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CRIM 1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
Contributed by: Bravo
  • 1. What is the definition of crime?
A) Any human behavior
B) Any rational human conduct that violates a criminal law and is subject to punishment
C) Any action that is considered immoral
D) Any behavior that deviates from social norms
  • 2. What does the term "norm" refer to?
A) Any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given circumstances
B) A social gathering
C) A statistical average
D) A legal statute
  • 3. What is deviance?
A) Legal behavior
B) Criminal behavior
C) Conduct which the people of a group consider so dangerous or embarrassing or irritating that they bring special sanctions to bear against the persons who exhibit it
D) Normal behavior
  • 4. What does "actus reus" refer to?
A) Motive for a crime
B) Criminal conduct specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm
C) Opportunity to commit a crime
D) Criminal intent
  • 5. What does "mens rea" refer to?
A) Instrument used in a crime
B) Criminal conduct
C) A criminal intent or a guilty state of mind
D) Opportunity to commit a crime
  • 6. Which of the following is one of the three ingredients of crime?
A) Forgiveness
B) Justice
C) Understanding
D) Motive or desire
  • 7. What does "opportunity" refer to as an ingredient of crime?
A) The criminal's background
B) The legal system
C) The time and place of the commission of the crime
D) The victim's vulnerability
  • 8. What are "instruments" in the context of crime?
A) Social norms
B) Ethical guidelines
C) Laws and regulations
D) Tools employed by criminals
  • 9. What does the Cultural Deviance Theory suggest?
A) Crime is a result of genetic predispositions
B) Crime is caused by economic inequality
C) Crime happens when people grow up in neighborhoods with their own values that go against society’s usual rules
D) Crime is a result of personal choices
  • 10. What does the Social Disorganization Theory state?
A) Crime is a result of strict social control
B) Crime increases in neighborhoods where social institutions like family, school, and community control have broken down
C) Crime is a result of strong community bonds
D) Crime decreases in organized communities
  • 11. What does Strain Theory explain?
A) Crime happens when people cannot achieve society’s goals through legal means, causing pressure or frustration that leads to deviant behavior
B) Crime happens when people achieve society’s goals through legal means
C) Crime is a result of personal choices
D) Crime is a result of genetic factors
  • 12. What does Social Reaction Theory (Labeling Theory) state?
A) People become deviant when society labels them negatively, causing the label to shape their identity and future behavior
B) Labeling has no impact on behavior
C) Labeling only affects adults
D) People become deviant when they resist societal labels
  • 13. What does Conflict Theory state?
A) Crime results from power struggles between groups, where dominant groups create laws that control and disadvantage weaker groups
B) Crime is a result of societal harmony
C) Crime is a result of individual choices
D) Crime results from cooperation between groups
  • 14. What does Behavioral Theory suggest?
A) Behavior is random
B) All behavior, including criminal acts, is learned and shaped by rewards, punishments, and reactions from others
C) Behavior is determined by genetics
D) Behavior is innate
  • 15. What does Social Learning Theory explain?
A) Criminal behavior is only learned in schools
B) Criminal behavior is not learned
C) People learn criminal behavior through genetics
D) People learn criminal behavior through observing, interacting with, and imitating others who already engage in crime
  • 16. What does Differential Association Theory state?
A) People are born criminal
B) People become criminal when isolated from others
C) People become criminal when exposed to more pro-crime influences than anti-crime influences
D) People are only influenced by their parents
  • 17. What does Differential Reinforcement Theory claim?
A) Criminal behavior is learned through rewards and punishments, combining social learning with psychological conditioning processes
B) Criminal behavior is only learned through punishment
C) Criminal behavior is random
D) Criminal behavior is learned through genetics
  • 18. What does Neutralization Theory suggest?
A) Offenders always reject societal norms
B) Offenders learn techniques to justify or excuse wrongdoing, allowing them to drift between lawful and unlawful behavior
C) Offenders are unaware of their actions
D) Offenders always obey the law
  • 19. What is a typology?
A) A type of punishment
B) An organizing device for categorizing large amounts of information into mutually exclusive categories
C) A legal defense
D) A criminal motive
  • 20. What is an offense?
A) A serious crime
B) A civil dispute
C) An act or omission that is punishable by special laws
D) A moral wrong
  • 21. What is a special law?
A) A law that is only applied in certain regions
B) A law that applies only to certain people
C) A law that is not enforced
D) A statute enacted by congress, penal in character, which is not an amendment of the Revised Penal Code
  • 22. What is a felony?
