- 1. When did modern humans begin to inhabit Europe according to the text?
A) About 40,000 years ago
B) About 60,000 years ago
C) About 20,000 years ago
D) About 10,000 years ago
- 2. Which culture is mentioned as spreading during the Upper Paleolithic?
A) Mousterian
B) Magdalenian
C) Gravettian
D) Aurignacian
- 3. Which Y-chromosome haplogroups are considered to have the oldest presence in Europe?
A) N1, O1, and Q
B) C1a2, F, and K2a
C) R1a, R1b, and I
D) J1, J2, and E
- 4. Where was the oldest sample of Haplogroup I (M170) found?
A) Central Asia
B) Lower Austria
C) The Middle East
D) The Balkans
- 5. How old is the oldest sample of Haplogroup I mentioned?
A) 18,000 years before present
B) 26,000 years before present
C) 40,000 years before present
D) 30–31,000 years before present
- 6. Which culture appeared at about the same time as the oldest Haplogroup I sample?
A) Gravettian
B) Azilian
C) Solutrean
D) Aurignacian
- 7. What is the most populous Y-chromosome lineage among living European males?
A) R1
B) C1a2
C) K2a
D) F
- 8. What is the estimated age of Haplogroup R1 according to the 2008 study?
A) 40,000 BP
B) 38,500 BP
C) 18,000 BP
D) 26,000 BP
- 9. According to the text, what are the two routes early modern humans took into Europe?
A) The Alps and the Pyrenees
B) Balkans and the Eurasian Steppe
C) North Africa and the Caucasus
D) Scandinavia and the Mediterranean
- 10. What percentage of extant mtDNA lineages trace back to Palaeolithic migrations?
A) 80–90%
B) 50–60%
C) 15–40%
D) 5–10%
- 11. Which mtDNA haplogroup arrived during the first early upper Palaeolithic colonisation?
A) HV
B) H
C) U5
D) I
- 12. What is the approximate age of mtDNA haplogroup U5?
A) 18,000 years
B) 40–50 kYa
C) 30,000 years
D) 26,000 years
- 13. Which haplogroups mark the Middle Upper Palaeolithic movements?
A) R1, C, and F
B) HV, I, and U4
C) U5, C1a2, and J
D) H, V, and K
- 14. Approximately what percentage of gene lines in Europe is accounted for by haplogroup H?
A) About 50%
B) About 25%
C) About 75%
D) About 10%
- 15. According to Ornella Semino, why might there be differences between mtDNA and Y-DNA patterns?
A) Mutation rates are higher in mtDNA than Y chromosomes
B) The extinction of male lineages due to disease
C) Rapid replacement of Y chromosomes and gender-based migratory behaviors
D) Genetic drift caused by isolated island populations
- 16. What happened to the percentage of Neanderthal DNA in ancient Europeans between 45,000 BP and 7,000 BP?
A) It increased from 2% to 6%.
B) It dropped from 3–6% to 2%.
C) It disappeared completely.
D) It remained stable at 4%.
- 17. Where did the removal of Neanderthal-derived alleles occur most frequently?
A) In non-coding DNA segments.
B) On the X chromosome only.
C) Around genes.
D) In mitochondrial DNA.
- 18. What is the estimated average percentage of Neanderthal admixture in Eurasian populations?
A) 5–10%.
B) 1.5–2.1%.
C) 3–6%.
D) 0.5–1.0%.
- 19. In what year was it established that Eurasian populations exhibit Neanderthal admixture?
A) 2010.
B) 2000.
C) 2005.
D) 2009.
- 20. Which specific genetic lineage was proposed as potentially inherited from Neanderthals in 2005?
A) H0 lineage.
B) H3 lineage.
C) H1 lineage.
D) H2 lineage.
- 21. Which researcher was involved in the 2010 findings confirming Neanderthal-modern human relationships?
A) Gregor Mendel.
B) Louis Leakey.
C) Svante Pääbo.
D) Charles Darwin.
- 22. What was the primary conclusion of the 2010 study regarding modern humans outside Africa?
A) They descended entirely from Neanderthals.
B) They are genetically identical to Africans.
C) They show a relationship with Neanderthals.
D) They show no relationship to Neanderthals.
- 23. The West European hunter-gatherer (WHG) lineage emerged from which refugium?
A) Solutrean
B) Mediterranean
C) Pontic–Caspian
D) Anatolian
- 24. Early European Farmer (EEF) lineages were derived from populations in which region?
