Permian–Triassic extinction event - Quiz
A) Around 65 million years ago, marking the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods. B) Around 251.902 million years ago, marking the boundary between the Permian and Triassic periods. C) Around 443 million years ago, marking the boundary between the Ordovician and Silurian periods. D) Around 252.2 million years ago, marking the boundary between the Devonian and Carboniferous periods.
A) 50% B) 70% C) 81% D) 95%
A) The Yellowstone Caldera B) The Siberian Traps C) The Deccan Traps D) The Columbia River Basalt Group
A) From around 280 ppm to 1,500 ppm B) From around 400 ppm to 2,500 ppm C) From around 500 ppm to 3,000 ppm D) From around 350 ppm to 2,000 ppm
A) 60 ± 48 thousand years B) 10 million years C) 100,000 years D) 1 million years
A) An increase of 2–4% B) An increase of 5–10% C) A large, abrupt global decrease of 4–7% D) A decrease of 10–15%
A) 5 °C (9 °F) B) 10 °C (18 °F) C) 15 °C (27 °F) D) 8 °C (14 °F)
A) A 'fungal spike' in abundance B) An increase in algal fossils C) A decrease in plant spores D) A decrease in fungal spores
A) Whether they occurred before or after the event B) Whether they were more severe in marine environments C) Whether they were synchronous or asynchronous D) Whether they were caused by the same factors
A) A mass extinction during the Jurassic period B) A minor extinction event with no significant impact C) A mass extinction during the Triassic period D) A mass extinction in the late Permian that closely preceded the Permian–Triassic event
A) A single, continuous extinction event B) Five distinct pulses C) One to three distinct pulses D) Two distinct pulses
A) It is used to date the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary B) It is used to delineate the Permian-Triassic boundary C) It marks the beginning of the Mesozoic era D) It indicates the end of the Paleozoic era
A) 1 million years B) 10,000 years C) 100,000 years D) Approximately 500,000 years
A) Uniform fossil records across all regions B) Statistical analyses of fossiliferous strata and studies of different sections C) A single, sharp extinction peak D) Lack of fossil evidence
A) Increased solar activity B) Volcanic ash clouds C) Destruction of the ozone layer D) Methane emissions
A) It measures the oxygen levels in ancient oceans B) It measures the temperature changes during the event C) It helps identify the extinction boundary in rocks unsuitable for radiometric dating D) It indicates the presence of volcanic activity
A) Whether it is found worldwide B) Whether it marks the beginning of the Triassic period C) Whether it represents a true increase in fungi or a different phenomenon D) Whether it indicates a decrease in plant life
A) 5,000 to 10,000 gigatonnes B) Approximately 3,900 to 12,000 gigatonnes C) 20,000 to 30,000 gigatonnes D) 1,000 to 5,000 gigatonnes
A) They are used to identify the boundary in rocks unsuitable for radiometric dating B) They indicate the presence of volcanic activity C) They measure the oxygen levels in ancient oceans D) They indicate the presence of algal fossils
A) Whether it affected marine or terrestrial species more B) Whether it was caused by volcanic activity or an extraterrestrial impact C) Whether it was a single, sharp peak or spread out over millions of years D) Whether it occurred before or after the Capitanian extinction
A) It measures the oxygen levels in ancient oceans B) It indicates the presence of volcanic activity C) It coincides with the extinction and is used to identify the boundary in unsuitable rocks D) It measures the temperature changes during the event
A) It had no significant impact on the Permian–Triassic event B) It closely preceded the Permian–Triassic event and may have contributed to its severity C) It occurred during the Triassic period D) It occurred after the Permian–Triassic event
A) Crinoids B) Articulate brachiopods C) Ceratitida order of ammonites D) Conodonts
A) Cnidarians B) Bivalves C) Bryozoans D) Brachiopods
A) The Brobdingnag effect B) The Lilliput effect C) The Darwin effect D) The Wallace effect
A) Articulate brachiopods B) Cosmopolitan taxa C) Bivalve taxa D) Crinoids
A) Cladodontomorph sharks B) Squaliform sharks C) Carcharhiniform sharks D) Lamniform sharks
A) Deep-water sponges B) Crinoids C) Bryozoans D) Shallow-water sponges
A) Shallow-water sponges B) Deep-water sponges C) Crinoids D) Bryozoans
A) 75% B) 50% C) 100% D) 91%
A) Ammonoids B) Conodonts C) Brachiopods D) Bivalves
A) Foraminifera B) Ostracods C) Bryozoans D) Crinoids
A) 50% B) 100% C) 25% D) 75%
A) Bryozoans B) Foraminifera C) Ammonoids D) Crinoids
A) Crinoids B) Brachiopods C) Foraminifera D) Bryozoans
A) Textulariina B) Lagenida C) Fusulinida D) Miliolida
A) Lagenida B) Fusulinida C) Miliolida D) Textulariina
A) Textulariina B) Lagenida C) Fusulinida D) Miliolida
A) Lepidopteroids B) Palaeodictyopteroids C) Coleopteroids D) Dipteroids
A) Gigantopteris B) Glossopteris C) Lycopodiophyta D) Cordaites
A) North China B) Jordan C) Australia D) East Greenland
