- 1. Khan Tengri Nature Park, located in the Tien Shan mountain range, is renowned for its stunning alpine landscapes, including dramatic glacier valleys. These valleys are shaped by the immense power of glaciers over millennia. Which of the following is the primary process responsible for carving out glacier valleys?
A) Deposition
B) Volcanism
C) Weathering
D) Erosion
- 2. The glacier valleys in Khan Tengri are characterized by specific landforms. What is the typical U-shaped cross-section of a glacier valley primarily a result of?
A) Tectonic uplift
B) River meanders
C) Glacial scouring
D) Wind erosion
- 3. Large rocks or boulders transported and deposited by glaciers are a common feature in glacial valleys. What are these distinctively shaped rocks called?
A) Erratics
B) Arêtes
C) Cirques
D) Moraines
- 4. The Tien Shan mountains, where Khan Tengri Nature Park is situated, are part of a larger mountain system in Central Asia. What is the dominant type of rock found in the core of the Tien Shan, which influences the landscape?
A) Basalt
B) Limestone
C) Granite
D) Sandstone
- 5. Glaciers in Khan Tengri create distinct ridges formed by the accumulation of rock debris along their edges. What are these lateral ridges of glacial till known as?
A) Medial moraines
B) Lateral moraines
C) Ground moraines
D) Terminal moraines
- 6. At the head of a glacier valley, a bowl-shaped depression is often formed. What is this feature, carved by glacial erosion, called?
A) Cirque
B) Tarn
C) Hanging valley
D) U-shaped valley
- 7. When two cirques erode towards each other, they can form a sharp, knife-edge ridge. What is this distinctive mountain ridge called?
A) Arête
B) Nunatak
C) Horn
D) Col
- 8. Many of the glaciers in Khan Tengri are outlet glaciers, flowing from a larger ice mass. These glaciers often terminate in what kind of feature in the valley floor?
A) Karst topography
B) Uvala
C) Sinkhole
D) Proglacial lake
- 9. The meltwater from glaciers in Khan Tengri feeds into rivers that flow through the valleys. What is the characteristic sediment deposited by glacial meltwater, often forming braided river systems?
A) Glacial flour
B) Loess
C) Outwash
D) Alluvium
- 10. High-altitude environments like Khan Tengri Nature Park are sensitive to climate change. What is a primary impact of warming temperatures on the glaciers in these valleys?
A) Recession
B) Thickening
C) Advance
D) Expansion
- 11. The flora in the glacier valleys of Khan Tengri is adapted to harsh conditions. What is a common characteristic of plants found at these high altitudes?
A) Deep-rooted and spreading
B) Tall and leafy
C) Brightly colored and fragrant
D) Low-growing and cushion-shaped
- 12. The fauna in Khan Tengri Nature Park includes unique species. Which of the following is a mammal commonly found in high-altitude mountain environments like this?
A) Panda
B) Kangaroo
C) Marco Polo sheep
D) Tiger
- 13. The geological history of the Tien Shan suggests a complex tectonic past. The formation of these mountains is largely attributed to:
A) Erosion by ancient seas
B) Continental collision
C) Volcanic activity
D) Impact cratering
- 14. The glaciers in Khan Tengri are a vital source of freshwater for downstream regions. What is the primary mechanism by which glaciers store and release water?
A) Evaporation and transpiration
B) Infiltration and percolation
C) Condensation and precipitation
D) Melting and sublimation
- 15. The valleys carved by glaciers often contain lakes formed by glacial activity. What is a lake formed within a cirque after the glacier has retreated called?
A) Tarn
B) Oxbow lake
C) Maar
D) Fjord
- 16. The steep, exposed rock walls of glacier valleys can experience rockfalls. What is the process of rocks breaking off and falling from these steep slopes?
A) Mass wasting
B) Compaction
C) Sedimentation
D) Metamorphism
- 17. The Tien Shan is known for its rich biodiversity. The glacier valleys, despite their harshness, support specific ecosystems. What type of ecosystem is predominantly found at these high elevations?
A) Desert
B) Temperate grassland
C) Tropical rainforest
D) Alpine tundra
- 18. The direction of glacial movement significantly influences the shape of the valley. What landform is created on the bedrock over which a glacier moves due to abrasion and plucking?
A) Eskers
B) Striations
C) Roches moutonnées
D) Drumlins
- 19. The high peaks of the Tien Shan are often glaciated. What term describes a mountain peak that has been eroded by glaciers from multiple sides, resulting in a sharp, pyramid-like shape?
A) Cirque
B) Nunatak
C) Horn
D) Arête
- 20. The erosion by glacial ice itself, scraping and gouging the bedrock, is a powerful process. This process is primarily known as:
A) Plucking
B) Chemical weathering
C) Abrasion
D) Freeze-thaw weathering
- 21. The sediments deposited directly by glacial ice, often unsorted and unstratified, are called:
A) Silt
B) Gravel
C) Clay
D) Till
- 22. In some glacier valleys, a series of ridges formed by meltwater streams flowing through, under, or upon a glacier are found. What are these sinuous ridges of sand and gravel called?
A) Eskers
B) Drumlins
C) Kames
D) Moraines
- 23. The elevation of Khan Tengri Nature Park significantly impacts the climate and glaciation. What is the general altitudinal zone where glaciers are most prominent?
A) Subalpine zone
B) Montane zone
C) Alpine zone
D) Nival zone
- 24. The study of past glacial activity and its impact on the landscape is known as:
A) Paleontology
B) Glaciology
C) Seismology
D) Geomorphology
- 25. The unique rock formations found in glacier valleys can be a result of differential erosion. What is the term for a rock formation that stands isolated and is often carved by wind or water erosion, sometimes occurring in glacial environments?
A) Boulder
B) Pinnacle
C) Mushroom rock
D) Arch
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