Linear particle accelerator - Quiz
Linear particle accelerator
  • 1. Who proposed the principles for the linear particle accelerator in 1924?
A) Gustav Ising
B) Luis Alvarez
C) Rolf Widerøe
D) William Hansen
  • 2. Where was the first working linear particle accelerator constructed?
A) Stanford University
B) CERN
C) RWTH Aachen University
D) Brookhaven National Laboratory
  • 3. What is the primary function of a linac in radiation therapy?
A) Produce heavy ions for collisions
B) Create radioactive isotopes
C) Store particles for future use
D) Generate X-rays and high energy electrons
  • 4. What type of oscillator did Rolf Widerøe use for his 1928 linac?
A) Superconducting cavity
B) 25kV vacuum tube oscillator
C) Spark gap
D) Radio-frequency quadrupole
  • 5. What was the main difference between the Alvarez linac and the Wideroe type?
A) RF power is applied to the entire resonant chamber
B) It did not use drift tubes
C) It used a spark gap as the source
D) It only accelerated electrons
  • 6. What was achieved by the first Alvarez linac in 1947?
A) Proton energies of 31.5 MeV
B) Sodium ions at 50 keV
C) Electrons at 50 GeV
D) Proton energies of 6 MeV
  • 7. What component was added to drift tubes in the 1950s to improve beam focus?
A) Vacuum tube oscillators
B) Quadrupole magnets
C) Superconducting coils
D) Waveguide discs
  • 8. Who constructed the first travelling-wave electron accelerator at Stanford in 1947?
A) William Hansen
B) I. M. Kapchinsky
C) Gustav Ising
D) Luis Alvarez
  • 9. What is the primary advantage of superconducting radio frequency cavities?
A) No need for vacuum chambers
B) Higher efficiency with less power loss to heat
C) Smaller physical size for the same energy
D) Ability to accelerate protons to higher speeds than electrons
  • 10. What device was proposed by Kapchinsky and Teplyakov in 1970 to focus and accelerate hadrons?
A) Vacuum tube oscillator
B) Drift tube linac
C) Radio-frequency quadrupole
D) Travelling-wave accelerator
  • 11. How long is the linac at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory?
A) 1 kilometer
B) 100 meters
C) 3.2 kilometers
D) 88 inches
  • 12. What particles were accelerated by Widerøe in his initial experiments?
A) Electrons and positrons
B) Alpha particles
C) Protons and neutrons
D) Sodium and potassium ions
  • 13. Why can electrons be treated as having a constant velocity in electron linacs?
A) They are too heavy to accelerate further
B) They reach speeds close to light speed early on
C) They do not interact with waveguides
D) They are not affected by electric potentials
  • 14. What material is typically used for superconducting cavities?
A) Potassium
B) Copper
C) Sodium
D) Niobium alloys
  • 15. What serves as an example of a simple type of linac?
A) A radio-frequency quadrupole
B) Cathode-ray tube
C) A standard battery
D) A cyclotron
  • 16. What law describes the force experienced by a charged particle in an electromagnetic field?
A) Coulomb's law
B) Faraday's law
C) Lorentz force law
D) Newton's second law
  • 17. What limits the maximum constant voltage that can be applied across a gap?
A) Electrostatic breakdown
B) The speed of light
C) Magnetic field interference
D) Particle mass
  • 18. How must particles travel in RF acceleration systems?
A) As a continuous stream
B) In bunches
C) In random clusters
D) Stationary
  • 19. What happens to the gap separation as particles approach the speed of light?
A) It increases exponentially
B) It becomes constant
C) It fluctuates randomly
D) It decreases to zero
  • 20. What kind of field is responsible for accelerating the particles in an RF accelerator?
A) Gravitational field
B) Electric field
C) Nuclear field
D) Static magnetic field
  • 21. How long might a linear accelerator be if used as a synchrotron injector?
A) One centimeter
B) Several thousand meters
C) About ten meters
D) 0.5 to 1.5 meters
  • 22. What device is used to generate electrons in the particle source?
A) A synchrotron
B) A tungsten target
C) A vacuum pump
D) A photocathode
  • 23. What is the target material used when accelerating electrons for X-ray production?
A) Liquid helium
B) Uranium ions
C) Cold cathode iron
D) Water-cooled tungsten
  • 24. What is the formula for the total output energy of the particles?
A) E = qNVp
B) E = N / qVp
C) E = q + N + Vp
D) E = qVp / N
  • 25. What mechanism is used to maintain alignment in very long accelerators?
A) Servo systems guided by a laser beam
B) Manual adjustment by operators
C) Gravity-based leveling
D) Magnetic levitation of the entire pipe
  • 26. What is the phase difference between voltages on adjacent electrodes?
A) 180 degrees
B) 45 degrees
C) 360 degrees
D) 90 degrees
  • 27. What components are arranged in a series in an induction linear accelerator?
A) Klystron amplifiers
B) Ring-shaped ferrite cores
C) Gold-plated vacuum chambers
D) Superconducting niobium magnets
  • 28. Who is credited with the concept behind induction linear accelerators?
A) Albert Einstein
B) Niels Bohr
C) Enrico Fermi
D) Nicholas Christofilos
  • 29. What is the target energy of the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC)?
A) 1 giga-electron volt
B) 1 mega-electron volt
C) 1 peta-electron volt
D) 1 tera-electron volt
  • 30. What technology does CLIC use to extract power for the main accelerator?
A) Direct grid connection
B) A massive solar panel array
C) A second parallel electron linear accelerator
D) A nuclear reactor
  • 31. What is the intended acceleration field strength of the CLIC project?
A) 80 MV / m
B) 8 MV / m
C) 800 MV / m
D) 800 kV / m
  • 32. What limits the acceleration in traditional cavity resonators?
A) Thermal conductivity
B) Gravitational constant
C) Magnetic permeability
D) Dielectric strength
  • 33. What medium is used in Kielfeld accelerators to generate accelerating fields?
A) Liquid nitrogen
B) Plasma
C) Superconducting glass
D) Compressed air
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