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Underground Railroad - Quiz
Contributed by: Black
  • 1. Was the Underground Railroad literally underground?
A) It started underground and later moved above ground
B) No, it was neither literally underground nor a railroad
C) Yes, but only in northern states
D) Yes, it consisted of underground tunnels
  • 2. When did the first literal underground railroad exist?
A) 1875
B) 1863
C) 1800
D) 1850
  • 3. According to John Rankin, why was the escape network called a railroad?
A) Because it was built by railroad workers
B) Because fugitives disappeared from public view as if they went into the ground
C) Because it used actual steam locomotives
D) Because trains transported people by night
  • 4. Why did the network use rail terminology like stations and conductors?
A) To confuse slave catchers using railroad codes
B) Because that was the transportation system in use at the time
C) Because trains were the only way to travel north
D) To honor the inventors of the railroad
  • 5. Did the Underground Railroad have a central headquarters or governing body?
A) No, it had no headquarters or governing body
B) Yes, located in Philadelphia
C) Yes, located in Canada
D) Yes, managed by the Quaker church
  • 6. Were there published guides, maps, or pamphlets for the Underground Railroad?
A) No
B) Yes, but only for conductors
C) Yes, printed secretly in New York
D) Yes, distributed by abolitionist newspapers
  • 7. How was communication maintained among participants of the Underground Railroad?
A) By word of mouth
B) Via public newspaper advertisements
C) By telegraph messages
D) Through published maps and guides
  • 8. What type of code was reportedly used to encrypt messages?
A) Alphabetical cipher
B) Binary code
C) Numeric code
D) Morse code
  • 9. How did participants generally organize to maintain secrecy?
A) In state-wide chapters
B) In large centralized militias
C) In small, independent groups
D) Under strict military command
  • 10. Who were the 'conductors' on the railroad?
A) Elected government officials
B) Only trained railway employees
C) Free-born blacks, white abolitionists, formerly enslaved people, and Native Americans
D) Exclusively white Quakers
  • 11. Why did many Christian congregations and clergy participate in the network?
A) They were paid by northern politicians
B) They were ordered to by the federal government
C) They believed slavery was contrary to the ethics of Jesus
D) They wanted to build new railroads
  • 12. Which religious group was notably involved in the Underground Railroad?
A) Roman Catholics
B) Church of England
C) Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
D) Eastern Orthodox Church
  • 13. Which mainstream denominations entered into schism over the issue of slavery?
A) Quakers and Congregationalists
B) Methodist Episcopal Church and the Baptists
C) Catholics and Anglicans
D) Presbyterians and Lutherans
  • 14. How crucial was the role of free blacks in the Underground Railroad?
A) Without it, there would have been almost no chance for fugitives to reach freedom safely
B) It was minor compared to white abolitionists
C) They only provided financial donations
D) They acted solely as messengers
  • 15. What were the organizations known as that underground railroad 'agents' worked in?
A) Railroad unions
B) Freedom leagues
C) Vigilance committees
D) Abolitionist brotherhoods
  • 16. Which northern states had Free Black communities that helped freedom seekers?
A) California, Oregon, and Nevada
B) Texas, Florida, and Louisiana
C) Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia
D) Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York
  • 17. Where did Black communities hide freedom seekers in the North?
A) In government buildings
B) In public train stations
C) In commercial warehouses
D) In their churches and homes
  • 18. Who wrote the book 'Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad The Geography of Resistance'?
A) John Rankin
B) Cheryl Janifer Laroche
C) Larry Gara
D) Diane Miller
  • 19. According to historian Cheryl Janifer Laroche, who operated as the main actors in the Underground Railroad?
A) European sympathizers
B) Native American guides
C) White northern politicians
D) Blacks, enslaved and free
  • 20. What misconception do some authors have regarding white abolitionists, according to Laroche?
A) They state white abolitionists were southern spies
B) They believe white abolitionists ran the government
C) They emphasize white abolitionists as the main factor and overlook free Black communities
D) They claim white abolitionists did not participate at all
  • 21. What does author Diane Miller say traditional historians have overlooked?
A) The financial cost of running safe houses
B) The laws passed by southern states
C) The role of the British navy
D) The agency of African Americans in their own quest for freedom
  • 22. How have traditional historians often portrayed enslaved people in relation to the Underground Railroad?