A) A minor violation
B) A traffic violation
C) A civil dispute
D) A serious crime. This category includes murder, rape, aggravated assault, robbery, arson, and so on. A felony is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code
  • 23. What is a delinquency/misdemeanor/infraction?
A) An act that is in violation of a simple rule or regulation, a minor violation of the law. It usually refers to those committed by minor offenders such as violations of city or municipal ordinances
B) A moral wrong
C) A serious crime
D) A federal offense
  • 24. What do violent crimes include?
A) Traffic violations
B) Public disturbances
C) Financial fraud
D) Offenses where violence was applied. They are also called acts or crimes against persons
  • 25. What are economic crimes primarily committed for?
A) To seek revenge
B) Political reasons
C) To bring financial gain to the offender
D) To express anger
  • 26. What are public order crimes?
A) Crimes committed in private
B) Unlawful acts that interfere with the normal operation of society and the ability of people to function efficiently
C) Crimes that have no victims
D) Crimes that benefit the public
  • 27. What does "mala in se" mean?
A) Wrong because it is prohibited
B) Evil in itself
C) Neutral act
D) Good in itself
  • 28. What does "mala prohibita" mean?
A) Wrong because it is prohibited
B) Morally right
C) Socially acceptable
D) Evil in itself
  • 29. What are white-collar crimes?
A) Crimes committed against corporations
B) Crimes committed by unskilled workers
C) Those committed by persons of respectability and of upper socio-economic class in the course of their occupational activities; also referred to as corporate or occupational crime
D) Crimes committed in the workplace
  • 30. What are blue-collar crimes?
A) Crimes committed in factories
B) Those committed by ordinary professional criminals to maintain their livelihood
C) Crimes committed by white-collar workers
D) Crimes committed by police officers
  • 31. What are crimes by imitation?
A) Crimes committed by accident
B) Crimes committed by animals
C) Crimes committed by robots
D) Crimes committed by merely duplicating what was done by others; based on the
  • 32. What are crimes of passion?
A) Crimes committed without thinking
B) Those committed at the height of great emotions
C) Crimes committed for money
D) Crimes committed for political reasons
  • 33. What are service crimes?
A) Crimes committed in the military
B) Crimes committed through rendition of service to satisfy desire of another
C) Crimes committed by government employees
D) Crimes committed by doctors
  • 34. What is genocide?
A) A crime against animals
B) A crime committed by a government through mass destruction or annihilation of human populations
C) A crime against the environment
D) A crime against property
  • 35. What are transnational crimes?
A) Crimes that are legal in some countries
B) Crimes that are only committed by tourists
C) Crimes that occur within a single country
D) Violations of law that involve more than one country in their planning, execution, e.g. drug trafficking, human trafficking
  • 36. What are environmental crimes?
A) Crimes committed in national parks
B) Crimes committed for environmental activism
C) Crimes committed against people
D) Acts that breach environmental legislation and cause significant harm or risk to the environment and human health
  • 37. What are cybercrimes?
A) Crimes committed by government officials
B) Crimes committed in physical spaces
C) Crimes that involve computers and networks
D) Crimes committed by corporations
  • 38. What are political crimes?
A) Crimes committed in political rallies
B) Crimes committed during elections
C) Crimes committed by politicians
D) Criminal activities for ideological purposes; also serious violations of laws that threaten the security or existence of the government
  • 39. What are acute criminals?
A) Criminals who commit crimes for financial gain
B) They commit crimes due to impulses of the moment, fit of passion, anger, or spell of extreme jealousy
C) Criminals who are mentally ill
D) Criminals who plan their crimes carefully
  • 40. What are chronic criminals?
A) They are those who acted in consonance with deliberate thinking
B) Criminals who commit crimes due to drug addiction
C) Criminals who commit crimes impulsively
D) Criminals who commit crimes due to mental illness
  • 41. What are normal criminals?
A) Their psychic conditions resemble that of a normal individual, except that they identify themselves with criminal prototypes
B) Criminals who are highly skilled
C) Criminals who are highly intelligent
D) Criminals who are mentally ill
  • 42. What are ordinary criminals?
A) Criminals who are highly organized
B) Criminals who are highly skilled
C) Considered to be the lowest form in the criminal career, ordinary criminals engage only in conventional crimes that require limited skill. They lack organization to help them avoid arrest and conviction
D) Criminals who commit complex crimes
  • 43. What are organized criminals?
