A) Increasing membrane thickness B) Preventing neural decay C) Replacing experimental data D) Offering testable predictions
A) Six B) Two C) Four D) Eight
A) Dendritic integration model B) FitzHugh–Nagumo model C) Synaptic reflex model D) Pacinian model
A) Eight B) Four C) Two D) Six
A) Pacinian corpuscle model B) Central pattern generator model C) Bonhoeffer–Van der Pol model D) Hodgkin–Huxley model
A) Near threshold neural spike rate B) Ion concentration gradients C) Resting potential stability D) Myelin sheath conductivity
A) Pacinian corpuscle B) Motor neuron C) Photoreceptor D) Olfactory bulb
A) Replacing mathematics with electronics B) Eliminating the need for synapses C) Simplifying individual ion channels D) Larger and more integrated systems
A) Mechanical signal decay B) Neural computation C) Only the Pacinian corpuscle D) The evolution of the brain
A) Pupillary light reflex B) Swallowing reflex C) Patellar tendon reflex D) Escape reflexes
A) Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft B) Calcium is pumped out of the cell C) The axon terminal dissolves D) Voltage-sensitive potassium channels close
A) They permanently bind to receptors B) They may open ion channels C) They block all ionic currents D) They destroy the postsynaptic membrane
A) Voltage-sensitive calcium channels B) Acetylcholinesterase enzymes C) Connexons D) Sodium-potassium pumps
A) Release of acetylcholinesterase B) Influx of calcium C) Influx of sodium D) Decrease in synaptic temperature
A) Botulinum toxin B) Diazinon C) Tetanospasmin D) Sarin
A) Vesicles B) Synaptic cleft C) Acetylcholine receptors D) Connexons
A) They do not require neurotransmitter diffusion B) They bypass the sarcolemma C) They consume more ATP D) They use larger action potentials
A) The stomach lining B) The sweat glands C) The peripheral nerves D) The heart
A) Diazinon B) Sarin C) Acetylcholine D) Tetanospasmin
A) In the synaptic cleft B) In the sarcolemma C) Inside the vesicles D) In the presynaptic axon
A) Tetanospasmin B) Botulinum toxin C) Acetylcholinesterase D) Sarin
A) Acetylcholine B) Tetanospasmin C) Sarin D) Calcium
A) Muscle stimulus is reduced B) Muscle contraction is amplified C) New vesicles are synthesized D) Calcium channels are blocked
A) Tetanospasmin B) Malathion C) Connexon D) Acetylcholine
A) They switch neurotransmitters constantly B) They do not use neurotransmitters C) They release multiple types of neurotransmitters simultaneously D) They use the same neurotransmitter at all termini
A) Falling phase B) Undershoot phase C) Rising phase D) Peak phase
A) Absolute refractory period B) Depolarization C) Afterhyperpolarization D) Equilibrium phase
A) The opening of inactivation gates on sodium channels. B) A decrease in membrane permeability to all ions. C) The efflux of potassium ions returning the cell to rest. D) Positive feedback leading to depolarization.
A) Calcium B) Potassium C) Sodium D) Chloride
A) 0 mV B) +55 mV C) -45 mV D) -70 mV
A) +55 mV B) -45 mV C) -75 mV D) -30 mV
A) Chloride B) Magnesium C) Sodium D) Potassium
A) The cell immediately enters the absolute refractory period. B) A full action potential is triggered. C) The membrane repolarizes to the resting potential. D) The membrane stays depolarized indefinitely.
A) The period when potassium channels are closed. B) The period of peak sodium permeability. C) The period during which no new action potential can be fired. D) The period during which the cell is hyperpolarized.
