- 1. What common chemical behavior is illustrated by the industrial uses of butadiene?
A) Polymerization
B) Neutralization
C) Hydrolysis
D) Combustion
- 2. Which type of reaction is butadiene's hydrocyanation used to illustrate?
A) 1,2-addition
B) Elimination
C) 1,4-addition
D) Substitution
- 3. What type of complexes are involved in Pd-catalyzed reactions of butadiene?
A) Hydride complexes
B) Carbonyl complexes
C) Nitrosyl complexes
D) Allyl complexes
- 4. What product is formed when butadiene reacts with maleic anhydride in a Diels–Alder reaction?
A) Tetrahydrophthalic anhydride
B) Phthalic acid
C) Butadiene oxide
D) Cyclobutane
- 5. Which metal is used in the butadiene derivative Fe(butadiene)(CO)3?
A) Molybdenum
B) Palladium
C) Nickel
D) Iron
- 6. How is the acute toxicity of butadiene generally classified?
A) Negligible
B) High
C) Moderate
D) Low
- 7. Long-term exposure to butadiene has been associated with which disease?
A) Arthritis
B) Cardiovascular disease
C) Diabetes
D) Glaucoma
- 8. What cancer has a consistent association with butadiene exposure?
A) Brain cancer
B) Bone cancer
C) Leukemia
D) Skin cancer
- 9. How has the IARC designated 1,3-butadiene?
A) Group 3 carcinogen
B) Group 1 carcinogen
C) Group 2A carcinogen
D) Group 2B carcinogen
- 10. What does the ACGIH list 1,3-butadiene as?
A) Suspected carcinogen
B) Non-carcinogen
C) Potent mutagen
D) Confirmed human carcinogen
- 11. Which substance is mentioned as being twice as potent as butadiene in cigarette smoke?
A) Formaldehyde
B) Acrylonitrile
C) Nicotine
D) Benzene
- 12. What is 1,3-butadiene suspected to be in humans, in addition to being a carcinogen?
A) Neurotoxin
B) Teratogen
C) Allergen
D) Antioxidant
- 13. According to animal data, which gender may have a higher sensitivity to the carcinogenic effects of butadiene?
A) No gender difference
B) Men
C) Women
D) Children
- 14. What factor might explain the higher sensitivity of women to butadiene's carcinogenic effects?
A) Metabolic rate differences
B) Body mass index
C) Differences in lung capacity
D) Estrogen receptor impacts
- 15. Why is 1,3-butadiene recognized as a highly reactive volatile organic compound (HRVOC)?
A) Contribution to smog visibility
B) Potential to form ozone
C) Ability to acidify rain
D) High solubility in water
- 16. Which agency regulates emissions of 1,3-butadiene in the Houston-Brazoria-Galveston area?
A) FDA
B) OSHA
C) EPA
D) TCEQ
- 17. What is the primary starting material for the dehydrogenation process used to produce butadiene?
A) acetylene
B) calcium carbide
C) ethanol
D) n-butane
- 18. In what year did the first post-war commercial plant for butadiene production from n-butane begin operations?
A) 1940
B) 2017
C) 1957
D) 1943
- 19. Which process is currently used for the commercial production of butadiene from n-butane?
A) Ostromislensky process
B) Lebedev process
C) Houdry Catadiene process
D) Steam cracking
- 20. Which chemicals are used as catalysts in the Houdry Catadiene process?
A) Calcium carbide
B) Alumina and chromia
C) Metal oxides only
D) Tantalum and silica
- 21. Which individual developed the single-step process for converting ethanol into butadiene?
A) Sergey Lebedev
B) The Rubber Reserve Company
C) Ivan Ostromislensky
D) Houdry
- 22. What are the byproducts of the single-step ethanol-to-butadiene process?
A) Acetaldehyde and silica
B) Calcium carbide and carbon dioxide
C) Chromia and alumina
D) Hydrogen and water
- 23. At what temperature range does the single-step ethanol process operate?
