 - 1. Which ministry is primarily responsible for the water sector in Kenya?
A) Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation
B) Ministry of Environment
C) Ministry of Water and Irrigation
D) Ministry of Education
- 2. Which department within the MWI oversees water supply?
A) Department of Irrigation
B) Department for Water Services
C) Department of Land Reclamation
D) Department of Administration
- 3. Which ministry is responsible for sanitation policy in Kenya?
A) Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation
B) Ministry of Water and Irrigation
C) Ministry of Environment
D) Ministry of Education
- 4. What is the name of the regulatory body for water services in Kenya?
A) National Environment Management Authority
B) Water Services Regulatory Board
C) Agricultural Sector Coordination Unit
D) Water Services Board
- 5. In what year was the Water Services Regulatory Board established?
A) 2006
B) 1999
C) 2002
D) 2003
- 6. Which authority is responsible for environmental regulation in the water sector?
A) National Environment Management Authority
B) Water Services Regulatory Board
C) Ministry of Water and Irrigation
D) Agricultural Sector Coordination Unit
- 7. How many regional Water Services Boards are there in Kenya?
A) Five
B) Six
C) Ten
D) Eight
- 8. What is the primary responsibility of the Water Services Boards?
A) School sanitation coordination
B) Environmental protection
C) Asset management
D) Policy formulation
- 9. Which ministry cooperates with MWI and MoPHS regarding school sanitation?
A) Ministry of Special Programmes
B) Ministry of Education
C) Ministry of Finance
D) Ministry of Forestry
- 10. Which Water Services Board serves the capital, Nairobi?
A) Coast
B) Rift Valley
C) Athi
D) Northern
- 11. What document is published by WASREB to show sector monitoring results?
A) Water Act
B) Impact Report
C) Water Quality Regulation
D) Service Provision Agreement
- 12. The National Environment Management Authority became operational in which year?
A) 2003
B) 2002
C) 1999
D) 2006
- 13. Which act serves as the basis for the Water Services Regulatory Board?
A) National Party Act
B) Water Act 2002
C) Water Supply and Sanitation Concept
D) Environmental Management and Coordination Act
- 14. What criticism was leveled against the establishment of Water Services Boards?
A) Unnecessary layer of bureaucracy
B) Lack of water resources
C) Too close to the point of service
D) Excessive profitability
- 15. When was the Tanathi Water Services Board established?
A) 2002
B) 2003
C) 2006
D) 2008
- 16. What is the estimated volume of renewable freshwater resources in Kenya per year?
A) 2.7 km3
B) 20.2 km3
C) 630 km3
D) 14 km3
- 17. What is the per capita renewable freshwater resource estimate for Kenya?
A) 2.7 m3 per year
B) 1,800 m3 per year
C) 647 m3 per year
D) 20.2 m3 per year
- 18. What is the estimated total yearly water withdrawal in Kenya?
A) Over 2.7 km3
B) Over 20.2 km3
C) Less than 200 mm
D) Over 1,800 mm
- 19. What percentage of water resources does Kenya's yearly withdrawal represent?
A) Over 20%
B) Exactly 647%
C) Exactly 50%
D) Less than 14%
- 20. When do the 'long rains' typically occur in Kenya?
A) October to November
B) March to May
C) June to August
D) January to February
- 21. When do the 'short rains' typically occur in Kenya?
A) October to November
B) March to May
C) April to June
D) December to January
- 22. How often does Kenya typically experience droughts and floods?
A) Every year
B) Every three to four years
C) Every decade
D) Every six months
- 23. When did the latest severe drought mentioned in the text take place?
A) 2000 to 2002
B) 2007 to 2009
C) 1995 to 1997
D) 2010 to 2012
- 24. What is the average annual rainfall in Kenya?
A) 200 mm
B) 1,800 mm
C) 647 mm
D) 630 mm
- 25. What is the minimum annual rainfall recorded in northern Kenya?
A) Over 1,800 mm
B) 14 mm
C) 630 mm
D) Less than 200 mm
- 26. What is the maximum annual rainfall recorded on the slopes of Mount Kenya?
A) Over 1,800 mm
B) 20.2 mm
C) Less than 200 mm
D) 630 mm
- 27. Following the 2002 reforms, how many local Water Service Providers (WSPs) were created?
A) 91
B) 47
C) 8
D) 120
- 28. Under the Water Bill 2014, how many Water Works Development Boards were established?
A) 91
B) 47
C) 8
D) 25
- 29. What is the average level of non-revenue water in Kenya?
A) 42%
B) 60%
C) 16%
D) 25%
- 30. What is the primary reason the sewerage service is effectively free of charge?
A) It is funded by international donors
B) There is no sewerage levy in Kenya
C) Government fully subsidizes the service
D) The service is completely automated
- 31. Which organization publishes the annual 'impact report' on the water sector?
A) WASREB
B) WHO
C) UNICEF
D) Ministry of Water and Irrigation
- 32. How far is the water source for the city of Mombasa located?
A) 420 km
B) 220 km
C) 60 km
D) 47 km
- 33. What percentage of Kenyans in urban areas have access to sewerage?
