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A) During the formation of the stratum corneum B) After neurulation C) After birth D) Before neurulation
A) Cornified B) Three-layered C) One-layered D) Two-layered
A) Stratum spinosum B) Stratum corneum C) Embryonic periderm D) Stratum germinativum
A) Malpighian layer B) Stratum granulosum C) Stratum germinativum D) Embryonic periderm
A) Stratum corneum B) Embryonic periderm C) Stratum granulosum D) Stratum spinosum
A) Granular layer B) Cornified layer C) Periderm D) Malpighian layer
A) Gregor Mendel B) Louis Pasteur C) Marcello Malpighi D) Robert Hooke
A) Embryonic periderm B) Stratum corneum C) Stratum granulosum D) Dermal layer
A) Only after birth B) Only during stress C) Yes D) No
A) Keratinocytes B) Fibroblasts C) Periderm cells D) Glucocorticoids
A) Stratum spinosum B) Stratum corneum C) Stratum granulosum D) Stratum germinativum
A) Flattened sacks B) Elongated fibers C) Round spheres D) Cube-shaped
A) In the exact center B) At one end of the cell C) They have no nuclei D) Scattered throughout
A) 10 – 20 milligrams B) 100 – 200 milligrams C) 1 – 5 grams D) 30 – 90 milligrams
A) 0.720 - 2.16 grams B) 0.01 - 0.05 grams C) 20.0 - 50.0 grams D) 5.0 - 10.0 grams
A) Endocrine growth factor B) Paracrine growth factor C) Autocrine growth factor D) Inhibitory growth factor
A) Stimulate their own division B) Stop cell division C) Regulate dermal fibroblasts D) Produce keratin granules
A) TGFβ B) FGF2 C) TGFα D) FGF7
A) Paracrine growth factor B) Hormonal factor C) Autocrine growth factor D) Endocrine growth factor
A) Embryonic periderm B) Underlying dermal fibroblasts C) Stratum granulosum D) Stratum corneum
A) Production of sweat B) Proliferation of basal cells C) Hydration of the stratum corneum D) Shedding of skin flakes
A) Loose fat deposits B) Cytoskeletal proteins linked to cell-cell junctions C) High water content D) Autocrine growth factors
A) Glucocorticoids B) Highly organized lipids, acids, hydrolytic enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides C) Loose cellular junctions D) High external humidity
A) Physical barrier B) Immunologically active barrier C) Non-pathogenic microorganisms D) Chemical barrier
A) It drops B) It increases C) It fluctuates wildly D) It remains constant
A) 5.0 B) 3.0 C) 7.0 D) 9.0
A) By absorbing UV light B) By competing for food and producing inhibitory chemical secretions C) By increasing skin pH D) By breaking down keratinocytes
A) Thyroxine B) Insulin C) Adrenaline D) Glucocorticoids
A) It increases cell division B) It strengthens it C) It compromises it D) It has no effect
A) Sudden and large shifts in humidity B) Gradual temperature drops C) Exposure to UV light D) Changes in atmospheric pressure
A) Bone fractures B) Minor injury C) Severe trauma D) Internal organ failure
A) Radio waves B) Infrared heat C) X-rays D) UV light
A) Dermis B) Basement membrane C) Hypodermis D) Epidermis
A) 1000 μm B) 90 μm C) 596.6 μm D) 31.2 μm
A) Simple columnar epithelium B) Stratified squamous epithelium C) Simple squamous epithelium D) Pseudostratified epithelium
A) Dermal blood vessels via direct contact B) Diffused oxygen from surrounding air C) Blood capillaries inside the layer D) Arterioles and venules
A) Keratins B) Cadherins C) Melanocytes D) Corneodesmosomes
A) About 50 layers B) About 2 layers C) About 15 layers D) About 5 layers
A) Plasma membrane B) Rete ridges C) Lamellar bodies D) Basement membrane
A) Corneodesmosomes B) Rete ridges C) Cadherins D) Hemidesmosomes
A) They are displaced outward B) They move inward C) They remain stationary D) They divide into stem cells
A) Loss exceeds production B) Production exceeds loss C) They are completely independent D) Production equals loss
A) A few hours B) An additional four weeks C) About two weeks D) About 48 days
A) A sodium gradient B) A temperature gradient C) A protein concentration gradient D) A calcium gradient
A) The rate of cell division B) The shedding of squamous sheets C) The secretion of melanin D) The calcium gradient
A) Blood plasma proteins B) Extracellular melanin C) Intracellular stores D) Keratin filaments
A) Light-sensitive photoreceptor B) Intracellular sodium receptor C) Voltage-gated potassium receptor D) Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor
A) Keratometry B) Corneometry C) Melanometry D) Biopsy
A) Merkel cells B) Keratinocytes C) Stratum corneum D) Melanocytes
A) Into electrical signals B) Into melanin pigments C) Into lipid barriers D) Into chemical gradients
A) Thickening of the stratum corneum only B) A localized lack of melanocytes C) A benign condition simulating squamous cell carcinoma D) Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia
A) Irregular squamous strands extending down into the dermis B) A black, poorly defined, velvety hyperpigmented acanthosis C) A localized thickening of the stratum corneum D) Multiple white to pinkish papules in the oral cavity
A) Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia B) Squamous cell carcinoma C) Acanthosis nigricans D) Heck's disease
A) Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia B) Heck's disease C) Diffuse acanthosis D) Acanthosis nigricans
A) No B) Yes C) Only in white and Asian skin D) Only after UV exposure |