A) Synaptic knobs B) Axon hillock C) Myelin sheath D) Dendritic spines
A) Stabilizes it at a low level B) Neutralizes it C) Depolarizes it D) Hyperpolarizes it
A) Hyperpolarizes it B) Depolarizes it C) Maintains it at the threshold D) Increases it
A) Passively B) Via synaptic vesicles C) Through protein synthesis D) Actively
A) Exponentially B) Logarithmically C) It does not decay D) Linearly
A) A longer delay in the synapse B) The removal of the axon hillock C) Multiple synapses working together D) Increased inhibitory voltage
A) Myelin gaps B) Synaptic vesicles C) Gap junctions D) Nucleus
A) Protein pumps B) Chemical neurotransmitters C) Active transport D) Direct connection between cells
A) Shorter time constant B) Increased membrane resistance C) Slower action potential kinetics D) Larger voltage deflection
A) 50% B) 100% C) 350% D) 600%
A) Resting potential B) Synaptic potential C) Graded potential D) Nerve impulse
A) Protein channels B) Cytoskeleton C) Nucleus D) Lipid bilayer
A) Open, closed, blocked B) Permeable, impermeable, ionized C) Deactivated, activated, inactivated D) Resting, firing, refractory
A) Saltatory conduction B) Active transport C) Threshold triggering D) Synaptic transmission
A) Neuron B) Plant cell C) Muscle cell D) Glial cell
A) Axon terminal B) Axon hillock C) Soma D) Dendritic spine
A) Organelles B) Myelin C) Neurotransmitters D) Sodium ions
A) Oligodendrocytes B) Schwann cells C) Soma D) Dendrites
A) Release neurotransmitters B) Conduct signals faster C) Connect the axon to the soma D) Isolate the spine as an independent unit
A) Refractory B) Excitatory C) Hyperpolarizing D) Inhibitory
A) Velocity remains constant regardless of diameter B) Velocity increases with diameter C) Velocity is unrelated to diameter D) Velocity decreases with diameter
A) Ralph Lillie B) Ichiji Tasaki C) Andrew Huxley D) Robert Stämpfli
A) Fivefold B) Twofold C) Tenfold D) Hundredfold
A) Approximately 10% B) Approximately 20% C) Approximately 5% D) Approximately 50%
A) Alan Turing B) Lord Kelvin C) Rushton D) Hodgkin
A) The characteristic length scale B) The characteristic time scale C) The membrane resistance D) The transmembrane voltage
A) Bundle of His exclusively. B) Sarcolemma. C) Sinoatrial node. D) Atrioventricular node.
A) Excessive sodium depletion. B) Muscle atrophy. C) Neuropathic pain. D) Arrhythmias.
A) Calcium chloride. B) Sodium bicarbonate. C) Potassium hydroxide. D) Quinidine.
A) 0mV. B) -70mV. C) +30mV. D) -90mV.
A) Bundle of His. B) Purkinje fibers. C) Sinoatrial node. D) Neuromuscular junction.
A) 5 m/s. B) 1 m/s. C) 10 m/s. D) 50 m/s.
A) 5–10 ms. B) 30–50 ms. C) 1–3 ms. D) 10–20 ms.
A) Chloride B) Sodium C) Magnesium D) Potassium
A) Darwin B) Linnaeus C) Burdon-Sanderson D) J. C. Bose
A) ATP B) ADP C) Oxygen D) Glucose
A) Sodium-potassium pump B) Chloride channel C) Calcium gate D) Proton ATPase
A) Arid deserts B) Tropical rainforests C) Tundra regions D) Subtropical wetlands
A) Dionaea muscipula B) Venus flytrap (general term) C) Barley D) Mimosa pudica
A) Proton ATPase B) Bose C) Calcium D) Burdon-Sanderson
A) Mammals B) Sponges C) Reptiles D) Insects
A) Fruit fly B) Squid C) Mouse D) Frog
A) Keep the transmembrane voltage fixed B) Change the concentration of extracellular ions C) Increase the axonal diameter D) Measure the total volume of the cell
A) Glass micropipette electrode B) EOSFET C) Patch clamp D) Faraday cage
A) Optical imaging B) Radioactive tracers C) Small metal electrodes D) Neurochips containing EOSFETs
A) Tetrodotoxin B) Permethrin C) Dendrotoxin D) Saxitoxin
A) Dinoflagellate-eating insects B) Black mamba snake C) Pufferfish D) Gonyaulax
A) Pufferfish B) Black mamba snake C) A species of dinoflagellate D) Gonyaulax
A) Regulating electrolyte balance B) Treatment for nerve damage C) Insecticides D) Enhancing muscle contraction
A) Mass spectrometry B) Polymerase chain reaction C) Gel electrophoresis D) Affinity chromatography
A) Emil du Bois-Reymond B) Luigi Galvani C) Hermann von Helmholtz D) Alessandro Volta
A) Voltage clamp B) Voltaic pile C) Patch clamp D) Cryo-electron microscope
A) Julius Bernstein B) Carlo Matteucci C) Emil du Bois-Reymond D) Alan Hodgkin
A) Santiago Ramón y Cajal B) Camillo Golgi C) Emil du Bois-Reymond D) Hermann von Helmholtz
A) Alan Hodgkin B) Camillo Golgi C) Andrew Huxley D) Julius Bernstein
A) 1943 B) 1952 C) 1906 D) 1970
A) Louis Lapicque B) Alan Hodgkin C) Bernard Katz D) Julius Bernstein
A) Julius Bernstein B) Andrew Huxley C) David E. Goldman D) Bernard Katz
A) 1975 B) 1952 C) 1943 D) 1957 |