A) 200–250 °C
B) 400–450 °C
C) 325–350 °C
D) 500–600 °C
- 24. Which Russian chemist developed the two-step process for producing butadiene from ethanol?
A) Houdry
B) Ivan Ostromislensky
C) Sergey Lebedev
D) None of the above
- 25. In the two-step ethanol process, what is ethanol first oxidized into?
A) Acetaldehyde
B) Water
C) Butene
D) Hydrogen
- 26. What catalyst is used in the two-step ethanol-to-butadiene process?
A) Alumina and chromia
B) Metal oxide
C) Calcium carbide
D) Tantalum-promoted porous silica
- 27. What was the initial source of butadiene for the Louisville, Kentucky plant?
A) Ethanol only
B) Acetylene
C) Steam cracking
D) n-Butane
- 28. As of 2017, what is the status of industrial butadiene production from ethanol?
A) It is used in the US only
B) It is the primary method
C) It is used in Brazil only
D) None was produced
- 29. Why is the ethanol-to-butadiene process still considered viable for some regions?
A) Higher output volumes
B) Lower capital costs
C) Better efficiency than steam cracking
D) It uses cheaper catalysts
- 30. Where were the plants for the United States Synthetic Rubber Program located in the 1940s?
A) Borger, Toledo, and El Segundo
B) Houston, Institute, and Louisville
C) Russia, Europe, and India
D) Brazil, China, and India
- 31. What is the primary disadvantage of producing butadiene from ethanol compared to steam cracking?
A) Lack of available catalysts
B) Higher capital costs
C) Requires higher temperatures
D) Not competitive for large volumes
- 32. What is the chemical formula of 1,3-butadiene?
A) CH3-CH=CH-CH3
B) CH2=CH-CH=CH2
C) CH2=CH2
D) CH2=C=CH-CH3
- 33. What is the physical state of butadiene at room temperature and pressure?
A) Solid
B) Metallic plasma
C) Colorless gas
D) Viscous liquid
- 34. What type of hydrocarbon is 1,3-butadiene?
A) Conjugated diene
B) Alkyne
C) Alkane
D) Aromatic ring
- 35. Why is butadiene found in the air of urban areas?
A) Agricultural runoff
B) Natural volcanic activity
C) Emission by motor vehicles
D) Water treatment plants
- 36. Who first isolated butadiene in 1863?
A) Walter Bock
B) E. Caventou
C) Sergei Lebedev
D) Eduard Tschunker
- 37. What did Sergei Lebedev achieve in 1910?
A) Developed extractive distillation
B) Invented steam cracking
C) Polymerized butadiene
D) Isolated butadiene from petroleum
- 38. What type of rubber did early butadiene polymers resemble?
A) Natural rubber
B) Neoprene
C) Silicone rubber
D) Nitrile rubber
- 39. What was the estimated production of butadiene in 2020?
A) 20.1 million tons
B) 8.8 million tons
C) 5.5 million tons
D) 14.2 million tons
- 40. In the United States, how is butadiene primarily produced?
A) Fermentation of grain
B) Coal gasification
C) Byproduct of steam cracking
D) Direct synthesis from methane
- 41. Which solvent is used for the extractive distillation of butadiene?
A) Acetonitrile
B) Ethanol
C) Water
D) Benzene
- 42. Which type of feed produces more butadiene during steam cracking?
A) Methane
B) Heavier feeds
C) Ethane
D) Hydrogen gas
- 43. What is 1,2-butadiene classified as?
A) An aromatic compound
B) An allene
C) A conjugated diene
D) A saturated alkane
- 44. During which historical period did the butadiene industry originate?
A) Before World War II
B) After the Cold War
C) In the early 19th century
D) During the Industrial Revolution
- 45. Why is 1,2-butadiene not considered important industrially?
A) It is highly toxic
B) It is too expensive to produce
C) It is a solid at room temperature
D) It has no industrial importance
- 46. Which material is used as a convenient solid storable source for 1,3-butadiene in laboratory settings?
A) Chloroprene
B) Adiponitrile
C) Sulfolene
D) Cyclohexene
- 47. Which process converts butadiene into adiponitrile?
