- 1. Clinical immunology is the branch of medicine that focuses on diagnosing and treating disorders related to the immune system. This field encompasses a wide range of conditions, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and transplant rejection. Clinical immunologists work closely with patients to understand the underlying causes of their immune-related health issues and develop personalized treatment plans. They may utilize a variety of techniques, such as blood tests, imaging studies, and immunotherapy, to help manage and alleviate symptoms. By studying the body's immune responses, clinical immunologists play a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and enhancing overall quality of life.
What is the main function of T cells in immunology?
A) Phagocytosis B) Producing antibodies C) Secreting cytokines D) Regulating immune responses
- 2. Which type of immunity is acquired through vaccination?
A) Innate immunity B) Adaptive immunity C) Passive immunity D) Cell-mediated immunity
- 3. Which cells are responsible for antibody production?
A) NK cells B) B cells C) T cells D) Macrophages
- 4. Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant in serum?
A) IgM B) IgG C) IgE D) IgA
- 5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies?
A) Type IV B) Type III C) Type II D) Type I
- 6. Which cells express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules?
A) Cytotoxic T cells B) Antigen-presenting cells C) NK cells D) Neutrophils
- 7. Where do B cells mature and differentiate?
A) Lymph nodes B) Bone marrow C) Spleen D) Thymus
- 8. What is the purpose of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the immune system?
A) Regulating inflammation B) Presenting antigens to T cells C) Producing antibodies D) Directly killing pathogens
- 9. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex formation?
A) Type IV B) Type II C) Type I D) Type III
- 10. What is the function of regulatory T cells?
A) Killing infected cells B) Suppressing immune responses C) Producing antibodies D) Activating B cells
- 11. Which molecule is targeted by monoclonal antibody therapies in autoimmune diseases?
A) MHC molecules B) Immunoglobulins C) Complement proteins D) Cytokines
- 12. Which cells secrete antibodies in response to antigens?
A) Mast cells B) Plasma cells C) T cells D) Memory B cells
- 13. Which cells are responsible for immune surveillance against cancer cells?
A) Regulatory T cells B) Macrophages C) Natural killer cells D) Dendritic cells
- 14. Where do T cells mature?
A) Spleen B) Bone marrow C) Lymph nodes D) Thymus
- 15. Which immunodeficiency disorder is caused by a genetic defect in B cells?
A) X-linked agammaglobulinemia B) DiGeorge syndrome C) Ataxia-telangiectasia D) SCID
- 16. Which cytokine promotes the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells?
A) TNF-alpha B) IL-2 C) IL-6 D) IFN-gamma
- 17. Which type of immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins in the blood?
A) Hypogammaglobulinemia B) Ataxia-telangiectasia C) DiGeorge syndrome D) CVID
- 18. Which antibody is involved in defense against parasites?
A) IgE B) IgA C) IgM D) IgG
- 19. Which cytokine is responsible for promoting growth and differentiation of B cells?
A) Interleukin-4 B) Interleukin-10 C) Interferon-gamma D) Tumor necrosis factor
- 20. Which immunoglobulin plays a role in mucosal immunity and provides passive immunity to infants through breast milk?
A) IgE B) IgA C) IgM D) IgD
- 21. What is the primary function of toll-like receptors in the innate immune response?
A) Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns B) Induce antibody production C) Activate complement system D) Regulate inflammation
- 22. Which of the following is not a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule?
A) HLA-DQ B) HLA-DP C) CD8 D) HLA-DR
- 23. What is the hallmark of a secondary immune response compared to a primary immune response?
A) Fewer memory cells generated B) Faster and more robust response C) Higher antigen dose required for response D) Decreased antibody production
- 24. Which pattern recognition receptor is responsible for recognizing bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide?
A) TLR9 B) TLR4 C) RIG-I D) NOD2
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