A) As active leaders of vigilance committees
B) As railway engineers
C) As wealthy landowners funding the network
D) As 'helpless' slaves aided by white religious groups
  • 23. What argument does historian Larry Gara make about many Underground Railroad stories?
A) They belonged in folklore and not history
B) They were broadcast widely on newspapers
C) They were completely fabricated by southern politicians
D) They were accurately documented in government archives
  • 24. Which real historical figures does Larry Gara mention whose actions are exaggerated?
A) John Rankin, Cheryl Laroche, and Diane Miller
B) George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin
C) Harriet Tubman, Thomas Garrett, and Levi Coffin
D) Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, and John Brown
  • 25. What does the traditional narrative of Northern abolitionists guiding the enslaved imply, according to Gara?
A) That northern abolitionists were paid professionals
B) That escaping slavery was easy without assistance
C) That southern slaveholders supported the abolitionists
D) That freedom seekers needed the help of Northerners to escape and minimizes enslaved people's intelligence and agency
  • 26. Where did an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 fugitive slaves consider their final destination?
A) The Caribbean
B) Great Britain
C) Canada
D) Mexico
  • 27. Which political group heavily lobbied for the Compromise of 1850?
A) Canadian diplomats
B) Southern politicians
C) British parliament members
D) Northern abolitionists
  • 28. Following which conflict was the Compromise of 1850 passed by Congress?
A) The French and Indian War
B) The Revolutionary War
C) The Mexican-American War
D) The War of 1812
  • 29. What did the Compromise of 1850 include regarding fugitive slaves?
A) A complete ban on slave catching in the North
B) Financial compensation for runaway slaves
C) Automatic freedom after five years
D) A more stringent Fugitive Slave Law
  • 30. What did some Northern states enact to counter federal fugitive slave laws?
A) Compulsory slave catch acts
B) Personal liberty laws
C) Pro-slavery mandates
D) Southern trade embargoes
  • 31. Which US President issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863?
A) Thomas Jefferson
B) Andrew Jackson
C) Abraham Lincoln
D) George Washington
  • 32. What were the slaves who risked capture referred to as?
A) Engineers
B) Passengers
C) Conductors
D) Stationmasters
  • 33. What were the individuals who aided the escaping slaves referred to as?
A) Conductors
B) Travelers
C) Passengers
D) Engineers
  • 34. To which country did various other routes lead where slavery had been abolished?
A) Canada
B) Cuba
C) Mexico
D) Spain
  • 35. An earlier escape route ran south toward which Spanish possession?
A) Mexico
B) Puerto Rico
C) Cuba
D) Florida
  • 36. During the American Civil War, where did freedom seekers escape to in the South?
A) British naval vessels
B) Confederate military camps
C) Spanish forts in Florida
D) Union lines
  • 37. Approximately how many slaves had escaped to freedom via the network by 1850, according to one estimate?
A) 100,000
B) 10,000
C) 1,000,000
D) 500,000
  • 38. Who documented the very first use of the term 'Underground Railroad' in print?
A) Scott Shane
B) Eber Pettit
C) Charles Turner Torrey
D) Thomas Smallwood
  • 39. On what date was the term 'Underground Railroad' first used in print?
A) July 4, 1776
B) August 10, 1842
C) January 1, 1863
D) December 25, 1850
  • 40. Who edited the Tocsin of Liberty newspaper?
A) Scott Shane
B) Charles Turner Torrey
C) Thomas Smallwood
D) Eber Pettit
  • 41. Whose column was used to publish the term for the first time?
A) Freedom Train
B) Uncle Tom
C) Sam Weller
D) North Star
  • 42. Which Baltimore constable was Thomas Smallwood quoting when he first used the term?
A) Charles Turner Torrey
B) J. Blaine Hudson
C) John Zell
D) Eber Pettit
  • 43. Whose 1879 book offered the best prior claim to the origin of the term?
A) Eber Pettit
B) Scott Shane
C) Thomas Smallwood
D) J. Blaine Hudson
  • 44. What constellation was known as the 'drinking gourd'?
A) Ursa Minor
B) The Big Dipper
C) Cassiopeia
D) Orion
  • 45. Who escaped by sea and had previously been enslaved by President George Washington?
A) Sojourner Truth
B) Frederick Douglass
C) Ona Judge
D) Harriet Tubman
  • 46. Where did freedom seekers in Alabama hide on boats heading to blend in with a free Black community?
A) Huntsville, Alabama
B) Montgomery, Alabama
C) Mobile, Alabama
D) Birmingham, Alabama
  • 47. What kind of watercraft did Alabama freedom seekers make to escape?