A) 42%
B) 8%
C) 16%
D) 60%
- 34. How many drainage basins is Kenya divided into?
A) Ten
B) Seven
C) Three
D) Five
- 35. Which drainage basin is part of the Nile River Basin?
A) Tana Drainage system
B) Ewaso Ng'iro North Drainage system
C) Lake Victoria Basin
D) Athi Drainage system
- 36. Which lake is considered a freshwater lake in the Rift Valley Inland Drainage system?
A) Lake Magadi
B) Lake Nakuru
C) Lake Elementaita
D) Lake Turkana
- 37. When were the Kikuyu Springs first used as a water source for Nairobi?
A) 1950
B) 1906
C) 1996
D) 1938
- 38. The Sasumua Dam supplies Nairobi via interbasin transfer from which drainage area?
A) Nile River
B) Tana River
C) Athi River
D) Ewaso Ng'iro River
- 39. What is a major limitation for groundwater use in coastal Kenya?
A) Lack of pumps
B) High evaporation
C) Too much surface water
D) Saline intrusion
- 40. How much groundwater was abstracted in Kenya in 2012?
A) 57.21 million cubic metres
B) 5.7 million cubic metres
C) 100 million cubic metres
D) 20.5 million cubic metres
- 41. What percentage of the Kenyan population had access to at least basic drinking water sources in 2015 according to the JMP?
A) 50%
B) 83%
C) 58%
D) 22%
- 42. In 2015, what was the percentage of urban Kenyans with access to at least basic drinking water?
A) 45%
B) 50%
C) 83%
D) 58%
- 43. What percentage of rural Kenyans had access to at least basic drinking water in 2015?
A) 83%
B) 58%
C) 50%
D) 14%
- 44. According to JMP, what percentage of Kenyans had access to piped water through a house or yard connection in 2015?
A) 22%
B) 14%
C) 45%
D) 58%
- 45. What percentage of urban Kenyans had access to piped water in 2015?
A) 22%
B) 14%
C) 45%
D) 83%
- 46. To what level did access to improved water sources in urban areas decrease between 1990 and 2015?
A) 33%
B) 57%
C) 92%
D) 82%
- 47. What was the level of urban access to improved water sources in 1990?
A) 33%
B) 92%
C) 57%
D) 82%
- 48. What was the level of rural access to improved water sources in 1990?
A) 33%
B) 57%
C) 82%
D) 92%
- 49. According to the 2016-17 WASREB report, what percentage of the total population had access to water?
A) 37%
B) 72%
C) 4%
D) 55%
- 50. What percentage of Kenyans were estimated to have access to sufficient and safe water close to their homes in 2006-2007?
A) 55%
B) 35%
C) 37%
D) 46%
- 51. What was the recorded access to water in Nairobi for the period reported in the 2009 Impact Report?
A) 46%
B) 35%
C) 4%
D) 72%
- 52. What percentage of schools in Kenya have their own rainwater harvesting system?
A) 50%
B) 20%
C) 95%
D) 80%
- 53. What percentage of the rural population in Kenya was estimated to practice open defecation in 2015?
A) 28%
B) 12%
C) 43%
D) 30%
- 54. What was the sanitation coverage in Nairobi reported in 2006–2007?
A) 84%
B) 16%
C) 23%
D) 50%
- 55. Which of the following is NOT listed as a water source for rural households?
A) Dry riverbed scooping
B) Earth pans
C) Desalination plants
D) Rainwater
- 56. What was the reported sanitation coverage by the 2006 Kenyan Integrated Household Budget Survey?
A) 23%
B) 43%
C) 84%
D) 30%
- 57. What weight is assigned to bacteriological standards in water quality measurement?
A) 40%
B) 25%
C) 60%
D) 50%
- 58. In the 2007 citizens' report, what percentage of households found the taste and smell of mains water acceptable?
A) Around 40%
B) Around 50%
C) Around 70%
D) Around 95%
- 59. What was the average water supply per day reported in 2015?
A) 18 hours
B) 14 hours
C) 6 hours
D) 24 hours
- 60. How many WSPs provide continuous 24-hour water supply?
A) Nine
B) Twenty-three
C) Fifty-three
D) Fifteen
- 61. What is the average daily water supply in Mombasa?
A) 14 hours
B) 24 hours
C) 6 hours
D) 18 hours
- 62. In 2006, where did over 40% of households report water scarcity?
A) Nairobi
B) Kisumu
C) Mombasa
D) Kericho
- 63. Where was the greatest difference in scarcity reporting between poor and non-poor households?
A) Mombasa
B) Kisumu
C) Kericho
D) Nairobi
- 64. Which group is more likely to experience scarcity during times of water shortage?
A) Government buildings
B) Kiosk users
C) Mains connection users
D) Industrial users
- 65. How many sewerage systems were reported in Kenya in the 2009 assessment?
A) 15
B) 19
C) 43
D) 60
- 66. In how many Kenyan towns were wastewater treatment plants operating in 2009?
A) 19
B) 43
C) 900,000
D) 15
- 67. What is the estimated sewer connection rate in Kenya according to the higher estimate?
