- 1. Clinical immunology is the branch of medicine that focuses on diagnosing and treating disorders related to the immune system. This field encompasses a wide range of conditions, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and transplant rejection. Clinical immunologists work closely with patients to understand the underlying causes of their immune-related health issues and develop personalized treatment plans. They may utilize a variety of techniques, such as blood tests, imaging studies, and immunotherapy, to help manage and alleviate symptoms. By studying the body's immune responses, clinical immunologists play a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and enhancing overall quality of life.
What is the main function of T cells in immunology?
A) Producing antibodies B) Regulating immune responses C) Secreting cytokines D) Phagocytosis
- 2. Which type of immunity is acquired through vaccination?
A) Innate immunity B) Cell-mediated immunity C) Adaptive immunity D) Passive immunity
- 3. Which cells are responsible for antibody production?
A) T cells B) Macrophages C) NK cells D) B cells
- 4. Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant in serum?
A) IgG B) IgE C) IgA D) IgM
- 5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies?
A) Type II B) Type III C) Type IV D) Type I
- 6. Which cells express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules?
A) Neutrophils B) Cytotoxic T cells C) NK cells D) Antigen-presenting cells
- 7. Where do B cells mature and differentiate?
A) Bone marrow B) Spleen C) Thymus D) Lymph nodes
- 8. What is the purpose of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the immune system?
A) Presenting antigens to T cells B) Regulating inflammation C) Producing antibodies D) Directly killing pathogens
- 9. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex formation?
A) Type III B) Type I C) Type IV D) Type II
- 10. What is the function of regulatory T cells?
A) Activating B cells B) Suppressing immune responses C) Killing infected cells D) Producing antibodies
- 11. Which molecule is targeted by monoclonal antibody therapies in autoimmune diseases?
A) MHC molecules B) Immunoglobulins C) Cytokines D) Complement proteins
- 12. Which cells secrete antibodies in response to antigens?
A) Mast cells B) T cells C) Plasma cells D) Memory B cells
- 13. Which cells are responsible for immune surveillance against cancer cells?
A) Natural killer cells B) Macrophages C) Dendritic cells D) Regulatory T cells
- 14. Where do T cells mature?
A) Lymph nodes B) Thymus C) Spleen D) Bone marrow
- 15. Which immunodeficiency disorder is caused by a genetic defect in B cells?
A) X-linked agammaglobulinemia B) SCID C) Ataxia-telangiectasia D) DiGeorge syndrome
- 16. Which cytokine promotes the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells?
A) IL-6 B) TNF-alpha C) IFN-gamma D) IL-2
- 17. Which type of immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins in the blood?
A) Ataxia-telangiectasia B) CVID C) Hypogammaglobulinemia D) DiGeorge syndrome
- 18. Which antibody is involved in defense against parasites?
A) IgM B) IgE C) IgA D) IgG
- 19. Which cytokine is responsible for promoting growth and differentiation of B cells?
A) Interferon-gamma B) Tumor necrosis factor C) Interleukin-10 D) Interleukin-4
- 20. Which immunoglobulin plays a role in mucosal immunity and provides passive immunity to infants through breast milk?
A) IgM B) IgD C) IgA D) IgE
- 21. What is the primary function of toll-like receptors in the innate immune response?
A) Activate complement system B) Induce antibody production C) Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns D) Regulate inflammation
- 22. Which of the following is not a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule?
A) CD8 B) HLA-DQ C) HLA-DP D) HLA-DR
- 23. What is the hallmark of a secondary immune response compared to a primary immune response?
A) Fewer memory cells generated B) Decreased antibody production C) Higher antigen dose required for response D) Faster and more robust response
- 24. Which pattern recognition receptor is responsible for recognizing bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide?
A) TLR4 B) RIG-I C) TLR9 D) NOD2
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