Epidermis - Quiz
Epidermis
  • 1. When does epidermal organogenesis begin?
A) During the formation of the stratum corneum
B) After neurulation
C) After birth
D) Before neurulation
  • 2. What is the initial structure of the epidermis in most vertebrates?
A) Cornified
B) Three-layered
C) One-layered
D) Two-layered
  • 3. What is the temporary outer layer of the early epidermis called?
A) Stratum spinosum
B) Stratum corneum
C) Embryonic periderm
D) Stratum germinativum
  • 4. What is another name for the inner basal layer of the epidermis?
A) Malpighian layer
B) Stratum granulosum
C) Stratum germinativum
D) Embryonic periderm
  • 5. The stratum germinativum divides to form which outer layer?
A) Stratum corneum
B) Embryonic periderm
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum spinosum
  • 6. What are the basal and spinous layers together called?
A) Granular layer
B) Cornified layer
C) Periderm
D) Malpighian layer
  • 7. Whose name is associated with the Malpighian layers?
A) Gregor Mendel
B) Louis Pasteur
C) Marcello Malpighi
D) Robert Hooke
  • 8. The Malpighian layers divide to form which superficial layer?
A) Embryonic periderm
B) Stratum corneum
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Dermal layer
  • 9. Do cells in the stratum granulosum divide?
A) Only after birth
B) Only during stress
C) Yes
D) No
  • 10. What do cells in the stratum granulosum form from keratin granules?
A) Keratinocytes
B) Fibroblasts
C) Periderm cells
D) Glucocorticoids
  • 11. What is the outermost epidermal layer called?
A) Stratum spinosum
B) Stratum corneum
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum germinativum
  • 12. What shape do cells become in the cornified layer?
A) Flattened sacks
B) Elongated fibers
C) Round spheres
D) Cube-shaped
  • 13. Where are the nuclei located in the cells of the stratum corneum?
A) In the exact center
B) At one end of the cell
C) They have no nuclei
D) Scattered throughout
  • 14. How many milligrams of skin flakes are shed every hour?
A) 10 – 20 milligrams
B) 100 – 200 milligrams
C) 1 – 5 grams
D) 30 – 90 milligrams
  • 15. How many grams of skin flakes are shed per day?
A) 0.720 - 2.16 grams
B) 0.01 - 0.05 grams
C) 20.0 - 50.0 grams
D) 5.0 - 10.0 grams
  • 16. What type of growth factor is Transforming growth factor Alpha (TGFα)?
A) Endocrine growth factor
B) Paracrine growth factor
C) Autocrine growth factor
D) Inhibitory growth factor
  • 17. What is the function of TGFα in basal cells?
A) Stimulate their own division
B) Stop cell division
C) Regulate dermal fibroblasts
D) Produce keratin granules
  • 18. What is another name for Keratinocyte growth factor?
A) TGFβ
B) FGF2
C) TGFα
D) FGF7
  • 19. What type of growth factor is KGF?
A) Paracrine growth factor
B) Hormonal factor
C) Autocrine growth factor
D) Endocrine growth factor
  • 20. Where is KGF produced?
A) Embryonic periderm
B) Underlying dermal fibroblasts
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum corneum
  • 21. What is regulated by KGF?
A) Production of sweat
B) Proliferation of basal cells
C) Hydration of the stratum corneum
D) Shedding of skin flakes
  • 22. What gives the epidermis its mechanical strength?
A) Loose fat deposits
B) Cytoskeletal proteins linked to cell-cell junctions
C) High water content
D) Autocrine growth factors
  • 23. What inhibits the passage of external chemicals into the body?
A) Glucocorticoids
B) Highly organized lipids, acids, hydrolytic enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides
C) Loose cellular junctions
D) High external humidity
  • 24. What combat infection using humoral and cellular constituents in the epidermis?
A) Physical barrier
B) Immunologically active barrier
C) Non-pathogenic microorganisms
D) Chemical barrier
  • 25. What happens to the water content of the stratum corneum towards the surface?
A) It drops
B) It increases
C) It fluctuates wildly
D) It remains constant
  • 26. What approximate pH makes the epidermis hostile to many microorganisms?
A) 5.0
B) 3.0
C) 7.0
D) 9.0
  • 27. How do non-pathogenic microorganisms help defend the epidermis?
A) By absorbing UV light
B) By competing for food and producing inhibitory chemical secretions
C) By increasing skin pH
D) By breaking down keratinocytes
  • 28. What hormone increases during psychological stress to compromise the stratum corneum?
A) Thyroxine
B) Insulin
C) Adrenaline
D) Glucocorticoids
  • 29. What effect does psychological stress have on the barrier function?