A) Canoes
B) Kayaks
C) Rafts
D) Sailboats
  • 48. Where did freedom seekers escape from enslavers on boats heading for California?
A) Panama
B) Cuba
C) Texas
D) Florida
  • 49. What was the legal status of slavery in Panama during the period discussed?
A) Illegal
B) Legal
C) Regulated by federal law
D) Mandatory for all residents
  • 50. What substance did freedom seekers put on their shoes in North Carolina to prevent dogs from tracking them?
A) Turpentine
B) Lard
C) Hot pepper
D) Vinegar
  • 51. What material did escapees in Texas use to make a paste to stop dogs from tracking their scent?
A) Dried swamp moss
B) Roasted snake skin
C) Crushed tree bark
D) Charred bullfrog
  • 52. Where did other runaways escape to in order to wash off their scent?
A) Mountains
B) Swamps
C) Desert caves
D) Open fields
  • 53. Where did the main route for freedom seekers from the South lead?
A) Up the Appalachians
B) Through the Florida Everglades
C) Across the Rocky Mountains
D) Along the Mississippi River
  • 54. What lake did Harriet Tubman reach before going to Canada by boat on the main route?
A) Lake Erie
B) Lake Huron
C) Lake Ontario
D) Lake Michigan
  • 55. Who was the home in Rochester, New York, associated with?
A) Samuel May
B) Thomas Downing
C) Joshua Young
D) Frederick Douglass
  • 56. What was built by 1848 to connect New York to Canada across the Niagara River?
A) St. Lawrence Crossing
B) Brooklyn Bridge
C) Erie Canal Bridge
D) Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge
  • 57. Which river or lake did travelers via the Adirondacks enter Canada through via Ogdensburg?
A) Ohio River
B) St. Lawrence River
C) Mississippi River
D) Niagara River
  • 58. Who assisted travelers entering Canada on Lake Champlain?
A) Arnold Gragstone
B) Joshua Young
C) William Still
D) Thomas Downing
  • 59. What kind of business did Thomas Downing operate in New York as an Underground Railroad stop?
A) An Oyster restaurant
B) A hardware shop
C) A horse stable
D) A clothing store
  • 60. Who was enslaved and helped runaways escape by guiding them across the Ohio River?
A) Thomas Downing
B) Samuel May
C) Arnold Gragstone
D) William Still
  • 61. When was slavery abolished in Canada?
A) During the 1860s
B) During the 1850s
C) During the 1790s
D) During the 1830s
  • 62. What did fugitives call the Ohio River using biblical references?
A) The 'Red Sea'
B) The 'Sea of Galilee'
C) The 'River Euphrates'
D) The 'River Jordan'
  • 63. Who was home to Samuel May according to the text?
A) Philadelphia
B) Harpers Ferry
C) Syracuse
D) Rochester, New York
  • 64. What occupation did some free and enslaved black men hold that helped enslaved people escape?
A) Railroad engineers
B) Plantation overseers
C) Customs inspectors
D) Mariners
  • 65. When did Mary Meachum attempt to help eight or nine slaves escape?
A) 1855
B) 1830
C) 1861
D) 1896
  • 66. What was the name of the free Black woman who attempted to help slaves escape near St. Louis?
A) Mary Meachum
B) Harriet Tubman
C) Rosa Parks
D) Sojourner Truth
  • 67. What was the name of the African American guide from Illinois who assisted in Mary Meachum's escape attempt?
A) Charles
B) Breckenridge
C) Freeman
D) John
  • 68. What was the name of a notable mass escape mentioned in the text?
A) The Stono rebellion
B) The Pearl incident
C) The Amistad mutiny
D) Harpers Ferry raid
  • 69. In what year is there a reference to a numerical code used to encrypt messages?
A) 1855
B) 1877
C) 1896
D) 1840
  • 70. What type of meals did freedom seekers prepare using their foraged and hunted ingredients?
A) Roasted meats and baked bread
B) Fried pastries
C) One-pot meals (stews)
D) Cold salads and sandwiches
  • 71. What is the name of the foodways of Black Americans that grew from the meals created on the Underground Railroad?
A) Pioneer cuisine
B) Continental dining
C) Soul food
D) Fast food
  • 72. Name one type of geographic location where maroon communities were hidden.