A) Criminals who commit crimes randomly
B) They have high degree of organization to enable them to commit crimes without being detected
C) Criminals who are mentally unstable
D) Criminals who are easily caught
  • 44. What are professional criminals?
A) Criminals who are mentally ill
B) Criminals who are easily caught
C) Criminals who are amateurs
D) They are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount of money without being detected due to organization and contact with professional criminals. They are always able to escape conviction, and they specialize in crimes that require skills
  • 45. What are accidental criminals?
A) They commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated circumstances
B) Criminals who commit crimes intentionally
C) Criminals who commit crimes for financial gain
D) Criminals who plan their crimes carefully
  • 46. What are situational criminals?
A) They are not actually criminals but commit crimes due to a given situation; sometimes their criminal activities are intermixed with legitimate activities
B) Criminals who commit crimes for fun
C) Criminals who commit crimes randomly
D) Criminals who are always criminal
  • 47. What are habitual criminals?
A) They continue to commit criminal acts for diverse reasons due to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control
B) Criminals who commit crimes rarely
C) Criminals who commit crimes only once
D) Criminals who commit crimes for political reasons
  • 48. What are active-aggressive criminals?
A) They commit crimes in impulsive manner usually due to their aggressive behavior, as shown in crimes of passion, resentment, or revenge
B) Criminals who commit crimes calmly
C) Criminals who are passive
D) Criminals who commit crimes for financial gain
  • 49. What are passive-inadequate criminals?
A) Criminals who are aggressive
B) They commit crimes because they are pushed to inducement, reward, or promise without considering do it, by the consequences. For this, they are called "ulukan."
C) Criminals who commit crimes independently
D) Criminals who commit crimes for political reasons
  • 50. What are socialized criminals?
A) Criminals who are isolated from society
B) Criminals who reject social norms
C) They are normal in their behavior but mere inadequate and defective in their socialization process
D) Criminals
  • 51. judge sentences a repeat offender to a mandatory maximum prison term specifically to set an example and discourage others in the community from committing similar crimes. Which concept is being applied?
A) Specific Deterrence
B) General Deterrence
C) Rehabilitation
D) Retribution
  • 52. Marcus believes that criminals are "born" with certain physical abnormalities, such as a receding hairline and asymmetrical facial features. Marcus’s view aligns most closely with which criminologist?
A) Enrico Ferri
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) Jeremy Bentham
D) Raffaele Garofalo E.
  • 53. n a local neighborhood, residents notice that broken windows are left unrepaired and litter is piling up. Soon after, serious crimes begin to rise. This scenario best illustrates which theory?
A) Labeling Theory
B) Social Control Theory
C) Broken Windows Theory
D) Strain Theory
  • 54. A teenager starts hanging out with a group of friends who frequently shoplift. Over time, he learns the techniques of shoplifting and begins to view the act as "cool" rather than "wrong." This is an example of
A) Rational Choice Theory
B) Anomie Theory
C) Routine Activities Theory
D) Differential Association Theory
  • 55. During a period of rapid economic collapse, a city experiences a breakdown in social norms and a sense of "normlessness" among its citizens, leading to a spike in crime. What is the term for this state?
A) Anomie
B) Atavism
C) Somatotyping
D) Symbiosis
  • 56. Sarah leaves her expensive laptop on a café table while she goes to the restroom for ten minutes. When she returns, the laptop is gone. According to the Routine Activities Theory, Sarah represents the absence of
A) Social Bond
B) A Suitable Target
C) A Capable Guardian
D) A Motivated Offender
  • 57. A victim of a robbery is blamed by the community because she was walking alone in a "bad neighborhood" late at night. This psychological phenomenon is known as
A) Secondary Victimization
B) Restorative Justice
C) Victim Blaming
D) Victim Compensation
  • 58. An employee at a bank systematically transfers small fractions of cents from thousands of accounts into his personal offshore account. This is a classic example of
A) Blue-collar Crime
B) White-collar Crime
C) Victimless Crime
D) Violent Crime
  • 59. Which type of victim is characterized by someone who unknowingly provokes a confrontation, such as a person using offensive language that leads to a physical fight?