A) 16%
B) 60%
C) 19%
D) 12%
- 68. What is the most common wastewater treatment solution in Kenya?
A) Chemical treatment plants
B) Waste stabilisation ponds
C) Desalination plants
D) Septic tanks
- 69. In which city are septic tanks frequently used for wastewater disposal?
A) Mombasa
B) Nairobi
C) Embu
D) Kisumu
- 70. What event occurred in Embu in 2001 related to water sanitation?
A) The construction of a new treatment plant
B) The closure of all pit latrines
C) A massive flood
D) A pollution incident discharging raw sewage
- 71. How many people died in the 2001 Embu pollution incident?
A) 28
B) 15
C) 43
D) 19
- 72. What has historically characterized the water and sanitation sector in Kenya?
A) Universal access
B) Institutional fragmentation
C) Centralized efficiency
D) Private sector monopoly
- 73. Which branch of the Public Works Department began operating in Mombasa?
A) Sanitation Branch
B) Engineering Branch
C) Hydraulic Branch
D) Railway Branch
- 74. What infrastructure project accelerated the development of water pipelines in the interior of Kenya?
A) Uganda Railway
B) Coastal Highway
C) Great North Road
D) Nairobi Airport
- 75. In what year did the construction of the Uganda Railway begin, spurring water development?
A) 1896
B) 2009
C) 2001
D) 1900
- 76. When was the first Water Act Cap 372 enacted in Kenya?
A) 1954
B) 1952
C) 1963
D) 1920
- 77. What type of sanitation became more widely used following public health campaigns between 1929 and 1939?
A) Waterborne sanitation
B) Communal latrines
C) Pit latrines
D) Bucket type latrines
- 78. What type of sanitation system prevailed in towns in 1954?
A) Bucket type latrines
B) Waterborne sanitation
C) Pit latrines
D) Communal latrines
- 79. What event led to the neglect of sanitation and the proliferation of communal latrines?
A) The 1921 Public Health Ordinance
B) The 1952 Water Act
C) The Mau Mau uprising
D) The end of the colonial period
- 80. In what year did Kenya gain independence?
A) 1960
B) 1963
C) 1965
D) 1970
- 81. Which entities operated the rural water supply schemes in the 1960s?
A) The Ministry of Agriculture
B) County Councils
C) Local water committees
D) International NGOs
- 82. According to UNICEF, how many rural water schemes were running in 1972?
A) About 664
B) About 560
C) About 300
D) About 1,000
- 83. With which country did Kenya sign a credit agreement in 1970 for water development?
A) Sweden
B) United Kingdom
C) Switzerland
D) United States
- 84. In what year was the Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development created?
A) 1963
B) 1980
C) 1970
D) 1974
- 85. Why were water tariffs in the 1970s considered to be in contradiction with operating cost recovery?
A) They were never collected
B) They were too expensive
C) They were managed by private firms
D) They were heavily subsidised
- 86. What primary constraint caused the Kenyan government to strain its water projects during the 1980s?
A) Lack of water sources
B) Budget constraints
C) Shortage of engineers
D) Political instability
- 87. When was the National Sanitation Council established?
A) 1992
B) 1980
C) 1983
D) 1988
- 88. Who carried out the 1983 Water Use Study that confirmed the sector was unsustainable?
A) The World Bank
B) The National Sanitation Council
C) SIDA
D) NWCPC
- 89. What did the 1983 Water Use Study suggest as a solution to the unsustainable water situation?
A) Full privatization
B) Increasing government taxes
C) Centralizing all operations
D) Decentralization
- 90. In what year was the National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NWCPC) established?
A) 1994
B) 1980
C) 1996
D) 1988
- 91. Which city set up an independent water and sewer department in 1994?
A) Kitale
B) Baricho
C) Nakuru
D) Eldoret
- 92. Which international entity supported the commercialization of water utilities in Eldoret, Nyeri, and Kericho?
A) German development co-operation
B) SIDA
C) The National Sanitation Council
D) The African Development Bank
- 93. Why did local water companies in Kitale and Nakuru face government takeovers?
A) Financial problems
B) Lack of water supply
C) Conflict with NGOs
D) Inability to pay taxes
- 94. According to the 1999 policy, who was responsible for rural water supply?
A) Private companies
B) Communities
C) Municipal departments
D) Central government
- 95. The 1999 policy recommended placing water and sanitation services under what kind of structure?
A) Single utilities
B) Nationalized bureaus
C) Privatized corporations
D) Separate departments
- 96. In what year was the Water Services Trust Fund (WSTF) established?
A) 2005
B) 2004
C) 2002
D) 2010
- 97. Which year was the new water bill passed?
A) 2014
B) 2015
C) 2012
D) 2016
- 98. What documents ensure that Water Service Providers (WSPs) comply with established standards?
A) Public utility bylaws
B) Local government permits
C) Service provision agreements
D) National infrastructure contracts
- 99. How many WSPs are currently categorized as public utilities?
A) 150
B) 50
C) 89
D) 2
- 100. Which town entered into a 30-year water contract with Romane Agencies Ltd in 1999?
A) Kisumu
B) Malindi
C) Nairobi
D) Tala
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