A) Western Scandinavia
B) Central Siberia
C) West Asia (Anatolia)
D) Northern Africa
- 25. Western Steppe Herder (WSH) lineages originated from which geographical area?
A) Iberian Peninsula
B) Italian Peninsula
C) British Isles
D) Pontic–Caspian steppes
- 26. Which group is considered the closest European group to the population of the Early European Farmers?
A) Iberians
B) Scandinavians
C) Hungarians
D) Sardinians
- 27. In the late Neolithic, which region had the highest WHG ancestry in farmers?
A) Hungary
B) Iberia
C) Germany
D) Sardinia
- 28. When did high-resolution research into the genetic history of Europe become widely accelerated?
A) 1970s
B) 2000s
C) 1990s
D) Mid-2010s
- 29. What type of DNA became easily accessible for genetic research in the 2000s?
A) Autosomal DNA
B) Y-chromosomal DNA only
C) Ancient viral DNA
D) Mitochondrial DNA only
- 30. The linguistic expansion associated with Western Steppe Herders is which wave of expansion?
A) Romance
B) Uralic
C) Indo-European
D) Germanic
- 31. In the late Neolithic, what was the approximate WHG ancestry percentage in German farmers?
A) 10%
B) 50%
C) 25%
D) 75%
- 32. Which haplogroup currently dominates the Y chromosome landscape of western Europe?
A) R1b
B) H
C) R1a
D) I
- 33. Where do Semino, Passarino and Pericic place the origins of haplogroup R1a?
A) Ukrainian ice-age refuge
B) Italian refuge
C) Anatolian refuge
D) Franco-Cantabrian refuge
- 34. Which mtDNA haplogroup is considered among the most common in Europe?
A) R1b
B) Věstonice
C) H
D) Mal'ta
- 35. The El Mirón Cluster is associated with which culture?
A) Villabruna culture
B) Magdalenian culture
C) Mal'ta-Buret' culture
D) Gravettian culture
- 36. The founding population of ancient Europeans is represented by which specimen?
A) Věstonice
B) El Mirón
C) Satsurblia
D) GoyetQ116-1
- 37. Where was the 35,000-year-old GoyetQ116-1 specimen found?
A) Italy
B) Belgium
C) Ukraine
D) Spain
- 38. According to the text, the re-expansion of the El Mirón Cluster coincided with what?
A) Increased glacial advance
B) The rise of the Gravettian culture
C) Mass migrations from the Near East
D) Warming temperatures
- 39. Between 37,000 and 14,000 years ago, the population of Europe was described as what?
A) Highly nomadic
B) Frequently interbreeding with outsiders
C) Extremely diverse
D) Isolated
- 40. Do Western European Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) lineages survive as a majority in any modern population?
A) Yes, in all modern European populations.
B) Yes, exclusively in Mediterranean populations.
C) Yes, primarily in Scandinavia.
D) No.
- 41. What climatic event coincided with the Villabruna cluster's genetic shift toward the Near East?
A) Younger Dryas cooling.
B) Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).
C) Bølling-Allerød interstadial.
D) The onset of the Holocene.
- 42. Where did the TYRP1, SLC24A5, and SLC45A2 alleles likely emerge?
A) Northern Africa.
B) The Near East.
C) The Caucasus.
D) Western Europe.
- 43. Which region is widely considered the source of agricultural technology and plants/animals introduced to Europe?
A) Central Asia
B) Western Scandinavia
C) Fertile Crescent
D) Northern Africa
- 44. Martin Richards estimated what percentage of European mtDNA is due to immigration during the Neolithic period?
A) 50%
B) 20%
C) 5%
D) 11%
- 45. Which three mtDNA gene groups are identified as significant Neolithic entrants into Europe?
A) J, T1, U3
B) A, B, C
C) E1b1b1, G2a, R1b
D) H, V, U5
- 46. What is the primary argument against the demic diffusion model in regards to the Neolithic spread?
A) Farming was spread only by climate change
B) Farming was spread by indigenous adoption
C) Farming technology developed independently in Europe
D) Farming was introduced by military conquest
- 47. What haplogroup did Semino connect to the Neolithic demic-diffusion of farmers?
A) I1
B) E1b1b1
C) R1a
D) N1c
- 48. According to Battaglia, where did the lineage ancestral to E-V13 originate?
