A) Emile Durkheim B) Cesare Lombroso C) Cesare Beccaria D) Jeremy Bentham
A) D. Only the poor commit crime B) B. Humans have free will and choose their actions C) C. Crime is determined by social forces D) A. Crime is caused by biological factors
A) D. Society is disorganized B) A. They are born criminals C) C. They learn it from friends D) B. The pleasure from the act outweighs the pain of punishment
A) B. Atavism B) C. Anomie C) A. The pleasure-pain principle / hedonistic calculus D) D. Social disorganization
A) B. Certain B) D. Cruel and excessive C) C. Proportionate D) A. Swift
A) D. Punishment never works B) B. Some individuals have diminished capacity (children, insane) C) C. All crime is biological D) A. No one has free will
A) A. Retribution and deterrence B) D. Social reform C) C. Treatment D) B. Rehabilitation only
A) B. "The punishment should fit the crime" B) C. "Poverty causes crime" C) A. "Criminals are born, not made" D) D. "Crime is a disease"
A) A. Middle Ages B) B. Enlightenment / 18th Century C) C. Industrial Revolution D) D. 20th Century
A) D. Crime is caused by supernatural forces B) B. Not all individuals are equally responsible for their actions C) A. Children should be punished the same as adults D) C. Free will does not exist
A) D. Edwin Sutherland B) C. Cesare Lombroso C) A. Cesare Beccaria D) B. Jeremy Bentham
A) B. Determined by biological, psychological, and social factors B) A. A result of free will C) D. A spiritual failing D) C. Always the fault of the victim
A) D. Social rebellion B) B. Criminals as evolutionary throwbacks / primitive traits C) C. A mental illness D) A. A learned behavior
A) B. Insane criminals B) D. White-collar criminals C) A. Born criminals D) C. Occasional criminals
A) B. Body build / physique B) C. Social class C) D. Family background D) A. Their intelligence
A) D. Pyknic B) C. Mesomorphic C) B. Endomorphic D) A. Ectomorphic
A) D. Athletic B) A. Mesomorphic C) C. Endomorphic D) B. Ectomorphic
A) C. Blood type B) A. Body weight C) B. The shape of the skull and brain areas D) D. Education level
A) C. DNA patterns B) D. Family trees C) B. Brain waves D) A. Facial features and their relation to character
A) B. Somatotyping B) D. Anomie Theory C) A. XYY Theory D) B. Somatotyping
A) B. Could be identified by physical anomalies B) D. Were made, not born C) A. Could be reformed through education D) A. Could be reformed through education
A) B. Social Learning Theory B) B. Social Learning Theory C) C. Criminal Atavism D) A. Strain Theory
A) A. Born criminals B) B. Occasional criminals who commit crime due to circumstances C) C. Professional thieves D) D. White-collar criminals
A) C. Always political B) B. A violation of natural moral sentiments (pity and probity) C) D. Caused by poverty D) A. Relative to each society
A) C. Social factors B) A. Biological factors C) A. Biological factors D) D. Psychological factors
A) D. All of the above B) A. Id, Ego, Superego C) B. Pleasure, Reality, Morality D) B. Pleasure, Reality, Morality
A) B. Superego B) C. Id C) A. Ego D) D. Conscious
A) D. Subconscious B) C. Superego C) D. Subconscious D) A. Id
A) D. Proper childhood development B) B. A weak ego or superego C) D. Proper childhood development D) A. A strong superego
A) A. Displacement B) D. Sublimation C) B. Projection D) A. Displacement
A) A. Denial / Rationalization B) D. Reaction Formation C) B. Projection D) B. Projection
A) A. Intelligence Theory B) C. Social Disorganization Theory C) B. Psychoanalytic Theory D) D. Strain Theory
A) D. Peer influence B) C. Bad neighborhoods C) A. Poverty D) B. Mental illness or emotional disturbance
A) B. Differential Association B) A. The M'Naghten Rule C) C. Anomie D) D. Labeling Theory
A) C. Impulsive, aggressive, and lacking empathy B) D. Introverted and shy C) A. Extroverted only D) A. Extroverted only
A) C. Poverty B) D. Crime wave C) B. Normlessness / breakdown of social rules D) D. Crime wave