A) It increases cell division
B) It strengthens it
C) It compromises it
D) It has no effect
  • 30. What environmental shift can alter stratum corneum hydration and allow pathogen entry?
A) Sudden and large shifts in humidity
B) Gradual temperature drops
C) Exposure to UV light
D) Changes in atmospheric pressure
  • 31. The epidermis provides mechanical resistance against what kind of injury?
A) Bone fractures
B) Minor injury
C) Severe trauma
D) Internal organ failure
  • 32. Oxidative stress protection by the epidermis is primarily against what?
A) Radio waves
B) Infrared heat
C) X-rays
D) UV light
  • 33. What is the outermost of the three major layers that constitute the skin?
A) Dermis
B) Basement membrane
C) Hypodermis
D) Epidermis
  • 34. What is the maximum thickness of the epidermis mentioned in the text?
A) 1000 μm
B) 90 μm
C) 596.6 μm
D) 31.2 μm
  • 35. What type of epithelium is the human epidermis an example of?
A) Simple columnar epithelium
B) Stratified squamous epithelium
C) Simple squamous epithelium
D) Pseudostratified epithelium
  • 36. How does the epidermis primarily receive its nourishment?
A) Dermal blood vessels via direct contact
B) Diffused oxygen from surrounding air
C) Blood capillaries inside the layer
D) Arterioles and venules
  • 37. Which transmembrane proteins form the adherens junctions between epidermal cells?
A) Keratins
B) Cadherins
C) Melanocytes
D) Corneodesmosomes
  • 38. How many layers of anucleated corneocytes typically compose the cornified layer?
A) About 50 layers
B) About 2 layers
C) About 15 layers
D) About 5 layers
  • 39. What separates the epidermis from the underlying dermis?
A) Plasma membrane
B) Rete ridges
C) Lamellar bodies
D) Basement membrane
  • 40. What are epidermal thickenings that extend downward between dermal papillae called?
A) Corneodesmosomes
B) Rete ridges
C) Cadherins
D) Hemidesmosomes
  • 41. What happens to differentiating cells as they delaminate from the basement membrane?
A) They are displaced outward
B) They move inward
C) They remain stationary
D) They divide into stem cells
  • 42. In normal skin, how does the rate of keratinocyte production compare to the rate of loss?
A) Loss exceeds production
B) Production exceeds loss
C) They are completely independent
D) Production equals loss
  • 43. How long does it take to cross the stratum corneum after reaching the top of the stratum granulosum?
A) A few hours
B) An additional four weeks
C) About two weeks
D) About 48 days
  • 44. What mediates keratinocyte differentiation throughout the epidermis?
A) A sodium gradient
B) A temperature gradient
C) A protein concentration gradient
D) A calcium gradient
  • 45. What is considered a key regulator in the formation of epidermal layers?
A) The rate of cell division
B) The shedding of squamous sheets
C) The secretion of melanin
D) The calcium gradient
  • 46. Where does part of the intracellular calcium increase come from?
A) Blood plasma proteins
B) Extracellular melanin
C) Intracellular stores
D) Keratin filaments
  • 47. What type of receptor is suggested to contribute to the rise in intracellular calcium concentration?
A) Light-sensitive photoreceptor
B) Intracellular sodium receptor
C) Voltage-gated potassium receptor
D) Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor
  • 48. What scientific method is used to quantify skin hydration?
A) Keratometry
B) Corneometry
C) Melanometry
D) Biopsy
  • 49. Where are melanosomes originally formed?
A) Merkel cells
B) Keratinocytes
C) Stratum corneum
D) Melanocytes
  • 50. How do Merkel cells intrinsically transform touch in model organisms like mice?
A) Into electrical signals
B) Into melanin pigments
C) Into lipid barriers
D) Into chemical gradients
  • 51. What is acanthosis?
A) Thickening of the stratum corneum only
B) A localized lack of melanocytes
C) A benign condition simulating squamous cell carcinoma
D) Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia
  • 52. What describes acanthosis nigricans?
A) Irregular squamous strands extending down into the dermis
B) A black, poorly defined, velvety hyperpigmented acanthosis
C) A localized thickening of the stratum corneum
D) Multiple white to pinkish papules in the oral cavity
  • 53. What is another name for focal epithelial hyperplasia?
A) Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia
B) Squamous cell carcinoma
C) Acanthosis nigricans
D) Heck's disease
  • 54. What condition closely simulates squamous cell carcinoma?
A) Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia
B) Heck's disease
C) Diffuse acanthosis
D) Acanthosis nigricans
  • 55. Do the numbers of melanocytes vary between different body regions?
A) No
B) Yes
C) Only in white and Asian skin
D) Only after UV exposure
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