A) Open plains
B) Desert canyons
C) Wetlands
D) Mountain peaks
  • 73. In which state is the Great Dismal Swamp located?
A) Louisiana
B) Virginia
C) Delaware
D) South Carolina
  • 74. In what decade was the Saint Malo maroon community active in Louisiana?
A) 1670s
B) 1820s
C) 1780s
D) 1860s
  • 75. Who was the leader of the Saint Malo maroon community?
A) Dan Sayer
B) Jean Saint Malo
C) Herbert Aptheker
D) San Miguel
  • 76. What was the population of the Saint Malo maroon community?
A) Five hundred
B) Twelve
C) Ten
D) Fifty
  • 77. Which government broke up the Saint Malo maroon community?
A) French colonial government
B) Spanish colonial government
C) British colonial government
D) United States government
  • 78. When was Jean Saint Malo executed?
A) January 10, 1864
B) June 19, 1784
C) July 4, 1776
D) August 15, 1816
  • 79. In which colonial region did South Carolina have maroon settlements?
A) Lowcountry
B) Great Lakes region
C) New England coast
D) Appalachian Mountains
  • 80. In what year did maroons fight to maintain their freedom in Ashepoo?
A) 1800
B) 1861
C) 1816
D) 1822
  • 81. Maroons fought to maintain their freedom in Williamsburg County in what year?
A) 1784
B) 1820s
C) 1816
D) 1819
  • 82. In what year did maroons fight to maintain freedom in Georgetown?
A) 1819
B) 1820
C) 1822
D) 1861
  • 83. Maroons fought for freedom in Jacksonborough in which year?
A) 1861
B) 1822
C) 1816
D) 1820
  • 84. In what year did maroons fight to maintain freedom near Marion?
A) 1861
B) 1784
C) 1819
D) 1822
  • 85. Which historical archeologist argues that historians downplay maroons and place valor in white involvement due to racial bias?
A) Dan Sayer
B) San Miguel
C) Jean Saint Malo
D) Herbert Aptheker
  • 86. When were the earliest accounts of escape into Native American lands?
A) 17th century
B) 16th century
C) 18th century
D) 19th century
  • 87. What was the name of the first European colony in the continental US, established by Spaniards in 1526?
A) Negro Town
B) San Miguel de Gualdape
C) Fort Malden
D) Saint Malo
  • 88. Where was San Miguel de Gualdape established?
A) Virginia
B) Louisiana
C) Florida
D) South Carolina
  • 89. As early as what year did enslaved Africans flee from South Carolina Lowcountry to Spanish Florida?
A) 1861
B) 1689
C) 1784
D) 1526
  • 90. Where were some escapees taken by the Ottawa people?
A) Fort Malden
B) Negro Town
C) Ashepoo
D) San Miguel de Gualdape
  • 91. What was the name of the maroon community allowed by the Wyandot people in Upper Sandusky for four decades?
A) Saint Malo
B) Negro Town
C) Lowcountry
D) San Miguel
  • 92. For how many decades did Negro Town exist in Upper Sandusky?
A) Two decades
B) Ten decades
C) One decade
D) Four decades
  • 93. Which Native American people hid freedom seekers in villages around the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware in the 18th and 19th centuries?
A) Nanticoke
B) Ottawa
C) Shawnee
D) Wyandot
  • 94. To which tribe did the Odawa transfer runaways so they could be escorted to Canada?
A) Shawnee
B) Wyandot
C) Nanticoke
D) Ojibwe
  • 95. In what year did the Spanish establish Fort Mose for free Blacks?
A) 1738
B) 1829
C) 1806
D) 1706
  • 96. In what year did enslaved people arrive at the Stone Fort in Nacogdoches, Texas seeking freedom?
A) 1738
B) 1812
C) 1806
D) 1829
  • 97. Which U.S. Army general invaded Spanish Florida during the War of 1812?
A) George Washington
B) Andrew Jackson
C) Zachary Taylor
D) Winfield Scott
  • 98. What type of plantations did Americans establish after moving into Spanish territorial property in the North?
A) Sugarcane plantations
B) Tobacco plantations
C) Cotton plantations
D) Rice plantations
  • 99. Who formally abolished slavery in Mexico in 1829?
A) Agustín de Iturbide
B) Benito Juárez
C) Antonio López de Santa Anna
D) Vicente Guerrero
  • 100. In what year did Texas join the Union as a slave state?
A) 1812
B) 1845
C) 1829
D) 1836
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