A) Hydrocyanation
B) Trimerization
C) Polymerization
D) Dimerization
- 48. What is the most common material used for the production of automobile tires?
A) Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
B) Polybutadiene (PB)
C) Polybutadiene acrylonitrile (PBAN)
D) Styrene-butadiene (SBR)
- 49. What substance accumulates as a common impurity when butadiene is stored?
A) 1-octene
B) Cyclododecatriene
C) Vinylcyclohexene
D) Sulfolane
- 50. Which polymer is used as a binder for ammonium perchlorate composite propellant (APCP) in the Space Shuttle?
A) SBR
B) NBR
C) ABS
D) PBAN
- 51. What type of catalyst is often used for the dimerization and trimerization of butadiene?
A) Palladium-based catalysts
B) Iron-based catalysts
C) Nickel- or titanium-containing catalysts
D) Copper-based catalysts
- 52. What does the trimerization of butadiene produce?
A) Cyclododecatriene
B) 1-methoxy-2,7-octadiene
C) 4-vinylcyclohexene
D) Cyclooctadiene
- 53. What is the product of the palladium-catalyzed telomerization of butadiene with methanol?
A) Sulfolane
B) 1-octene
C) Adiponitrile
D) Chloroprene
- 54. Which copolymer is specifically mentioned as being used by amateur rocketeers due to its reduced curing temperature?
A) SBR
B) ABS
C) NBR
D) HTPB
- 55. What byproduct is released when sulfolene is heated to generate butadiene?
A) Chlorine
B) Sulfur dioxide
C) Methanol
D) Hydrogen cyanide
- 56. Which company patented a process to produce butadiene from normal butenes via oxidative dehydrogenation in the 1960s?
A) Torrance Industrial
B) Baton Rouge Chemicals
C) USSRP
D) Petro-Tex
- 57. Which conformation of 1,3-butadiene is the most stable?
A) s-cis
B) gauche
C) eclipsed
D) s-trans
- 58. What is the C2-C3 dihedral angle of the s-trans conformation?
A) 180°
B) 0°
C) 38°
D) 90°
- 59. What is the C2-C3 dihedral angle of the s-cis conformation?
A) 45°
B) 38°
C) 180°
D) 0°
- 60. How much higher in energy is the s-cis conformation compared to s-trans?
A) 3.5 kJ/mol
B) 12.0 kJ/mol
C) 24.8 kJ/mol
D) 16.5 kJ/mol
- 61. What is the dihedral angle of the gauche conformer of 1,3-butadiene?
A) 0°
B) Around 38°
C) 90°
D) 180°
- 62. How much higher in energy is the gauche conformer compared to the s-trans conformer?
A) 24.8 kJ/mol
B) 12.0 kJ/mol
C) 16.5 kJ/mol
D) 3.5 kJ/mol
- 63. What is the rotational barrier between the two conformers of 1,3-butadiene?
A) 24.8 kJ/mol
B) 12.0 kJ/mol
C) 3.5 kJ/mol
D) 16.5 kJ/mol
- 64. What does the small degree of partial double bond character in the C–C single bond suggest?
A) High steric hindrance
B) Isolated double bonds
C) A delocalized pi system
D) A completely single C-C bond
- 65. Which reaction requires 1,3-butadiene to assume the s-cis conformation?
A) Polymerization
B) Combustion
C) Diels-Alder reaction
D) Hydrogenation
- 66. What is the length of the double bond in s-trans-butadiene?
A) 133.0 pm
B) 120.0 pm
C) 133.8 pm
D) 140.0 pm
- 67. What is the approximate resonance energy of 1,3-butadiene?
A) 30.3 kcal/mol
B) 60.6 kcal/mol
C) 3.5 kcal/mol
D) 57.1 kcal/mol
- 68. Which theory is used to obtain a qualitative picture of 1,3-butadiene's molecular orbitals?
A) Valence Bond theory
B) Hückel theory
C) VSEPR theory
D) Resonance theory
|