
D) Tendile
  • 25. When did Cortés march on Tenochtitlán?
A) November 1519
B) February 1519
C) July 1519
D) Mid-August 1519
  • 26. How many men did Cortés leave behind in Veracruz when marching on Tenochtitlán?
A) Two hundred men
B) Fifty men
C) A hundred men
D) Five hundred men
  • 27. How many soldiers accompanied Cortés on his march to Tenochtitlán?
A) 1,100 soldiers
B) 1,000 soldiers
C) 500 soldiers
D) 600 soldiers
  • 28. How many horsemen accompanied Cortés on his march to Tenochtitlán?
A) 15 horsemen
B) 25 horsemen
C) 13 horsemen
D) 60 horsemen
  • 29. Which American Indian groups did Cortés make strong alliances with on the way to Tenochtitlán?
A) The Totonacs of Cempoala and the Nahuas of Tlaxcala
B) The Otomis and the Cholulans
C) The Aztecs and the Mayas
D) The people of Tabasco and Hispaniola
  • 30. Which groups clashed with the Spanish in a series of three battles from 2 to 5 September 1519?
A) The Totonacs and the Aztecs
B) The Otomis and then the Tlaxcalans
C) The forces of Velázquez and Narváez
D) The Cholulans and the Mayas
  • 31. Who persuaded Tlaxcalan warleader Xicotencatl the Younger to ally with the Spanish?
A) Moctezuma II and Tendile
B) Xicotencatl the Elder and Maxixcatzin
C) Geronimo de Aguilar and La Malinche
D) Pedro de Alvarado and Pánfilo de Narváez
  • 32. In what month and year did Cortés and his men march to Cholula?
A) August 1519
B) October 1519
C) November 1519
D) July 1519
  • 33. What was Cholula's status in central Mexico?
A) The second-largest pre-Columbian city
B) The capital of the Aztec Empire
C) The largest port city
D) The religious center of the Tlaxcalans
  • 34. How many Tlaxcalteca accompanied Cortés to Cholula?
A) About 5,000
B) About 1,000
C) About 500
D) About 100
  • 35. What action did Cortés take in Cholula against the unarmed nobility gathered at the central plaza?
A) He forced them to rebuild his ships
B) He converted them to Christianity and released them
C) He took them all as hostages to Tenochtitlán
D) He massacred thousands of them and partially burned the city
  • 36. On what exact date were the Spaniards peacefully received by Moctezuma II in Tenochtitlán?
A) 30 June 1520
B) 25 September 1519
C) 8 November 1519
D) 1 July 1520
  • 37. Why did Moctezuma deliberately let Cortés enter the island city of Tenochtitlán?
A) To establish a joint trade agreement
B) Because he believed Cortés was truly a god
C) Hoping to get to know their weaknesses better and crush them later
D) To surrender his empire peacefully
  • 38. What gifts did Moctezuma give to the Spaniards that excited their ambitions for plunder?
A) Silver and precious textiles
B) Cattle and horses
C) Lavish gifts of gold
D) Spices and cocoa beans
  • 39. According to Cortés's letters to King Charles, who did the Aztecs believe Cortés might be?
A) An Aztec ancestor returned from the dead
B) Quetzalcoatl or an emissary of Quetzalcoatl
C) The sun god Huitzilopochtli
D) The governor of Cuba
  • 40. What news made Cortés decide to take Moctezuma as a hostage in his palace?
A) Moctezuma had fled the capital city
B) Narváez had landed with a large army
C) Several Spaniards on the coast had been killed by Aztecs while supporting the Totonacs
D) Tlaxcala had broken their alliance
  • 41. Who led the second expedition sent by Velázquez to oppose Cortés?
A) Geronimo de Aguilar
B) Xicotencatl the Younger
C) Pánfilo de Narváez
D) Pedro de Alvarado
  • 42. In what month and year did Pánfilo de Narváez arrive in Mexico?
A) November 1519
B) June 1520
C) July 1519
D) April 1520
  • 43. How many men did Pánfilo de Narváez bring with him to Mexico?
A) 1,100 men
B) 500 men
C) 200 men
D) 600 men
  • 44. How many men did Cortés leave behind in Tenochtitlán when he went to confront Narváez?
A) 200 men
B) 100 men
C) 600 men
D) 1,000 men
  • 45. What was the outcome of the confrontation between Cortés and Narváez?
A) Narváez defeated Cortés and imprisoned him in Veracruz
B) They negotiated a treaty to share Mexico
C) Cortés was captured and sent back to Cuba
D) Cortés overcame Narváez and convinced his men to join him
  • 46. Which of Cortés's lieutenants committed a massacre in the Great Temple that triggered a local rebellion?
