- 1. Clinical immunology is the branch of medicine that focuses on diagnosing and treating disorders related to the immune system. This field encompasses a wide range of conditions, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and transplant rejection. Clinical immunologists work closely with patients to understand the underlying causes of their immune-related health issues and develop personalized treatment plans. They may utilize a variety of techniques, such as blood tests, imaging studies, and immunotherapy, to help manage and alleviate symptoms. By studying the body's immune responses, clinical immunologists play a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and enhancing overall quality of life.
What is the main function of T cells in immunology?
A) Producing antibodies
B) Regulating immune responses
C) Secreting cytokines
D) Phagocytosis
- 2. Which type of immunity is acquired through vaccination?
A) Innate immunity
B) Cell-mediated immunity
C) Adaptive immunity
D) Passive immunity
- 3. Which cells are responsible for antibody production?
A) T cells
B) Macrophages
C) NK cells
D) B cells
- 4. Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant in serum?
A) IgG
B) IgE
C) IgA
D) IgM
- 5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies?
A) Type II
B) Type III
C) Type IV
D) Type I
- 6. Which cells express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules?
A) Neutrophils
B) Cytotoxic T cells
C) NK cells
D) Antigen-presenting cells
- 7. Where do B cells mature and differentiate?
A) Bone marrow
B) Spleen
C) Thymus
D) Lymph nodes
- 8. What is the purpose of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the immune system?
A) Presenting antigens to T cells
B) Regulating inflammation
C) Producing antibodies
D) Directly killing pathogens
- 9. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex formation?
A) Type III
B) Type I
C) Type IV
D) Type II
- 10. What is the function of regulatory T cells?
A) Activating B cells
B) Suppressing immune responses
C) Killing infected cells
D) Producing antibodies
- 11. Which molecule is targeted by monoclonal antibody therapies in autoimmune diseases?
A) MHC molecules
B) Immunoglobulins
C) Cytokines
D) Complement proteins
- 12. Which cells secrete antibodies in response to antigens?
A) Mast cells
B) T cells
C) Plasma cells
D) Memory B cells
- 13. Which cells are responsible for immune surveillance against cancer cells?
A) Natural killer cells
B) Macrophages
C) Dendritic cells
D) Regulatory T cells
- 14. Where do T cells mature?
A) Lymph nodes
B) Thymus
C) Spleen
D) Bone marrow
- 15. Which immunodeficiency disorder is caused by a genetic defect in B cells?
A) X-linked agammaglobulinemia
B) SCID
C) Ataxia-telangiectasia
D) DiGeorge syndrome
- 16. Which cytokine promotes the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells?
A) IL-6
B) TNF-alpha
C) IFN-gamma
D) IL-2
- 17. Which type of immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins in the blood?
A) Ataxia-telangiectasia
B) CVID
C) Hypogammaglobulinemia
D) DiGeorge syndrome
- 18. Which antibody is involved in defense against parasites?
A) IgM
B) IgE
C) IgA
D) IgG
- 19. Which cytokine is responsible for promoting growth and differentiation of B cells?
A) Interferon-gamma
B) Tumor necrosis factor
C) Interleukin-10
D) Interleukin-4
- 20. Which immunoglobulin plays a role in mucosal immunity and provides passive immunity to infants through breast milk?
A) IgM
B) IgD
C) IgA
D) IgE
- 21. What is the primary function of toll-like receptors in the innate immune response?
A) Activate complement system
B) Induce antibody production
C) Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns
D) Regulate inflammation
- 22. Which of the following is not a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule?
A) CD8
B) HLA-DQ
C) HLA-DP
D) HLA-DR
- 23. What is the hallmark of a secondary immune response compared to a primary immune response?
A) Fewer memory cells generated
B) Decreased antibody production
C) Higher antigen dose required for response
D) Faster and more robust response
- 24. Which pattern recognition receptor is responsible for recognizing bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide?
A) TLR4
B) RIG-I
C) TLR9
D) NOD2
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