A) Scientific study of crime and criminal behavior B) Study of police equipment C) Study of punishment only D) Study of government laws only
A) Edwin Sutherland B) Cesare Lombroso C) Cesare Beccaria D) Jeremy Bentham
A) Cesare Beccaria B) Enrico Ferri C) Cesare Lombroso D) Raffaele Garofalo
A) Travis Hirschi B) Jeremy Bentham C) Edwin Sutherland D) Raffaele Garofalo
A) Political campaigns B) Criminal behavior and crime C) Business management D) Weather conditions
A) Penology B) Sociology C) Anthropology D) Victimology
A) Victimology B) Penology C) Psychology D) Biology
A) Any act considered impolite B) An act or omission punishable by law C) Any behavior disliked by a person D) Any violation of family rules
A) Behavior that violates social norms B) Only a serious criminal offense C) A police investigation D) A court judgment
A) Becoming a crime victim B) Returning to criminal behavior C) Reporting a crime D) Committing a crime for the first time
A) Sociology B) Astronomy C) Chemistry D) Physics
A) Psychology B) Economics C) Political science D) Geology
A) Sociology B) History C) Biology D) Philosophy
A) It uses knowledge from several academic fields B) It studies laws only C) It focuses only on police officers D) It excludes social sciences
A) Eliminate all courts B) Reduce the likelihood of crime C) Increase criminal opportunities D) Punish every suspicious person
A) Ignoring criminal behavior B) Helping offenders change and reintegrate into society C) Increasing punishment in every case D) Preventing victims from reporting crimes
A) Encouraging criminal activity B) Removing criminal laws C) Discouraging crime through the threat or experience of sanctions D) Studying fingerprints
A) Any disagreement B) Behavior that violates criminal law C) Any unusual behavior D) Any violation of fashion trends
A) The rehabilitation of offenders B) The process of sentencing judges C) The process of becoming a victim of crime or harm D) The study of police ranks
A) Designing buildings B) Predicting the weather C) Studying planets D) Understanding crime patterns and causes
A) Classical School B) Chicago School C) Positivist School D) Biological School
A) Historical School B) Positivist School C) Classical School D) Legal School
A) Enrico Ferri B) Raffaele Garofalo C) Cesare Lombroso D) Cesare Beccaria
A) 1750 B) 1789 C) 1804 D) 1764
A) Cesare Lombroso B) Edwin Sutherland C) Robert Merton D) Jeremy Bentham
A) Free will alone B) Economic inequality alone C) Social learning alone D) Biological characteristics associated with criminality
A) Enrico Ferri B) Cesare Beccaria C) Jeremy Bentham D) Travis Hirschi
A) Raffaele Garofalo B) Edwin Sutherland C) Jeremy Bentham D) Robert Merton
A) Crime is always accidental B) People have no ability to make choices C) People can make choices and consider consequences D) All crime is inherited
A) Unlimited B) Based only on public anger C) Proportionate to the offense D) Based only on public anger
A) Jeremy Bentham B) Cesare Lombroso C) Travis Hirschi D) Edwin Sutherland
A) Police patrol schedules B) Promoting the greatest happiness for the greatest number C) Fingerprint classification D) Biological inheritance
A) Positivist School B) Legal School C) Classical School D) Moral School
A) Individual circumstances may affect responsibility and punishment B) Punishment should never be imposed C) Crime has no consequences D) All offenders are biologically identical
A) Reward criminal behavior B) Discourage future offending C) Discourage future offending D) Increase social conflict
A) Reintegration B) Restitution C) Rehabilitation D) General deterrence
A) General deterrence B) Specific deterrence C) Victimology D) Social disorganization
A) Rehabilitation B) Incapacitation C) Restorative justice D) Retribution
A) General deterrence B) Biological determinism C) Restorative justice D) Social disorganization
A) Opinions are more important than evidence B) Crime is caused by one factor only C) All criminals have the same personality D) Crime can be examined through evidence and multiple explanations
A) Travis Hirschi B) Robert Merton C) Cesare Lombroso D) Edwin Sutherland
A) Crime is unrelated to social interaction B) Crime is always inherited C) Criminal behavior can be learned through interaction with others D) Punishment causes all crime
A) Jeremy Bentham B) Raffaele Garofalo C) Edwin Sutherland D) Travis Hirschi
A) Attachment B) Biological inheritance C) Commitment D) Involvement
A) Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief B) Poverty, anger, fear, and stress C) Biology, climate, geography, and age D) Punishment, prison, trial, and appeal
A) Jeremy Bentham B) Robert K. Merton C) Cesare Beccaria D) Travis Hirschi
A) Everyone has equal access to opportunities B) There is a gap between culturally valued goals and legitimate means C) Police officers change assignments D) All laws are removed
A) Jeremy Bentham B) Cesare Lombroso C) Émile Durkheim D) Edwin Sutherland
A) Crime depends only on an individual's height B) Punishment is the only cause of crime C) Community conditions and weakened social organization can affect crime D) Criminal behavior is always inherited
A) Lombroso and Garofalo B) Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay C) Beccaria and Bentham D) Hirschi and Sutherland
A) Visible disorder, if left unaddressed, may contribute to further disorder and crime B) Punishment is never useful C) All broken windows cause serious crime D) Crime is exclusively genetic
A) Shaw and McKay B) James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling C) Sutherland and Hirschi D) Beccaria and Bentham
A) The structure of police vehicles B) How societal labels and reactions may influence identity and behavior C) The biological traits of offenders D) The chemical composition of evidence
A) Robert Merton B) Émile Durkheim C) Jeremy Bentham D) Howard S. Becker
A) Crime is caused only by biological traits B) Crime occurs when a motivated offender, suitable target, and absence of a capable guardian converge C) Criminal behavior is always learned at school D) All crime results from poverty
A) Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson B) Shaw and McKay C) Lombroso and Ferri D) Beccaria and Bentham
A) Offenders may weigh perceived costs and benefits when making decisions B) All crime is accidental C) People never consider consequences D) Criminal behavior cannot be studied
A) Power differences and social inequality can shape laws and criminal justice B) Crime occurs only in rural areas C) Crime has only biological causes D) All laws affect everyone equally in every circumstance
A) Punishment is always ineffective B) Society has no influence on behavior C) Behavior can be learned through observation, imitation, and reinforcement D) Crime is determined only by eye color
A) Only crime-scene evidence B) How offending and related factors change throughout a person's life C) Only prison architecture D) Only juvenile offenses
A) Only street fighting B) Only traffic violations C) Offenses committed in occupational or professional settings D) Only juvenile delinquency
A) Jeremy Bentham B) Cesare Beccaria C) Edwin H. Sutherland D) Travis Hirschi
A) A lawful neighborhood meeting B) Any disagreement between friends C) A single accidental mistake D) Coordinated criminal activity by a group or network
A) Any violation of school rules B) Crime involving computers, digital systems, or networks C) Crime committed only in public parks D) Any crime involving paper documents
A) Only traffic enforcement B) Only corporate fraud C) Crimes committed exclusively by adults D) Unlawful behavior by minors, subject to applicable juvenile justice laws
A) Deception used to obtain an unlawful or unfair benefit B) A lawful exchange C) An accidental injury D) A type of fingerprint
A) A lawful business transaction B) Unlawful entry into a building or structure with the legally required criminal intent C) Reporting a lost item D) A traffic accident
A) Taking property through force or intimidation, as defined by law B) Losing personal belongings C) Refusing to sign a contract D) Borrowing property with permission
A) Reporting a missing person B) Giving property away C) Unlawfully taking property belonging to another D) Damaging a public road
A) Unlawfully setting fire to property B) Taking a vehicle without permission C) Making a false statement D) Forging a signature
A) A crime category based solely on physical violence B) category often associated with occupational or financial wrongdoing C) A type of juvenile court D) A police rank
A) The sentence imposed by a judge B) The victim's personal history C) The method or pattern used to carry out an offense D) The police officer's rank
A) Prove guilt by itself B) Replace all physical evidence C) Automatically determine a sentence D) Infer possible offender characteristics from crime-related information
A) A single unverified rumor B) A court's building design C) A suspect's clothing style D) A pattern of change in crime over time
