Teratology

1. Teratology is the study of abnormalities and malformations that occur during the development of an organism. This field explores the causes and effects of these anomalies, seeking to understand the underlying genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that contribute to their occurrence. By investigating teratogenic agents and their impact on embryonic growth and organogenesis, teratologists aim to increase our knowledge of birth defects and improve prevention strategies. Through research in teratology, scientists hope to enhance our understanding of developmental processes and ultimately improve outcomes for affected individuals.

Which trimester of pregnancy is considered the most critical for teratogenic effects?

A) Second trimester.
B) Third trimester.
C) There is no specific trimester.
D) First trimester.

2. What is the purpose of teratology studies?

A) To examine the impact of mental health disorders on fetal development.
B) To understand the causes and mechanisms of birth defects.
C) To study the effects of exercise during pregnancy.
D) To promote certain prenatal vitamins.

3. Which factor can increase the risk of teratogenic effects?

A) Use of recreational drugs during pregnancy.
B) Healthy maternal weight gain.
C) Adequate prenatal care.
D) Regular doctor visits.

4. What role do genetics play in teratology?

A) Genetic factors can predispose individuals to certain birth defects.
B) Genetics have no impact on birth defects.
C) Only chromosomal abnormalities are influenced by genetics.
D) Genes are irrelevant in the study of teratogens.

5. How do teratogens affect fetal development?

A) They can disrupt normal development processes and cause abnormalities.
B) They have no impact on fetal development.
C) They enhance fetal growth and development.
D) They only affect the mother, not the fetus.

6. What precaution can pregnant women take to reduce the risk of teratogenic effects?

A) Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals.
B) Eating raw fish.
C) Skipping prenatal appointments.
D) Not getting enough rest.

7. Which vitamin deficiency during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects?

A) Vitamin B12
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Folic acid

8. What is the most common preventable cause of intellectual disability in newborns?

A) Maternal infections
B) Genetic disorders
C) Fetal alcohol syndrome
D) Premature birth

9. How can teratogens affect the development of the immune system?

A) They only affect maternal immunity.
B) They enhance the immune response in babies.
C) They can impair the function of immune cells in the fetus.
D) They have no effect on immune system development.

10. What is the term for a child born with abnormally small head and brain?

A) Macrocephaly
B) Microcephaly
C) Anencephaly
D) Hydrocephalus

11. How does maternal nutrition impact teratogenic risks?

A) Nutritional supplements are the only important factor.
B) Healthy diet choices eliminate teratogenic risks.
C) Maternal nutrition has no impact on fetal development.
D) Poor maternal nutrition can increase the risk of birth defects.

12. Which of the following is a common example of a chromosomal birth defect?

A) Down syndrome
B) Diabetes
C) Rubella infection
D) Fetal alcohol syndrome

13. What is the term for a baby born without the top of the skull, brain, or covering of the brain?

A) Macrocephaly
B) Microcephaly
C) Anencephaly
D) Hydrocephalus

14. What is a common birth defect caused by the rubella virus during pregnancy?

A) Down syndrome
B) Spina bifida
C) Congenital rubella syndrome
D) Cleft palate

15. What is the significance of the FDA pregnancy category system in teratology?

A) It assigns genetic risk factors to pregnant women.
B) It regulates prenatal care procedures.
C) It determines the ideal time for pregnancy.
D) It categorizes drugs based on potential teratogenic risks to the fetus.

16. Which of the following is a neural tube defect?

A) Clubfoot
B) Spina bifida
C) Polydactyly
D) Cleft lip

17. What is the term for a cluster of birth defects that occur together and have a common cause?

A) Deformity
B) Syndrome
C) Disease
D) Mutation

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