A) Large coniferous trees B) Smaller herbaceous plants C) Mosses D) Ferns
A) Glossopteris B) Cordaites C) Gigantopteris D) Lycopodiophyta
A) Catastrophic B) Severe C) Insignificant D) Moderate
A) Lycopodiophyta B) Gigantopteris C) Glossopteris D) Cordaites
A) Angiosperms B) Ferns C) Mosses D) Gymnosperms
A) No change B) Massive rearrangement C) Minor adjustment D) Gradual evolution
A) Negligible B) Severe C) Superficial D) Moderate
A) Gigantopterid B) Cordaites C) Glossopteris D) Lycopodiophyta
A) Lycopodiophyta B) Gigantopteris C) Conifer flora D) Glossopteris
A) Gorgonopsians B) Procolophonids C) Anapsid reptiles D) Pelycosaurs
A) Marine vertebrates B) Brachiopods C) Bivalves D) Crinoids
A) Crinoids B) Bryozoans C) Bivalves D) Ammonoids
A) Bryozoans B) Bivalves C) Crinoids D) Xiphosurans
A) Rapid climate cooling B) High levels of volcanic activity C) Increased predation pressure D) Widespread anoxia
A) Wave-dominated shoreface settings (WDSS) B) Mangrove forests C) Deep-sea hydrothermal vents D) Coral reefs
A) High volcanic activity B) Recurrent environmental calamities C) Rapid climate cooling D) Increased predation pressure
A) Crinoids B) Scleractinian corals C) Bryozoans D) Brachiopods
A) Sponges B) Tubiphytes C) Crinoids D) Bryozoans
A) Crinoid reefs B) Metazoan reefs C) Bryozoan reefs D) Microbial reefs
A) Microbial reefs B) Metazoan reefs C) Crinoid reefs D) Bryozoan reefs
A) Crinoid reefs B) Bryozoan reefs C) Microbial reefs D) Metazoan reefs
A) Pteridosperms B) Pteridophytes C) Cycadophytes D) Lycophytes
A) Dominance of cavate trilete spores B) Endosporites papillatus–Pinuspollenites thoracatus assemblages C) Abundance of Dicroidium flora D) Prevalence of bennettitaleans and cycads
A) A shift towards dominance by gymnosperms B) A shift towards dominance by lycophytes C) A shift towards assemblages dominated by cavate trilete spores D) A shift towards dominance by pteridophytes
A) Global cooling B) Increased volcanic activity C) Massive die-offs of lycophytes D) Paleocommunities recovery
A) Coal gap B) Extinction gap C) Fossil gap D) Sediment gap
A) Increased oxygen levels B) Increased sunlight C) Decreased carbon dioxide levels D) Decreased rainfall
A) A desert climate B) A temperate climate C) A tropical climate D) A cold climate
A) Some mammals B) Some dinosaurs C) Some temnospondyls D) Some reptiles
A) East-central Pangaea B) South-central Pangaea C) North-central Pangaea D) West-central Pangaea
A) West China B) East China C) South China D) North China
A) 10 Myr B) 20 Myr C) 15 Myr D) 5 Myr
A) About 15 Myr B) About 10 Myr C) About 20 Myr D) About 5 Myr
A) Mineral evidence B) Coprolitic evidence C) Fossilized plant evidence D) Sedimentary rock evidence
A) At least ten B) At least eight C) At least six D) At least four
A) Invertebrate predators B) Decomposers C) Vertebrate predators D) Herbivores
A) Biological evidence B) Geological evidence C) Paleontological evidence D) Geochemical evidence
A) More heterogeneity B) More provincialism C) More variability D) Less provincialism
A) 30% B) 50% C) 90% D) 70%
A) A climatic indicator B) A biostratigraphic marker C) A geological marker D) A biological indicator
A) Extremely fast growth rate B) Camouflage C) Small size D) Slow growth rate
A) Africa B) Antarctica C) Australia D) Asia
A) Therapsids B) Synapsids C) Anapsids D) Cynodont therapsids
A) Flying B) Climbing C) Swimming D) Burrowing
A) Temnospondyls B) Dipnoans C) Archosaurs D) Sauropsids
A) Feathers B) Scales C) Gills D) Fur
A) Dipnoans B) Tupilakosaurids C) Therapsids D) Archosaurs
A) Protorthoptera B) Ceratodontiform lungfishes C) Glosselytrodea D) Miomoptera
A) Temnospondyls B) Archosaurs C) Insect fossils D) Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS)
A) Helium B) Nitrogen C) Oxygen D) Hydrochloric acid
A) No significant consequence B) Increased oxygen levels C) Decrease in mercury levels D) Mercury poisoning
A) Subduction-zone volcanism B) Cinder cone volcanism C) Hotspot volcanism D) Large igneous province activity
A) The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami B) The 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster C) The 1986 Lake Nyos disaster D) The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill
A) Reduction in organic activity B) Volcanic eruptions C) Methane clathrate gasification D) Oxidation of shallow marine sediments
A) Eruptions massively larger than any found B) Eruptions slightly larger than any found C) Eruptions of the same size as any found D) Eruptions smaller than any found
A) Volcanic carbon dioxide B) Methane from clathrates C) Methane from wetlands D) Carbon monoxide from wildfires
A) Close relatives without calcareous hard parts, such as sea anemones. B) Echinoderms. C) Rugose and tabulate corals. D) Calcareous sponges.
A) A dolomite sea. B) An extreme aragonite sea. C) A calcite sea. D) A normal aragonite sea.
A) Carbonate anomalies. B) Iron anomalies. C) Hopane anomalies. D) Silica anomalies. |
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