- 1. Clinical immunology is the branch of medicine that focuses on diagnosing and treating disorders related to the immune system. This field encompasses a wide range of conditions, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and transplant rejection. Clinical immunologists work closely with patients to understand the underlying causes of their immune-related health issues and develop personalized treatment plans. They may utilize a variety of techniques, such as blood tests, imaging studies, and immunotherapy, to help manage and alleviate symptoms. By studying the body's immune responses, clinical immunologists play a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and enhancing overall quality of life.
What is the main function of T cells in immunology?
A) Regulating immune responses
B) Producing antibodies
C) Phagocytosis
D) Secreting cytokines
- 2. Which type of immunity is acquired through vaccination?
A) Adaptive immunity
B) Passive immunity
C) Innate immunity
D) Cell-mediated immunity
- 3. Which cells are responsible for antibody production?
A) Macrophages
B) NK cells
C) T cells
D) B cells
- 4. Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant in serum?
A) IgE
B) IgM
C) IgA
D) IgG
- 5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies?
A) Type I
B) Type III
C) Type IV
D) Type II
- 6. Which cells express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules?
A) Neutrophils
B) Cytotoxic T cells
C) Antigen-presenting cells
D) NK cells
- 7. Where do B cells mature and differentiate?
A) Thymus
B) Lymph nodes
C) Bone marrow
D) Spleen
- 8. What is the purpose of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the immune system?
A) Regulating inflammation
B) Producing antibodies
C) Presenting antigens to T cells
D) Directly killing pathogens
- 9. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex formation?
A) Type III
B) Type I
C) Type II
D) Type IV
- 10. What is the function of regulatory T cells?
A) Activating B cells
B) Killing infected cells
C) Suppressing immune responses
D) Producing antibodies
- 11. Which molecule is targeted by monoclonal antibody therapies in autoimmune diseases?
A) Immunoglobulins
B) Cytokines
C) Complement proteins
D) MHC molecules
- 12. Which cells secrete antibodies in response to antigens?
A) Mast cells
B) T cells
C) Memory B cells
D) Plasma cells
- 13. Which cells are responsible for immune surveillance against cancer cells?
A) Macrophages
B) Natural killer cells
C) Dendritic cells
D) Regulatory T cells
- 14. Where do T cells mature?
A) Lymph nodes
B) Bone marrow
C) Spleen
D) Thymus
- 15. Which immunodeficiency disorder is caused by a genetic defect in B cells?
A) Ataxia-telangiectasia
B) SCID
C) DiGeorge syndrome
D) X-linked agammaglobulinemia
- 16. Which cytokine promotes the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells?
A) IFN-gamma
B) TNF-alpha
C) IL-2
D) IL-6
- 17. Which type of immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins in the blood?
A) DiGeorge syndrome
B) Ataxia-telangiectasia
C) CVID
D) Hypogammaglobulinemia
- 18. Which antibody is involved in defense against parasites?
A) IgE
B) IgA
C) IgM
D) IgG
- 19. Which cytokine is responsible for promoting growth and differentiation of B cells?
A) Tumor necrosis factor
B) Interferon-gamma
C) Interleukin-4
D) Interleukin-10
- 20. Which immunoglobulin plays a role in mucosal immunity and provides passive immunity to infants through breast milk?
A) IgM
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgA
- 21. What is the primary function of toll-like receptors in the innate immune response?
A) Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns
B) Induce antibody production
C) Activate complement system
D) Regulate inflammation
- 22. Which of the following is not a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule?
A) HLA-DP
B) HLA-DR
C) CD8
D) HLA-DQ
- 23. What is the hallmark of a secondary immune response compared to a primary immune response?
A) Fewer memory cells generated
B) Faster and more robust response
C) Higher antigen dose required for response
D) Decreased antibody production
- 24. Which pattern recognition receptor is responsible for recognizing bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide?
A) RIG-I
B) NOD2
C) TLR4
D) TLR9
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