- 1. Approximately how many Jews died fighting for Hungary in World War I?
A) Over 50,000
B) More than 10,000
C) Exactly 5,000
D) Less than 1,000
- 2. What treaty forced Hungary to cede two-thirds of its territory and population?
A) Treaty of Paris
B) Treaty of Versailles
C) Treaty of Trianon
D) Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
- 3. Who led the first post-war liberal democratic government in Hungary?
A) Béla Kun
B) Miklós Horthy
C) Mihály Károlyi
D) Tibor Szamuely
- 4. When did the Communists take control of Hungary's governing institutions?
A) March 21, 1919
B) November 1918
C) January 1920
D) July 1919
- 5. What was the name of the state formed by the Communist government in 1919?
A) People's Republic of Hungary
B) Kingdom of Hungary
C) Hungarian Soviet Republic
D) Hungarian Democratic Republic
- 6. Who was one of the few leaders of the Hungarian Soviet Republic who was not of Jewish ancestry?
A) Béla Kun
B) Jenő Landler
C) Sándor Garbai
D) Tibor Szamuely
- 7. The presence of ethnic Jews in the leadership of the 1919 revolution fostered the notion of what?
A) A Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy
B) A democratic uprising
C) A royalist coup
D) A nationalist liberation movement
- 8. Which foreign army entered Budapest to crush Kun's regime?
A) German
B) Russian
C) Romanian
D) Austrian
- 9. Who commanded the reactionary forces that followed the fall of the Communist regime?
A) Sándor Garbai
B) Miklós Horthy
C) Mihály Károlyi
D) Tibor Szamuely
- 10. What is the name of the campaign of counter-reprisals directed against Jews and others starting in July 1919?
A) Trianon Retribution
B) White Terror
C) Red Terror
D) Great Purge
- 11. According to the text, how did Miklós Horthy refer to the violence in his memoirs?
A) A tragic necessity
B) A revolutionary mandate
C) An iron broom
D) A cleansing fire
- 12. Which group were the White Terror pogroms specifically directed at?
A) Foreigners only
B) Aristocrats and industrialists only
C) Jews, progressives, and peasants
D) Religious minorities other than Jews
- 13. Which of these leaders was of Jewish ancestry?
A) Mihály Károlyi
B) Béla Kun
C) Miklós Horthy
D) Sándor Garbai
- 14. Compared to the repressions of the Kun regime, how many lives did the White Terror claim?
A) Fewer
B) None
C) An order of magnitude more
D) Roughly the same amount
- 15. The Vix Note required Hungary to cede a significant part of which region?
A) The Alps
B) The Great Plains
C) The coastline
D) Budapest
- 16. When did the Battle of Mohács take place?
A) 11 September 1526
B) 18 June 1623
C) 29 August 1526
D) 24 April 1671
- 17. Which leader died during the Battle of Mohács?
A) Maximilian II
B) Gabriel Bethlen
C) Suleiman I
D) Louis II
- 18. Who was the grand vizier that arrived at Buda with the Ottoman army?
A) Ibrahim Pasha
B) Ferdinand of Habsburg
C) Leopold I
D) János Szapolyai
- 19. Which of these was NOT a Jewish community existing in Sofia in the late 16th century?
A) Sephardi
B) Persian
C) Romaniote
D) Ashkenazi
- 20. Which city expelled its Jews and confiscated their property in 1526?
A) Buda
B) Sopron
C) Sofia
D) Constantinople
- 21. What was the reason Pressburg (Bratislava) received permission to expel its Jews in 1526?
A) They intended to flee before the Turks
B) They were involved in the Battle of Mohács
C) They refused to pay taxes
D) They committed ritual murder
- 22. What happened to the Jews accused of ritual murder at Bösing in 1529?
A) They were forced to pay a special tax
B) They were exiled to Anatolia
C) They were burned at the stake
D) They were pardoned by the king
- 23. How many synagogues were in Buda at the end of the Ottoman era?
A) One
B) Four
C) Five
D) Three
- 24. Who granted a letter of privileges to Spanish Jews in Transylvania in 1623?
A) Leopold I
B) Prince Gabriel Bethlen
C) King Maximilian II
D) Suleiman I
- 25. What did the Diet of 1578 decree regarding taxes for Jews?