A) Southern Egypt
B) Western Asia
C) The British Isles
D) The Balkans
- 49. Which mutation was selected for in Europe after the arrival of Neolithic farmers, despite increasing the risk of certain diseases?
A) J-M12
B) SLC22A4
C) E-V13
D) M78
- 50. What is described as the 'highway' system for the dispersal of E-V13 and J-M12 haplogroups?
A) The Mediterranean coastline
B) The Trans-Alpine trade routes
C) Vardar-Morava-Danube river system
D) The Silk Road
- 51. The introduction of pottery into the Levant and Balkans defines which Neolithic phase?
A) Pottery Neolithic
B) Late Paleolithic
C) Early Mesolithic
D) Bronze Age
- 52. Which haplogroup was found alongside the E-V13 skeleton in the Spanish funeral cave?
A) T1
B) J
C) G2a
D) U3
- 53. According to the text, what is a potential alternative cause for the modern distribution of E-V13 in Europe?
A) Roman era movements
B) The Viking expansion
C) The Industrial Revolution
D) The Crusades
- 54. What percentage of mtDNA immigration to Europe during the Bronze Age did Martin Richards estimate?
A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 4%
D) 15%
- 55. Which Y haplogroup is a proposed marker of 'Kurgan' genes?
A) R1a
B) U5
C) J2
D) N1c1
- 56. Carriers of which Y-haplogroup arrived in Europe from Siberia?
A) G2a
B) R1b
C) N
D) I1
- 57. What percentage of Nenets people carry haplogroup N?
A) 86%
B) 37%
C) 98%
D) 67%
- 58. According to Iosif Lazaridis, what is the maximum proportion of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry found in any European group?
A) 50 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 35 percent
D) 20 percent
- 59. Where is the earliest known individual with the derived allele for blond hair found?
A) Western Europe
B) Central Siberia
C) The Caucasus
D) The Levant
- 60. Which archaeological complex contained the earliest known individual with the derived allele for blond hair?
A) Pit-Comb Ware
B) Afontova Gora
C) Swiderian
D) Mal'ta
- 61. Which language group's distribution aligns with the spread of haplogroup N?
A) Semitic
B) Uralic
C) Indo-European
D) Basque
- 62. Which haplogroup did Steven Bird speculate was spread by Thracian and Dacian populations during the Roman era?
A) R1b1a2
B) E1b1b1a
C) I1a
D) N1c1
- 63. In the context of the Anglo-Saxon immigration to Britain, which Y haplogroup is associated with this event?
A) R1a
B) E1b1b1a
C) G
D) I1a
- 64. What is the most common R1b sub-clade found in Europe?
A) R-U106
B) R1b1a2
C) R1b1a1a2
D) R-P312
- 65. In which regions is Haplogroup R1b found at frequencies of 80–90%?
A) Greece, Albania, and Serbia
B) Welsh, Basque, Irish, Scots, Bretons
C) Poland, Germany, and Hungary
D) Norway, Sweden, and Finland
- 66. Where is the R1a haplogroup more common than R1b?
A) Poland
B) Ireland
C) France
D) Spain
- 67. Which sub-clade of R1b is most common west of the Rhine?
A) R-U106
B) R-P312
C) R-M269
D) R-L23
- 68. In which country is R1a frequency highest among the Baltic countries mentioned?
A) Norway
B) Estonia
C) Latvia
D) Lithuania
- 69. What percentage of the population in Bosnia and Herzegovina belongs to Haplogroup I2a?
A) 65%
B) 45%
C) 30%
D) 15%
- 70. Where is Haplogroup E1b1b believed to have first appeared approximately 26,000 years ago?
A) Western Europe
B) Northeast Africa
C) The Middle East
D) The Balkans
- 71. What sub-clade of E1b1b1 reaches frequencies above 47% around Kosovo?
A) R-M269
B) N1c1
C) E-M81
D) E-V13
- 72. Which haplogroup is common among European Neolithic farmers?
A) Haplogroup G
B) Haplogroup I1
C) Haplogroup R1b
D) Haplogroup N
- 73. Compared to Y DNA haplogroups, how is the geographical patterning of mtDNA described?
A) Identical geographical patterning
B) More geographical patterning
C) Less geographical patterning
D) Geographically isolated
- 74. Which European group is considered an outlier regarding the predominance of haplogroups H, U, and T?