A) A. They are born criminals B) B. Society blocks their access to success goals through legitimate means C) D. They have too many opportunities D) A. They are born criminals
A) 1 B) C. 5 C) 6 D) 4
A) B. Innovator B) A. Conformist C) A. Conformist D) D. Retreatist
A) A. Innovator B) D. Rebel C) A. Innovator D) C. Retreatist
A) A. Conformists B) D. Innovators C) C. Rebels D) A. Conformists
A) C. Stealing to get rich B) D. Only following rules when watched C) D. Only following rules when watched D) B. Accepting both goals and means
A) B. Merton and Durkheim B) C. Sutherland and Cressey C) D. Becker and Lemert D) A. Shaw and McKay
A) B. Neighborhood decay, poverty, and weak social institutions B) C. Individual personality C) C. Individual personality D) A. Bad genes
A) D. Government districts B) A. Wealthy suburbs C) D. Government districts D) B. Areas surrounding city center with highest crime rates
A) B. Higher and stable over time B) C. Unpredictable C) A. Lower than average D) D. Declining
A) A. Criminals are biologically different B) D. All cultures produce equal crime C) B. Lower-class values conflict with middle-class norms D) A. Criminals are biologically different
A) A. Middle-class values B) A. Middle-class values C) B. A cultural adaptation to maintain respect in disorganized neighborhoods D) D. Legal standards
A) C. Bad parenting only B) D. Media influence C) A. Individual evil D) B. Poverty and unequal access to opportunities
A) B. Social Structure B) A. Biological C) C. Social Process D) A. Biological
A) B. Strain Theory B) A. Differential Association Theory C) C. Labeling Theory D) D. Routine Activities Theory
A) C. Caused by poverty B) C. Caused by poverty C) D. A result of mental illness D) B. Learned through interaction with others
A) A. Frequency, duration, priority, and intensity B) B. Biology, psychology, sociology C) C. Rewards, punishments, modeling D) B. Biology, psychology, sociology
A) D. Leave the community B) A. Become a police officer C) B. Commit crime D) D. Leave the community
A) D. It is a coincidence B) B. Criminal values are learned within families C) C. Families are poor D) A. Genes cause it
A) A. Albert Bandura B) B. Edwin Sutherland C) B. Edwin Sutherland D) D. Emile Durkheim
A) C. Anomie B) A. Observation, imitation, and modeling C) B. Biological inheritance D) C. Anomie
A) B. Learn to justify their actions to maintain self-concept as good people B) C. Are born criminals C) A. Don't know right from wrong D) C. Are born criminals
A) D. Denial of reality B) A. Denial of responsibility C) B. Denial of injury D) A. Denial of responsibility
A) A. Denial of the victim B) C. Condemnation of the condemners C) B. Appeal to higher loyalties D) C. Condemnation of the condemners
A) D. Shaw and McKay B) A. Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert C) C. Robert Merton D) B. Cesare Lombroso
A) D. Shaw and McKay B) B. Initial acts that have little effect on self-identity C) C. Career criminality D) C. Career criminality
A) A. The person is never caught B) B. The deviant label becomes part of self-identity and behavior C) D. Someone else takes the blame D) D. Someone else takes the blame
A) D. Government officials B) D. Government officials C) A. The wealthy D) C. The powerless, poor, and marginalized
A) A. Who commits it and how society reacts to it B) B. How much money was lost C) C. The biological cause D) C. The biological cause
A) D. Emile Durkheim B) A. Travis Hirschi C) B. Edwin Sutherland D) D. Emile Durkheim
A) B. Commitment B) D. Intelligence C) B. Commitment D) A. Attachment
A) A. Attachment B) C. Involvement C) B. Commitment D) B. Attachment
A) C. Involvement B) A. Attachment C) D. Belief D) B. Commitment
A) C. Involvement B) A. Commitment C) D. Belief D) D. Belief
A) A. Involvement B) B. Belief C) C. Attachment D) D. Commitment