A) They were taxed at the same rate as others
B) They were exempt from all taxes
C) They were to be taxed double
D) They only paid tax in goods
- 26. Which monarch issued an expulsion decree against the Jews on 24 April 1671?
A) János Szapolyai
B) Louis II
C) Leopold I
D) Maximilian II
- 27. What happened to the Jews of Székesfehérvár after the imperial troops took the city in 1601?
A) They were appointed to the royal court
B) They were given honorary citizenship
C) They were relocated to Transylvania
D) They were slain or sold into slavery
- 28. Which king renewed the Szabolcs decree of 1092?
A) Andrew II
B) Ladislaus IV
C) Coloman
D) Béla IV
- 29. How did Coloman react to the Crusaders arriving in Hungary?
A) He joined them
B) He ignored them
C) He opposed them
D) He encouraged them
- 30. Why did Bohemian Jews seek refuge in Hungary?
A) The collapse of the Bohemian monarchy
B) Cruelties inflicted upon them in Bohemia
C) An invitation from the Hungarian Pope
D) Economic opportunities in the Hungarian court
- 31. In which document were the nobles able to deprive Jews of high offices during Andrew II's reign?
A) The Szabolcs decree
B) The Golden Bull
C) The Privilegium of 1251
D) The Synod of Buda declaration
- 32. Which Pope excommunicated Andrew II for farming royal revenues to Jews?
A) Pope Honorius III
B) Pope Philip of Fermo
C) Pope Innocent III
D) Pope Gregory IX
- 33. Which Pope mandated that Jews and Saracens be distinguished by badges?
A) Pope Alexander IV
B) Pope Gregory IX
C) Pope Clement IV
D) Pope Honorius III
- 34. What event in 1241 did Jews believe might usher in the Messianic period?
A) The issuance of the 1251 privilegium
B) The death of Béla IV
C) The Synod of Buda
D) The Mongol invasion
- 35. Who was appointed as court chamberlain under Béla IV?
A) Henul
B) Wölfel
C) Altmann
D) Teka
- 36. What penalty would a Christian face for entrusting an office to a Jew according to the Synod of Buda?
A) A heavy fine
B) Confiscation of property
C) Imprisonment
D) Excommunication
- 37. Who was the last king of the Árpád dynasty?
A) Ladislaus IV
B) Andrew III
C) Coloman
D) Béla IV
- 38. Who held the office of court chamberlain under Andrew II?
A) Wölfel
B) Nickel
C) Henul
D) Teka
- 39. What percentage of Budapest's population was Jewish by the early 20th century?
A) 45%
B) 5%
C) 17%
D) 23%
- 40. The Hungarian word for Jew, 'zsidó', was adopted from which language family?
A) Latin
B) Khazar
C) German
D) Slavic
- 41. Which synagogue is the largest in Europe?
A) Dohány Street Synagogue
B) Temple Emanu-El
C) Aquincum Synagogue
D) Siklós Synagogue
- 42. In what year did the German occupation of Hungary take place?
A) 1920
B) 1941
C) 1938
D) 1944
- 43. Which Roman emperor ordered the transfer of troops from Syria to Pannonia in 175 CE?
A) Decebalus
B) St. Ladislaus
C) Alexander Severus
D) Marcus Aurelius
- 44. When were the Jews first expelled from Hungary during the Black Death?
A) 1349
B) 1494
C) 1382
D) 1360
- 45. Which group did King Louis try to convert to Catholicism in Bosnia?
A) Protestants
B) Bogomils
C) Muslims
D) Orthodox Christians
- 46. Which king created the office of Jewish prefect?
A) Sigismund Luxembourg
B) Matthias Corvinus
C) Ladislaus Posthumus
D) Albert
- 47. Where were many Jews burned at the stake in 1494?
A) Buda
B) Nagyszombat (Trnava)
C) Bosnia
D) Tata
- 48. On what suspicion were Jews executed in 1494?
A) Refusal to pay taxes
B) Theft of state funds
C) Ritual murder
D) Espionage
- 49. Who expelled the Jews from Tata after the death of Matthias Corvinus?
A) Maximilian
B) John Corvinus
C) Louis II
D) Ladislaus II
- 50. Who was the Jewish prefect of Buda placed under imperial protection in 1512?
A) Dano I
B) Emerich Szerencsés
C) Alexander the Good
D) Jacob Mendel
- 51. What did the baptized deputy treasurer Emerich Szerencsés do that increased hostility toward Jews?