A) Hungarians
B) Slavs
C) Romans
D) Saami
- 75. Where were Neolithic skeletons with high frequencies of eastern Asian mtDNA found?
A) British Isles
B) Great Hungarian Plain
C) Iberian Peninsula
D) Scandinavian Peninsula
- 76. Which of the following is mentioned as a period associated with the arrival of sub-Saharan African lineages?
A) Romanization period
B) The Enlightenment
C) Industrial Revolution
D) The Bronze Age
- 77. What is the general genetic characteristic of the European population?
A) Completely disconnected
B) Relatively homogeneous
C) Genetically identical
D) Highly diverse
- 78. Along which axis are the distinct genetic sub-population patterns in Europe primarily found?
A) East–west
B) Northeast–southwest
C) Southeast–northwest
D) North–south
- 79. Which expansion is associated with the genetic cline highest in the Balkans and Southern Italy?
A) The Germanic migrations
B) The Ottoman expansion
C) The Greek expansion
D) The Roman expansion
- 80. Which blood type is roughly associated with the genetic pattern highest in the Basque country?
A) Type O
B) Rhesus positive
C) Rhesus negative
D) Type AB
- 81. Which study highlighted European genetic diversity using 270,000 SNPs?
A) The August 2009 study
B) Cavalli-Sforza's original study
C) The 2015 update
D) The May 2009 study
- 82. According to the 2009 SNP study, what acts as a great genetic barrier in Italy?
A) The Apennine Mountains
B) The Mediterranean Sea
C) The Alps
D) The Po River
- 83. What is the Fst value for the comparison between Europeans and Africans (Yoruba)?
A) 0.1530
B) 0.0050
C) 0.1100
D) 0.1900
- 84. Which population showed the greatest distance to the rest of the Europeans in the 2009 study?
A) Italy
B) Spain
C) Britain
D) Finland
- 85. Which group of people in Russia has a high amount of East Asian ancestry?
A) Northwest African migrants
B) Slavic-speaking majorities
C) Ancient Mediterranean groups
D) Uralic-speaking minorities
- 86. According to the text, what is the Lipka Tatars' East Eurasian ancestry composition?
A) One-half
B) Five percent
C) One-tenth
D) One-third
- 87. Which Uralic group in Russia is distinct and characterized by higher European hunter-gatherer ancestry?
A) Komi
B) Nganasans
C) Evenks
D) Sami
- 88. Which groups showed >85% membership in the southern population in the 2006 study?
A) Swedes
B) Ashkenazi Jews
C) Irish
D) Ukrainians
- 89. What does Fst measure in the context of genetic populations?
A) Mutation rate
B) Average lifespan
C) Population size
D) Genetic distance
- 90. Who developed the F-statistics concept in the 1920s?
A) Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
B) Sewall Wright
C) Gregor Mendel
D) Charles Darwin
- 91. What does an Fst value of zero imply?
A) Populations are panmictic
B) Populations are entirely unrelated
C) Populations are completely separate
D) Populations have zero genetic variation
- 92. What does an Fst value of one imply?
A) Populations are interbreeding freely
B) Populations are completely separate
C) Populations have identical allele frequencies
D) Populations share a common ancestor
- 93. Approximately what percentage of genetic variation is found within individuals of the same population?
A) 3%
B) 85%
C) 11%
D) 50%
- 94. What is the primary method used to analyze DNA by proxy in early genetic studies?
A) Carbon dating
B) Whole genome sequencing
C) Classical genetic markers
D) CRISPR technology
- 95. Which of these is mentioned as an example of a classical genetic marker?
A) ABO blood groups
B) Height
C) Fingerprint pattern
D) Eye color
- 96. What tool did Cavalli-Sforza use to display genetic distances diagrammatically?
A) Phylogenetic trees
B) Scatter plots
C) Venn diagrams
D) Bar charts
- 97. What are peaks and troughs connected by smooth gradients called?
A) Polymorphisms
B) Alleles
C) Markers
D) Clines
- 98. Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause for genetic clines?
A) Demographic expansion
B) Continuous gene flow
C) Natural selection
D) Political boundaries
- 99. Fst is a special case of which statistical concept?
A) F-statistics
B) Chi-squared distribution
C) T-tests
D) Regression analysis
- 100. Which DNA is inherited directly from the mother to the offspring?
A) NRY
B) mtDNA
C) Autosomal DNA
D) Recombining DNA
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