A) Completely Innocent Victim
B) Victim as Guilty as Offender
C) Victim more Guilty than Offender
D) Victim with Minor Guilt
  • 60. A person commits a crime not because they planned to, but because they were overwhelmed by a sudden, intense heat of passion or extreme provocation. This is categorized as
A) Chronic Crime
B) A person commits a crime not because they planned to, but because they were overwhelmed by a sudden, intense heat of passion or extreme provocation. This is categorized as
C) Episodic/Acute Crime
D) Professional Crime
  • 61. Which school of criminology argues that "the punishment should fit the crime" and that humans possess free will?
A) Chicago School
B) Positivist School
C) AClassical School
D) Neo-Classical School
  • 62. A 10-year-old child steals a loaf of bread. The judge decides to mitigate the penalty because of the child’s age and lack of full mental capacity. Which school of thought allows for such "mitigating circumstances"?
A) Positivist School
B) Neo-Classical School
C) Classical School
D) Italian School
  • 63. Which of the following refers to the study of the transition of a person from being a law-abiding citizen to a criminal?
A) Criminal Evolution
B) Penology
C) Victimogenesis
D) Criminogenesis
  • 64. A scientist studies the relationship between a person's body build and their temperament. He concludes that "Mesomorphs" (muscular types) are most likely to be aggressive. Who is this researcher?
A) William Sheldon
B) Robert Merton
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Emile Durkheim
  • 65. When a person is arrested and labeled a "thief" by the public, they begin to accept this identity and commit more thefts. This process is known as
A) Primary Deviance
B) Tertiary Deviance
C) Social Stigma
D) Secondary Deviance
  • 66. Criminology is considered a "Social Science" because it
A) Only focuses on the laws written in books
B) Uses chemistry to analyze blood
C) Studies crime as a social phenomenon
D) Is applicable only in specific countries.
  • 67. Because the definition of crime changes as society evolves (e.g., what was legal 100 years ago may be illegal now), Criminology is said to be
A) Stable
B) Absolute
C) Dynamic
D) Nationalistic
  • 68. Which branch of Criminology focuses specifically on the scientific study of the causes of crime and the development of criminals?
A) Penology
B) Sociology of Law
C) Criminal Etiology
D) Victimology
  • 69. A study finds that crime rates are higher in urban "zone of transition" areas where there is high population turnover and poverty. This aligns with:
A) Choice Theory
B) Biological Theory
C) Strain Theory
D) Social Disorganization Theory
  • 70. This refers to the total number of crimes that go unreported to the police.
A) Crime Rate
B) Dark Figure of Crime
C) Index Crimes
D) Recidivism
  • 71. A criminal uses a specific "signature" or method in every burglary, such as leaving a playing card on the table. This is known as
A) Actus Reus
B) Modus Operandi
C) Mens Rea
D) Mala In Se
  • 72. An act that is considered wrong in itself, such as murder or rape, regardless of whether a law forbids it, is called:
A) Misdemeanor
B) Mala Prohibita
C) Mala In Se
D) Felony
  • 73. Which term refers to the "guilty mind" or the intent to commit a crime?
A) Mens Rea
B) Doli Incapax
C) Corpus Delicti
D) Actus Reus
  • 74. The study of the "physical" evidence of a crime (fingerprints, ballistics) to identify a suspect is technically known as
A) Criminology
B) Sociology
C) Penology
D) Criminalistics
  • 75. If a person commits a crime because they believe the rewards (money) outweigh the risks (getting caught), they are following the
A) Pleasure-Pain Principle (Hedonism)
B) Rational Choice Theory
C) Free Will Doctrine
D) All of the above
  • 76. A young man lives in a slum area where he has no access to quality education or jobs. He decides to join a drug syndicate to achieve the "American Dream" of wealth. According to Robert Merton, this adaptation is called
A) Retreatism
B) Innovation
C) Ritualism
D) Conformity
  • 77. n a high-poverty neighborhood, a subculture emerges where young men gain status through physical toughness and "street smarts" rather than academic success. This describes:
A) Social Bond Theory
B) Differential Association
C) Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
D) Labeling Theory
  • 78. A student who usually gets good grades is bullied at school and his parents are going through a divorce. Due to this extreme emotional pressure, he starts using illegal drugs. This fits which theory?
A) Neutralization Theory
B) Classical Strain Theory
C) Rational Choice Theory
D) General Strain Theory (Agnew)
  • 79. Which theory suggests that people are naturally inclined to commit crime but are held back by their ties to family, school, and peers?
A) Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
B) Life Course Theory
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Social Control/Bond Theory
  • 80. According to Travis Hirschi, which element of the social bond refers to the "time and energy" a person spends in conventional activities like sports or studying?