A) Embezzled public funds
B) Spied for foreign powers
C) Advocated for high taxes
D) Forced conversions
- 52. Which emperor granted protection to the Hungarian Jews in 1512?
A) Louis II
B) Maximilian
C) Béla IV
D) Sigismund
- 53. On what date did imperial troops recapture Buda?
A) 28 June 1725
B) 12 March 1712
C) 2 September 1686
D) 15 August 1690
- 54. Which activity were Jews prohibited from engaging in by the Diet of Pressburg?
A) Tailoring
B) Trading in precious metals
C) Agriculture
D) Financial lending
- 55. Who was appointed as customs farmer at Leopoldstadt in 1692?
A) Charles III
B) Simon Hirsch
C) Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch
D) Francis II Rákóczi
- 56. Which city expelled its Jews in 1712 on the grounds that it was the birthplace of St. Stephen?
A) Sopron
B) Pressburg
C) Buda
D) Esztergom
- 57. What restriction did King Charles III place on Jewish families in the Austrian provinces in 1726?
A) Only one male member per family could marry
B) Total ban on residing in cities
C) Double taxation on agricultural land
D) Mandatory expulsion to Hungary
- 58. Where did the overflow of Austrian Jews primarily settle after the 1726 marriage decree?
A) The mining-towns
B) Southern provinces
C) Northwestern Hungary
D) Vienna
- 59. Which city's Jewish court did the Jews of Trencsén pledge to submit to in 1734?
A) Pressburg
B) Sopron
C) Ungarisch-Brod
D) Vienna
- 60. Who ordered that Jewish and Christian subjects who emigrated after 1740 should be extradited?
A) Leopold I
B) Francis II Rákóczi
C) Charles III
D) Maria Theresa
- 61. In 1735, what was the total number of Jews recorded in Hungary?
A) 10,500
B) 12,474
C) 11,621
D) 15,200
- 62. According to the 1735 census, from which region did the largest percentage of immigrant Jews originate?
A) Poland
B) Bohemia
C) Moravia
D) Austria
- 63. Which city had the largest Jewish community in 1735?
A) Szatmár
B) Székesfehérvár
C) Buda
D) Pressburg (Bratislava)
- 64. What was the name of the tax imposed on Hungarian Jews during the reign of Maria Theresa?
A) Noble-tax
B) Residence-tax
C) Toleration-tax
D) Poll-tax
- 65. In what year were Jews expelled from Buda during Maria Theresa's reign?
A) 1760
B) 1746
C) 1749
D) 1740
- 66. What was the colloquial Yiddish name for the toleration-tax?
A) König-tax
B) Juden-tax
C) Malkegeld
D) Geld-tax
- 67. How many years did Maria Theresa eventually set for the toleration-tax payment cycle?
A) Ten years
B) Eight years
C) Five years
D) Three years
- 68. What was the name of the decree issued on March 31, 1783?
A) Systematica gentis Judaicae regulatio
B) The Edict of Toleration
C) The Hungarian Hebrew Decree
D) The Jewish Emancipation Act
- 69. Which towns were specifically excluded from the areas opened to Jewish settlement?
A) Capital cities
B) Royal free towns
C) Mining-towns
D) Border towns
- 70. Who was to explain the effects of the emperor's decrees to the Jewish people?
A) The school inspectors
B) Christian teachers
C) The government officials
D) The rabbis
- 71. What type of teachers were to be employed in Jewish schools during the early years?
A) Christian teachers
B) Foreign language tutors
C) Jewish rabbis
D) State-appointed Yiddish speakers
- 72. What restriction was placed on the subjects Jews could study at universities?
A) Medicine
B) Theology
C) Philosophy
D) Law
- 73. What specific item were Jews permitted to carry after the 1783 decree?
A) Swords
B) Merchant licenses
C) Religious symbols
D) Distinctive clothing
- 74. In 1787, what were Jews required to choose?
A) A local representative
B) A German surname
C) A Hungarian place of birth
D) A trade guild
- 75. What obligation did the 1789 edict impose upon the Jews?
A) Military service
B) Mandatory emigration
C) Compulsory labor in mining-towns
D) Payment of a special poll tax
- 76. Which city petitioned the municipal council to expel the Jews after May 1, 1790?