A) Pánfilo de Narváez
B) Tendile
C) Geronimo de Aguilar
D) Pedro de Alvarado
  • 47. On what date was Moctezuma killed?
A) 8 November 1519
B) 1 July 1520
C) 25 September 1519
D) 30 June 1520
  • 48. According to Spanish accounts, how was Moctezuma killed?
A) He was poisoned by Pedro de Alvarado
B) He was executed by Cortés for treason
C) He was stoned to death by his own people
D) He died of a sudden illness in the palace
  • 49. What alternative claim is made regarding Moctezuma's death?
A) He was killed by Tlaxcalan warriors during a raid
B) He committed ritual suicide in the Great Temple
C) He escaped the city and died in the jungle
D) He was murdered by the Spaniards once they realized his inability to placate the locals
  • 50. Where did Cortés decide to flee after facing a hostile population in Tenochtitlán?
A) Havana
B) Veracruz
C) Cholula
D) Tlaxcala
  • 51. During what dates did the Noche Triste take place?
A) 2 – 5 September 1519
B) April – May 1520
C) 8 November 1519
D) 30 June – 1 July 1520
  • 52. Across which causeway did the Spaniards make their narrow escape from Tenochtitlán?
A) The Cholula causeway
B) The Veracruz causeway
C) The Cempoala causeway
D) The Tlacopan causeway
  • 53. What happened to the rearguard of the Spaniards during their escape from Tenochtitlán?
A) They captured the Aztec leaders
B) They were massacred
C) They successfully held off the Aztecs
D) They deserted and joined Moctezuma
  • 54. What was lost during the panicked escape from Tenochtitlán besides much of the looted treasure?
A) Geronimo de Aguilar
B) All of their horses
C) La Malinche
D) His artillery
  • 55. Which German artist created an illustration of Hernán Cortés in his Trachtenbuch?
A) Bernal Díaz del Castillo
B) Christoph Weiditz
C) Francisco López de Gómara
D) Bartolomé de las Casas
  • 56. Whose written account provides a detailed description of Cortés's physical appearance?
A) Bartolomé de las Casas
B) Christoph Weiditz
C) Francisco López de Gómara
D) Bernal Díaz del Castillo
  • 57. How was the color of Cortés's face described by Bernal Díaz del Castillo?
A) Darkly tanned
B) Somewhat grey
C) Very pale
D) Bright and rosy
  • 58. Around what year was Hernán Cortés born?
A) 1492
B) 1450
C) 1504
D) 1485
  • 59. What was the name of Cortés's mother?
A) Catalína Pizarro
B) Juana Cortés
C) Isabella of Castile
D) Leonor Sanchez Pizarro
  • 60. Who conquered the Inca Empire according to the text?
A) Francisco Pizarro
B) Christopher Columbus
C) Hernán Cortés
D) Martín Cortés
  • 61. At what age was Cortés sent to study Latin?
A) 18
B) 12
C) 14
D) 16
  • 62. What career had Cortés's parents hoped he would be equipped for?
A) A military career
B) A career in farming
C) A profitable legal career
D) The priesthood
  • 63. Where did Cortés gain experience as a notary after Valladolid?
A) Extremadura
B) Hispaniola
C) Medellín
D) Salamanca
  • 64. Whose discoveries in the New World were trending back in Spain during Cortés's youth?
A) Bartolomé de las Casas
B) Hernán Cortés
C) Francisco Pizarro
D) Christopher Columbus
  • 65. In what year did Hernán Cortés die?
A) 1541
B) 1519
C) 1547
D) 1843
  • 66. What empire did Cortés conquer?
A) Maya Empire
B) Spanish Empire
C) Aztec Empire
D) Inca Empire
  • 67. What was the name of Cortés's personal interpreter?
A) Doña Marina
B) Catalina
C) Juana
D) Isabella
  • 68. In what year did Cortés return to Spain for the last time?
A) 1547
B) 1519
C) 1541
D) 1843
  • 69. What was Cortés's role in the second Spanish town founded in Cuba?
A) Governor
B) Viceroy
C) Captain General
D) Alcalde
  • 70. Who wrote 'Conquest of Mexico' in 1843?
A) Hernán Cortés
B) Diego Velázquez
C) Antonio de Mendoza
D) William H. Prescott
  • 71. To whom did Cortés write letters directly to ask for acknowledgement instead of punishment?
A) The Pope
B) The governor of Cuba
C) The viceroy
D) The king
  • 72. Who commanded the ship that took Cortés to Hispaniola?