A) Crimes that occur but are not reported to or recorded by authorities B) Crimes committed only in cities C) Crimes involving black clothing D) Crimes committed only at night
A) A debated concept examining whether a victim's actions contributed to the sequence of events leading to victimization B) A form of police patrol C) A type of criminal sentence D) A method of collecting fingerprints
A) Number of courtrooms B) Re-arrest, reconviction, or reincarceration, depending on the measure used C) Number of crime-scene photographs D) Number of police stations in a city
A) A police headquarters B) A location used only for training C) A place with no recorded offenses D) A geographic area with a relatively high concentration of crime
A) To prove every suspect guilty B) To develop evidence-based understanding of crime C) To replace criminal law D) To eliminate the need for courts
A) A summary of previous studies only B) Information copied from an encyclopedia C) A historical textbook D) Data collected firsthand by the researcher
A) Reading a dictionary B) Reading a published review article C) Conducting a survey with respondents D) Reviewing a textbook
A) Information that has never been recorded B) Existing information originally collected or compiled by others C) Data always collected through experiments D) Only data from interviews
A) A police report number B) A final court decision C) A testable statement or prediction about a relationship or phenomenon D) A criminal sentence
A) A type of criminal offense B) A statistical relationship between variables C) A court procedure D) Proof that one variable causes another in every case
A) Yes, when two variables are measured B) Yes, always C) No, because correlation cannot be measured D) No, correlation alone does not establish causation
A) The complete population in every study B) A research conclusion C) A statistical formula D) A subset of a population selected for study
A) Selecting participants based on appearance B) Selecting only people who agree with the researcher C) Selecting participants using a chance-based method D) Selecting only the researcher's friends
A) Forcing a person to answer a questionnaire B) Publishing participants' private information C) Voluntary agreement after receiving adequate information about participation D) Hiding the purpose of a study
A) Protecting participants' information from unauthorized disclosure B) Allowing anyone to access the raw data C) Publishing respondents' names without permission D) Sharing all participant information publicly
A) Police and community members working together to address public safety concerns B) Punishing all community members C) Police working without public contact D) Replacing all criminal laws
A) Increasing opportunities for offending B) Reducing opportunities for crime by changing situations and environments C) Eliminating community participation D) Studying offenders' childhoods only
A) Removing security measures B) Installing better lighting and access controls in a vulnerable area C) Ignoring repeated thefts D) Leaving valuable property unsecured
A) Paying compensation to a victim B) Restricting an offender's ability to commit certain crimes, such as through lawful imprisonment C) Conducting a victim survey D) Teaching offenders a new skill
A) Preventing former offenders from finding lawful work B) Supporting a person's return to community life after a period of justice-system involvement C) Increasing social exclusion permanently D) Removing all community support
A) Police officers determine guilt without a trial B) An accused person is presumed innocent unless guilt is established according to law C) Witness statements are always false D) Every accused person is automatically guilty
A) Replacing all social institutions B) Preventing and responding to crime while administering justice under the law C) Deciding cases based only on rumors D) Punishing people without legal procedures
A) Following rumors without verification B) Using the same intervention regardless of results C) Using assumptions instead of data D) Applying approaches supported by reliable research and evaluation
A) Understanding police ranks only B) Learning how to avoid all laws C) Improving understanding of crime and supporting effective, fair crime prevention and justice D) Memorizing criminal names only
A) Labeling Theory B) Social Bond Theory C) Conflict Theory D) Routine Activity Theory
A) Social Disorganization Theory B) Differential Association Theory C) Deterrence Theory D) Rational Choice Theory |