A) Nagyvárad
B) Nagyszombat
C) Pest
D) Pressburg
- 77. Which of the following was a permitted occupation for Jews under Joseph II?
A) Selling gunpowder
B) Mining
C) Managing royal estates
D) Teaching theology
- 78. What was the name of the law passed as the thirty-eighth article of the Diet of 1790–1791?
A) Status Judaei
B) Lex Judaeorum
C) De Judaeis
D) Jus Regium
- 79. Who read the law of February 5, 1791, to the session of the Diet?
A) Stephen Atzel
B) Charles Zay
C) József Eötvös
D) Philip Jacobovics
- 80. Under which monarch's reign was the condition of the Hungarian Jews finally ameliorated?
A) Franz Joseph I
B) Maria Theresa
C) Ferdinand V
D) Leopold II
- 81. By what percentage did the Jewish population in Hungary grow between 1815 and 1840?
A) About 80%
B) About 50%
C) About 20%
D) About 100%
- 82. Who was the superintendent of the Jewish hospital who moved the petition in Pest in 1839?
A) Moritz Bloch
B) Moritz Rosenthal
C) Philip Jacobovics
D) József Eötvös
- 83. Which scholar translated the Pentateuch into Hungarian?
A) József Eötvös
B) Moritz Rosenthal
C) Moritz Bloch
D) Philip Jacobovics
- 84. Who was the chief ecclesiastical inspector of the Hungarian Lutherans who advocated for Jewish interests in 1846?
A) Count Charles Zay
B) Baron József Eötvös
C) Stephen Atzel
D) Moritz Bloch
- 85. In which city did the mob advance upon the synagogue, cut up Torah scrolls, and throw them into a well?
A) Pressburg
B) Pest
C) Szombathely
D) Sopron
- 86. What was the proposed destination for Jews considering emigration as a means of escape during the mid-19th century?
A) England
B) Russia
C) France
D) America
- 87. Who estimated that 20,000 Jews participated in the Hungarian Revolution?
A) Béla Bernstein
B) Julius Jacob von Haynau
C) Ignatz Einhorn
D) Leopold Löw
- 88. What was the name used by Ignatz Einhorn when he became state secretary of the Hungarian Ministry of Commerce?
A) Adolf Hübsch
B) Eduard Horn
C) Jacob Münz
D) Béla Bernstein
- 89. When was the emancipation of the Jews granted by the national assembly at Szeged?
A) July 28, 1849
B) July 2, 1848
C) September 20, 1850
D) April 11, 1848
- 90. Which city saw Jewish supporters of Hungary slain by rebellious Serbians?
A) Zenta
B) Pápa
C) Pest
D) Szeged
- 91. When was the Israelite State Teachers' Seminary in Pest founded?
A) 1867
B) 1849
C) 1877
D) 1859
- 92. What percentage of the Hungarian Jewish population lived in Budapest according to the 1910 census?
A) 45.00%
B) 22.35%
C) 5.00%
D) 10.15%
- 93. Which city was referred to as 'Judapest' by Karl Lueger?
A) Vienna
B) Budapest
C) Buda
D) Pest
- 94. According to the 1910 census, what percentage of Hungarian Jews lived in the territories that remained part of the 'small' Hungary after 1921?
A) 2.6%
B) 19.5%
C) 51.7%
D) 25.5%
- 95. Which country acquired Fiume, where 2,000 Hungarian Jews lived according to the 1910 census, after 1924?
A) Austria
B) Italy
C) Yugoslavia
D) Czechoslovakia
- 96. What was the net loss for Judaism due to official conversions between 1919 and 1938?
A) 4,288
B) 26,652
C) 260
D) 30,940
- 97. In 1926, which district in Pest had the largest percentage of Jewish inhabitants?
A) District VII
B) District V
C) District VI
D) District VIII
- 98. In 1930, what was the primary religious affiliation of Hungarian Jews overall?
A) Neolog
B) Status quo ante
C) Convert
D) Orthodox
- 99. What percentage of Jewish families in Budapest lived in apartments with one or two rooms in 1926?
A) 5%
B) 50%
C) 65%
D) 30%
- 100. What was the percentage of Jewish individual gold medal winners in the Summer Olympic Games between 1924 and 1936?
A) 55.6%
B) 17.6%
C) 46.3%
D) 19.6%
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