A) A. Are irrational B) B. Weigh costs and benefits before acting C) C. Are forced by society D) C. Are forced by society
A) B. Potential reward B) A. Risk of getting caught C) D. All of the above D) C. Severity of punishment
A) B. Shaw and McKay B) A. Cohen and Felson C) C. Sutherland and Cressey D) C. Sutherland and Cressey
A) B. Motivated offender, suitable target, lack of capable guardian B) D. Opportunity, skill, desire C) C. Offender, victim, witness D) D. Opportunity, skill, desire
A) D. A deterrent patrol B) A. A suitable target C) D. A deterrent patrol D) C. A capable guardian
A) B. Most people naturally stop committing crime as they get older B) C. Only young people commit crime C) A. Crime increases with age D) A. Crime increases with age
A) A. Only childhood B) C. Biological traits only C) B. Changes in criminal behavior across a person's entire life D) D. One single cause of crime
A) D. All of the above B) B. Getting a stable job C) B. Getting a stable job D) A. Getting married
A) D. Poor parenting B) C. Biological defects C) D. Poor parenting D) B. Power inequality and struggle between social classes
A) D. Naturally occurring moral standards B) C. Unnecessary restrictions C) D. Naturally occurring moral standards D) B. Tools used by the powerful to protect their interests
A) B. Individual laziness B) B. Individual laziness C) D. Cultural traditions D) A. Capitalism and class conflict
A) D. Retribution B) A. Punishing the offender severely C) C. Locking everyone up D) B. Repairing harm to victims and community
A) A. Only criminals B) B. The role of victims in crime causation and prevention C) C. Court procedures D) C. Court procedures
A) B. Victim Blaming B) C. Victim Denial C) A. Victim Precipitation D) C. Victim Denial
A) D. They don't pray enough B) A. They are unlucky C) D. They don't pray enough D) B. Their daily activities expose them to places/times with higher risk
A) C. Prove that biology is everything B) B. Combine concepts from multiple theories C) D. Prove that society doesn't matter D) D. Prove that society doesn't matter
A) A. Only financial goals B) D. Only peer pressure C) D. Only peer pressure D) B. Failure to achieve goals, loss of positive stimuli, and presentation of negative stimuli
A) D. No reaction B) D. No reaction C) A. Happiness D) B. Negative emotions like anger and frustration
A) A. Class only B) B. Race, gender, religion, and other sources of inequality C) D. Psychology D) D. Psychology
A) A. Women commit more crime than men B) D. Gender doesn't matter in crime C) D. Gender doesn't matter in crime D) B. Traditional theories were developed mostly by men about men
A) A. Objective facts only B) B. How language, discourse, and power define what is "criminal" C) C. Biological causes D) C. Biological causes
A) B. The threat of punishment B) C. Better parenting C) C. Better parenting D) A. Removing all opportunities
A) C. Rehabilitate offenders B) A. Scare the specific offender C) B. Discourage the general public from committing crime D) C. Rehabilitate offenders
A) D. Educate the public B) D. Educate the public C) B. Prevent the SAME individual from reoffending D) A. Scare society at large
A) B. Changing the immediate environment to reduce opportunities B) A. Changing the offender's personality C) C. Changing society D) C. Changing society
A) C. More prisons B) C. More prisons C) B. Improved lighting, visibility, and natural surveillance D) A. Better parenting
A) B. Visible signs of disorder encourage more serious crime B) D. Poverty equals crime C) D. Poverty equals crime D) C. Windows should be stronger
A) C. Labeling — they were treated differently B) A. Differential Association — one learned criminal values, the other didn't C) B. Biological determinism D) B. Biological determinism
A) C. Understand causes to develop effective prevention and intervention B) D. Prove one theory is perfect C) D. Prove one theory is perfect D) A. Blame individuals |