Teratology

1. Teratology is the study of abnormalities and malformations that occur during the development of an organism. This field explores the causes and effects of these anomalies, seeking to understand the underlying genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that contribute to their occurrence. By investigating teratogenic agents and their impact on embryonic growth and organogenesis, teratologists aim to increase our knowledge of birth defects and improve prevention strategies. Through research in teratology, scientists hope to enhance our understanding of developmental processes and ultimately improve outcomes for affected individuals.

Which trimester of pregnancy is considered the most critical for teratogenic effects?

A) Second trimester.
B) Third trimester.
C) First trimester.
D) There is no specific trimester.

2. What is the purpose of teratology studies?

A) To examine the impact of mental health disorders on fetal development.
B) To promote certain prenatal vitamins.
C) To understand the causes and mechanisms of birth defects.
D) To study the effects of exercise during pregnancy.

3. Which factor can increase the risk of teratogenic effects?

A) Adequate prenatal care.
B) Use of recreational drugs during pregnancy.
C) Regular doctor visits.
D) Healthy maternal weight gain.

4. What role do genetics play in teratology?

A) Genetic factors can predispose individuals to certain birth defects.
B) Genetics have no impact on birth defects.
C) Only chromosomal abnormalities are influenced by genetics.
D) Genes are irrelevant in the study of teratogens.

5. How do teratogens affect fetal development?

A) They only affect the mother, not the fetus.
B) They can disrupt normal development processes and cause abnormalities.
C) They have no impact on fetal development.
D) They enhance fetal growth and development.

6. What precaution can pregnant women take to reduce the risk of teratogenic effects?

A) Eating raw fish.
B) Skipping prenatal appointments.
C) Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals.
D) Not getting enough rest.

7. Which vitamin deficiency during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects?

A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin B12
C) Vitamin D
D) Folic acid

8. What is the most common preventable cause of intellectual disability in newborns?

A) Genetic disorders
B) Fetal alcohol syndrome
C) Maternal infections
D) Premature birth

9. How can teratogens affect the development of the immune system?

A) They can impair the function of immune cells in the fetus.
B) They have no effect on immune system development.
C) They only affect maternal immunity.
D) They enhance the immune response in babies.

10. What is the term for a child born with abnormally small head and brain?

A) Hydrocephalus
B) Anencephaly
C) Macrocephaly
D) Microcephaly

11. How does maternal nutrition impact teratogenic risks?

A) Healthy diet choices eliminate teratogenic risks.
B) Maternal nutrition has no impact on fetal development.
C) Nutritional supplements are the only important factor.
D) Poor maternal nutrition can increase the risk of birth defects.

12. Which of the following is a common example of a chromosomal birth defect?

A) Fetal alcohol syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Rubella infection
D) Diabetes

13. What is the term for a baby born without the top of the skull, brain, or covering of the brain?

A) Microcephaly
B) Anencephaly
C) Hydrocephalus
D) Macrocephaly

14. What is a common birth defect caused by the rubella virus during pregnancy?

A) Cleft palate
B) Spina bifida
C) Congenital rubella syndrome
D) Down syndrome

15. What is the significance of the FDA pregnancy category system in teratology?

A) It regulates prenatal care procedures.
B) It assigns genetic risk factors to pregnant women.
C) It determines the ideal time for pregnancy.
D) It categorizes drugs based on potential teratogenic risks to the fetus.

16. Which of the following is a neural tube defect?

A) Clubfoot
B) Polydactyly
C) Cleft lip
D) Spina bifida

17. What is the term for a cluster of birth defects that occur together and have a common cause?

A) Syndrome
B) Mutation
C) Deformity
D) Disease

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