A) Involvement
B) Commitment
C) Attachment
D) Belief
  • 81. A man commits a violent assault and shows no remorse or empathy for the victim. He is charming but manipulative. A psychologist would likely screen him for:
A) Paranoia
B) Neuroticism
C) Psychopathy/Antisocial Personality Disorder
D) Schizophrenia
  • 82. According to Freud, which part of the personality represents the "conscience" and the moral rules of society?
A) Ego
B) Alter-Ego
C) Superego
D) Id
  • 83. A researcher suggests that a specific murderer committed the crime because of a chemical imbalance and an overabundance of dopamine in the brain. This falls under:
A) Evolutionary Criminology
B) Psychological Positivism
C) Biochemical Theory
D) Social Ecology
  • 84. A child observes his father hitting his mother to get what he wants. Later, the child hits his classmates to get their toys. This is an example of
A) Cognitive Dissonance
B) Genetic Predisposition
C) Operant Conditioning
D) bservational Learning (Modeling)
  • 85. Which term refers to the "primitive" part of the human personality that seeks immediate gratification of biological drives like hunger and sex?
A) Preconscious
B) Id
C) Superego
D) Ego
  • 86. A teenager steals a car but tells himself, "The owner is rich and has insurance, so they aren't really losing anything." This technique of neutralization is
A) Denial of Victim
B) Condemnation of Condemners
C) Denial of Responsibility
D) Denial of Injury
  • 87. The process by which the justice system creates "career criminals" by stigmatizing first-time offenders is known as
A) Diversion
B) The Dramatization of Evil
C) Decriminalization
D) Radical Non-intervention
  • 88. Which of the following describes "Primary Deviance"?
A) Crime that is inherently evil.
B) Initial acts of norm violation that have very little influence on the self-concept
C) . Deviance that occurs after a person accepts a criminal label.
D) Crime committed by high-ranking officials.
  • 89. A judge decides to send a juvenile to a community service program instead of jail to avoid giving him a permanent criminal record. This practice is called:
A) Diversion
B) Incapacitation
C) Deterrence
D) Retribution
  • 90. In the "Concentric Zone Model" of a city, which zone is characterized by the highest crime rates and social physical deterioration?
A) Zone III: Workingmen’s Homes
B) Zone II: Zone in Transition
C) Zone I: Central Business District
D) Zone IV: Residential Zone
  • 91. Which month is statistically associated with higher rates of violent crimes like assault and rape due to increased social interaction and temperature?
A) July
B) October
C) January
D) December
  • 92. The "Age-Crime Curve" generally shows that crime rates peak during which life stage?
A) Middle Age (40-50)
B) B. Late Adolescence/Young Adulthood (15-24)
C) Senior Years (65+)
D) Childhood (5-10)
  • 93. Which of the following is considered an "Index Crime" (or Focus Crime) in many police reporting systems?
A) Vagrancy
B) Robbery
C) Gambling
D) Littering
  • 94. A researcher uses "Self-Report Surveys" to gather data. What is the primary advantage of this method?
A) It only counts crimes that lead to a conviction.
B) It is always 100% honest
C) It is more official than police records.
D) It captures the "Dark Figure of Crime"
  • 95. A person is forced at gunpoint to drive a getaway car for a bank robbery. He may use the defense of:
A) Alibi
B) Insanity
C) Self-defense
D) Duress/Compulsion
  • 96. This refers to the state of being a "habitual delinquent" or a repeat offender who keeps returning to prison.
A) Anomie
B) Atavism
C) Stigma
D) Anomie
  • 97. What is the "Golden Thread" of criminal justice, meaning a person is innocent until proven guilty?
A) Equal Protection
B) Due Process
C) Presumption of Innocence
D) Habeas Corpus
  • 98. If a law is passed today making an act illegal that was legal yesterday, and the government tries to punish you for doing it last week, this is a prohibited:
A) Writ of Amparo
B) Ex Post Facto Law
C) Bill of Attainder
D) Blue Law
  • 99. When a gang member kills a rival member to protect his "brothers," he justifies it by saying his loyalty to the gang is more important than the law. This is:
A) Denial of Victim
B) Denial of Injury
C) Denial of Responsibility
D) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
  • 100. The "Classical School" of Criminology was a reaction against:
A) The concept of democracy.
B) The use of prisons.
C) The cruel and arbitrary justice of the 18th century
D) Scientific research
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