A) Sacral enlargement B) Thoracic enlargement C) Cervical enlargement D) Lumbar enlargement
A) L2 to S3 B) T9 to T12 C) C4 to T1 D) C1 to C3
A) T1 to L1 B) L2 to S3 C) S4 to Co1 D) C4 to T1
A) T9 to T12 B) L1 to L5 C) C7 to T2 D) C4 to T1
A) One B) Two C) Four D) Three
A) Subarachnoid space B) Epidural space C) Central canal D) Dura mater
A) Left posterior spinal artery B) Radicular artery C) Right posterior spinal artery D) Anterior spinal artery
A) Artery of Adamkiewicz B) Neural crest artery C) Anterior cerebral artery D) Posterior segmental artery
A) S1 and S3 B) C4 and T1 C) L1 and L2 D) T9 and L5
A) Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) B) Netrins C) Sonic hedgehog (SHH) D) Acetylcholine
A) Alar plate B) Neural crest C) Roof plate D) Basal plate
A) Sulcus limitans B) Central canal C) Floor plate D) Anterior white commissure
A) Cerebrospinal fluid B) Netrins C) Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) D) Sonic hedgehog (SHH)
A) Roof plate B) Neural crest C) Alar plate D) Floor plate
A) Sonic hedgehog B) Radial glial cells C) Netrins D) Bone morphogenetic protein
A) Spinal cord infarction B) Cervical enlargement atrophy C) Loss of netrin secretion D) Neural tube defect
A) Spinal cord, neural tube, neural fold, neural plate B) Neural tube, neural plate, spinal cord, neural fold C) Neural plate, neural fold, neural tube, spinal cord D) Neural fold, neural plate, neural tube, spinal cord
A) Anterior white commissure B) Central canal C) Sulcus limitans D) Ventricles
A) It is necessary for correct assembly of the nervous system B) It only occurs in the alar plate C) It is prevented by Sonic hedgehog D) It is a sign of neural tube defects
A) Neuron and muscle development B) Initial formation of connections between spinal neurons C) Secretion of bone morphogenetic protein D) Development of the notochord
A) 12 B) 8 C) 31 D) 24
A) Ventrolateral sulci B) Central canal C) Intervertebral foramen D) Dorsal lateral sulci
A) Cauda equina B) Filum terminale C) Conus medullaris D) Lumbar cistern
A) Cauda equina B) Lumbar cistern C) Dorsal root D) Filum terminale
A) Neuroglia cell bodies B) Myelinated axons C) Cell bodies of interneurons D) Unmyelinated axons only
A) Conus medullaris B) Funiculi C) Nerve rootlets D) Grey columns
A) Rootlets B) Horns C) Nuclei D) Funiculi
A) 8 B) 12 C) 7 D) 5
A) Conus medullaris B) Subarachnoid space C) Central canal D) Lumbar cistern
A) Circular B) Oval C) Butterfly D) Triangular
A) Eighteen B) Four C) Twelve D) Eight
A) Pons B) Cerebellum C) Medulla oblongata D) Thalamus
A) 50 cm B) 40 cm C) 43 cm D) 45 cm
A) Nerve fibers B) Meningeal fluid C) Adipose tissue D) Cerebrospinal fluid
A) Dura mater B) Pia mater C) Denticulate ligament D) Arachnoid mater
A) Receiving sensory information B) Transmitting motor commands C) Controlling rhythmic movements D) Supporting the spinal cord structure
A) Rectangular B) Circular C) Butterfly-shaped D) Ovoid
A) Anterior median fissure B) Dorsal median fissure C) Posterior median sulcus D) Lateral sulcus
A) Epidural layer B) Dura mater C) Pia mater D) Arachnoid mater
A) Lissauer's tract B) Gracile fasciculus C) Cuneate fasciculus D) Spinothalamic tract
A) Posterior B) Medial C) Anterior D) Lateral
A) Spinothalamic fibers B) Internal arcuate fibers C) Dorsal root fibers D) Corticospinal fibers
A) Ventral posterolateral nucleus B) Red nucleus C) Substantia nigra D) Inferior olive
A) Substantia gelatinosa B) Nucleus cuneatus C) Nucleus gracilis D) Clarke's column
A) Lissauer's tract B) Gracile fasciculus C) Cuneate fasciculus D) Medial lemniscus
A) Periaqueductal gray B) Reticular formation C) Nucleus raphes magnus D) Ventral posterolateral nucleus
A) Nucleus raphes magnus B) Hippocampus C) Ventral posterolateral nucleus D) Centromedian nucleus
A) Centromedian nucleus B) Nucleus gracilis C) Clarke's column D) Ventral posterolateral nucleus
A) Enter the cuneate fasciculus B) Decussate C) Synapse in the substantia gelatinosa D) Terminate in the cerebellum
A) Dorsal root ganglia B) Accessory cuneate nucleus C) Ventral horn D) Clarke's nucleus
A) Zero B) Two C) One D) Three
A) Lateral cerebellar peduncle B) Middle cerebellar peduncle C) Superior cerebellar peduncle D) Inferior cerebellar peduncle
A) Inferior cerebellar peduncle B) Dorsal cerebellar peduncle C) Superior cerebellar peduncle D) Middle cerebellar peduncle
A) Connective tissue B) White matter C) Gray matter D) Cerebrospinal fluid
A) Pain processing B) Vision processing C) Temperature regulation D) Coordinated limb movements
A) 100% B) 10% C) 90% D) 50%
A) Only the vestibulospinal tract does B) Yes C) No D) Only the tectospinal tract does
A) Rhythmic movement B) Deep pressure C) Motor inhibition D) Light touch
A) Transverse myelitis B) Diastematomyelia C) Spina bifida D) Spinal stenosis
A) Segmental myotome deficits B) Ipsilateral deficits C) Contralateral deficits D) Bilateral atrophy
A) Spasticity B) Hypotonia C) Hypertonia D) Hyperreflexia
A) 24–48 hours B) 2 to 4 weeks C) 1 week D) 3 months
A) Prednisone B) Methylprednisolone C) Dexamethasone D) Cortisone
A) Limiting post-injury cell death B) Increasing blood pressure C) Reducing spinal fluid D) Surgical removal of the spinal cord
A) Hyperreflexia B) Hypotonia C) Hyporeflexia D) Muscle atrophy
A) Severing B) Transverse myelitis C) Laceration D) Bruising
A) Increasing pressure on the injury B) Complete immobilization of neurons C) Total cessation of movement D) Maintaining electric transmission |