A) Francisco Hernández de Córdoba
B) Diego Velázquez
C) Alonso Quintero
D) Juan de Grijalva
  • 73. What was the capital of Hispaniola where Cortés arrived in 1504?
A) Santo Domingo
B) Cádiz
C) Santiago
D) Azua de Compostela
  • 74. How old was Cortés when he arrived in Hispaniola and registered as a citizen?
A) 21
B) 15
C) 18
D) 26
  • 75. What official position was Cortés appointed to in the town of Azua de Compostela?
A) Governor
B) Municipal magistrate
C) Treasurer
D) Notary
  • 76. In which years did Cortés take part in the conquests of Hispaniola and Cuba?
A) 1504
B) 1511
C) 1506
D) 1518
  • 77. How old was Cortés when he was made clerk to the treasurer in Cuba?
A) 26
B) 18
C) 22
D) 30
  • 78. What is the term for the customary one-fifth of the profits from the expedition meant for the Crown?
A) Bonanza
B) Alcalde
C) Encomienda
D) Quinto
  • 79. What political position did Governor Velázquez appoint Cortés to in Santiago?
A) Treasurer
B) Captain general
C) Municipal magistrate
D) Governor's secretary
  • 80. Who was the sister-in-law of Governor Velázquez that Cortés became romantically involved with?
A) Grijalva
B) Taíno
C) Catalina Xuárez
D) Alonso Quintero
  • 81. What did Cortés construct in the lake during the siege to avoid urban fighting?
A) Galleons
B) Rafts
C) Fortresses
D) Brigantines
  • 82. To which location did the Mexicas fall back during the siege?
A) Tlaxcala
B) Pánuco
C) Tlatelolco
D) Cuba
  • 83. Who was the tlatoani of Tenochtitlán whose capture on August 13, 1521, marked the conquest of the Aztecs?
A) Cuauhtémoc
B) Antonio de Villafana
C) Francisco de Garay
D) Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
  • 84. What title was NOT given to Cortés by King Charles?
A) Captain general
B) Chief justice
C) Governor
D) Viceroy
  • 85. How many royal officials were appointed to assist and closely observe Cortés in his governing?
A) Three
B) Two
C) Five
D) Four
  • 86. What system was imposed by Cortés in 1524 after extending Spanish rule?
A) The mita system
B) The hacienda system
C) The feudal system
D) The encomienda system
  • 87. In what year was the royal grant of arms given to Cortés?
A) 1526
B) 1529
C) 1522
D) 1525
  • 88. Whose authority did Cortés flout when sailing to the mainland?
A) Martín Cortés
B) Moctezuma
C) Diego Velázquez
D) Cuauhtemoc
  • 89. How many Aztec emperors are represented by the three crowns in one of the quadrants?
A) Three
B) Four
C) Two
D) Seven
  • 90. How are the defeated lords of the city-states depicted in the coat of arms?
A) As prisoners bound with a chain closed with a lock beneath the shield
B) As headless statues surrounding the shield
C) As rulers sitting on golden thrones
D) As soldiers holding swords
  • 91. What was the popular nickname for Cortés's illegitimate son Martín?
A) "Don Martín"
B) "The Conqueror"
C) "The Marquess"
D) "El Mestizo"
  • 92. In what year was Cortés accorded the noble designation of don?
A) 1522
B) 1529
C) 1526
D) 1525
  • 93. How many children were produced by Cortés's marriage to Doña Juana de Zúñiga?
A) One child
B) Two children
C) Three children
D) Four children
  • 94. Whom did Cortés ask the king to petition for special powers for the religious orders?
A) The local indigenous leaders
B) The Council of the Indies
C) The general of each order
D) The pope
  • 95. When did the first group of Franciscans arrive in Mexico?
A) May 1524
B) December 1530
C) January 1521
D) May 1519
  • 96. What title did the Franciscans use to describe Cortés for opening Mexico to Christian evangelization?
A) The protector of the realm
B) The defender of the faith
C) The new Moses
D) The apostle of the West
  • 97. In what year did Motolinia write his response praising Cortés in defense against Bartolomé de Las Casas?
A) 1524
B) 1555
C) 1519
D) 1585
  • 98. How many officials made up the Tribunal de Cuentas set up by Charles V?
A) Four
B) Six
C) Five
D) Three
  • 99. Who persuaded the Council of the Indies in Seville to release Salazar and Almíndez Chirino?
A) Albornoz
B) Zuazo
C) Estrada
D) Cortés
  • 100. When did Cortés sail for Spain to appeal directly to Emperor Charles V?
A) Mid 1527
B) 1524
C) Late 1526
D) Early 1528
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