ThatQuiz Test Library Take this test now
CRIM 1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
Contributed by: Bravo
  • 1. What is the definition of crime?
A) Any human behavior
B) Any behavior that deviates from social norms
C) Any action that is considered immoral
D) Any rational human conduct that violates a criminal law and is subject to punishment
  • 2. What does the term "norm" refer to?
A) A legal statute
B) A statistical average
C) Any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given circumstances
D) A social gathering
  • 3. What is deviance?
A) Legal behavior
B) Criminal behavior
C) Conduct which the people of a group consider so dangerous or embarrassing or irritating that they bring special sanctions to bear against the persons who exhibit it
D) Normal behavior
  • 4. What does "actus reus" refer to?
A) Criminal intent
B) Criminal conduct specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm
C) Motive for a crime
D) Opportunity to commit a crime
  • 5. What does "mens rea" refer to?
A) Criminal conduct
B) Opportunity to commit a crime
C) A criminal intent or a guilty state of mind
D) Instrument used in a crime
  • 6. Which of the following is one of the three ingredients of crime?
A) Justice
B) Forgiveness
C) Understanding
D) Motive or desire
  • 7. What does "opportunity" refer to as an ingredient of crime?
A) The criminal's background
B) The time and place of the commission of the crime
C) The legal system
D) The victim's vulnerability
  • 8. What are "instruments" in the context of crime?
A) Social norms
B) Tools employed by criminals
C) Laws and regulations
D) Ethical guidelines
  • 9. What does the Cultural Deviance Theory suggest?
A) Crime happens when people grow up in neighborhoods with their own values that go against society’s usual rules
B) Crime is a result of genetic predispositions
C) Crime is a result of personal choices
D) Crime is caused by economic inequality
  • 10. What does the Social Disorganization Theory state?
A) Crime decreases in organized communities
B) Crime increases in neighborhoods where social institutions like family, school, and community control have broken down
C) Crime is a result of strong community bonds
D) Crime is a result of strict social control
  • 11. What does Strain Theory explain?
A) Crime is a result of genetic factors
B) Crime happens when people achieve society’s goals through legal means
C) Crime happens when people cannot achieve society’s goals through legal means, causing pressure or frustration that leads to deviant behavior
D) Crime is a result of personal choices
  • 12. What does Social Reaction Theory (Labeling Theory) state?
A) Labeling has no impact on behavior
B) Labeling only affects adults
C) People become deviant when society labels them negatively, causing the label to shape their identity and future behavior
D) People become deviant when they resist societal labels
  • 13. What does Conflict Theory state?
A) Crime results from cooperation between groups
B) Crime is a result of individual choices
C) Crime results from power struggles between groups, where dominant groups create laws that control and disadvantage weaker groups
D) Crime is a result of societal harmony
  • 14. What does Behavioral Theory suggest?
A) Behavior is random
B) All behavior, including criminal acts, is learned and shaped by rewards, punishments, and reactions from others
C) Behavior is innate
D) Behavior is determined by genetics
  • 15. What does Social Learning Theory explain?
A) People learn criminal behavior through observing, interacting with, and imitating others who already engage in crime
B) Criminal behavior is not learned
C) People learn criminal behavior through genetics
D) Criminal behavior is only learned in schools
  • 16. What does Differential Association Theory state?
A) People become criminal when isolated from others
B) People become criminal when exposed to more pro-crime influences than anti-crime influences
C) People are born criminal
D) People are only influenced by their parents
  • 17. What does Differential Reinforcement Theory claim?
A) Criminal behavior is learned through rewards and punishments, combining social learning with psychological conditioning processes
B) Criminal behavior is random
C) Criminal behavior is only learned through punishment
D) Criminal behavior is learned through genetics
  • 18. What does Neutralization Theory suggest?
A) Offenders always obey the law
B) Offenders are unaware of their actions
C) Offenders always reject societal norms
D) Offenders learn techniques to justify or excuse wrongdoing, allowing them to drift between lawful and unlawful behavior
  • 19. What is a typology?
A) An organizing device for categorizing large amounts of information into mutually exclusive categories
B) A type of punishment
C) A legal defense
D) A criminal motive
  • 20. What is an offense?
A) A civil dispute
B) An act or omission that is punishable by special laws
C) A serious crime
D) A moral wrong
  • 21. What is a special law?
A) A law that is not enforced
B) A law that is only applied in certain regions
C) A law that applies only to certain people
D) A statute enacted by congress, penal in character, which is not an amendment of the Revised Penal Code
  • 22. What is a felony?
A) A serious crime. This category includes murder, rape, aggravated assault, robbery, arson, and so on. A felony is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code
B) A minor violation
C) A civil dispute
D) A traffic violation
  • 23. What is a delinquency/misdemeanor/infraction?
A) An act that is in violation of a simple rule or regulation, a minor violation of the law. It usually refers to those committed by minor offenders such as violations of city or municipal ordinances
B) A moral wrong
C) A serious crime
D) A federal offense
  • 24. What do violent crimes include?
A) Offenses where violence was applied. They are also called acts or crimes against persons
B) Public disturbances
C) Traffic violations
D) Financial fraud
  • 25. What are economic crimes primarily committed for?
A) Political reasons
B) To bring financial gain to the offender
C) To express anger
D) To seek revenge
  • 26. What are public order crimes?
A) Crimes that have no victims
B) Crimes that benefit the public
C) Unlawful acts that interfere with the normal operation of society and the ability of people to function efficiently
D) Crimes committed in private
  • 27. What does "mala in se" mean?
A) Evil in itself
B) Wrong because it is prohibited
C) Neutral act
D) Good in itself
  • 28. What does "mala prohibita" mean?
A) Evil in itself
B) Morally right
C) Socially acceptable
D) Wrong because it is prohibited
  • 29. What are white-collar crimes?
A) Crimes committed by unskilled workers
B) Crimes committed against corporations
C) Those committed by persons of respectability and of upper socio-economic class in the course of their occupational activities; also referred to as corporate or occupational crime
D) Crimes committed in the workplace
  • 30. What are blue-collar crimes?
A) Crimes committed by police officers
B) Those committed by ordinary professional criminals to maintain their livelihood
C) Crimes committed by white-collar workers
D) Crimes committed in factories
  • 31. What are crimes by imitation?
A) Crimes committed by animals
B) Crimes committed by accident
C) Crimes committed by robots
D) Crimes committed by merely duplicating what was done by others; based on the
  • 32. What are crimes of passion?
A) Crimes committed for political reasons
B) Crimes committed for money
C) Crimes committed without thinking
D) Those committed at the height of great emotions
  • 33. What are service crimes?
A) Crimes committed by doctors
B) Crimes committed in the military
C) Crimes committed by government employees
D) Crimes committed through rendition of service to satisfy desire of another
  • 34. What is genocide?
A) A crime committed by a government through mass destruction or annihilation of human populations
B) A crime against animals
C) A crime against the environment
D) A crime against property
  • 35. What are transnational crimes?
A) Crimes that are only committed by tourists
B) Crimes that are legal in some countries
C) Crimes that occur within a single country
D) Violations of law that involve more than one country in their planning, execution, e.g. drug trafficking, human trafficking
  • 36. What are environmental crimes?
A) Crimes committed in national parks
B) Crimes committed for environmental activism
C) Acts that breach environmental legislation and cause significant harm or risk to the environment and human health
D) Crimes committed against people
  • 37. What are cybercrimes?
A) Crimes committed by corporations
B) Crimes committed in physical spaces
C) Crimes committed by government officials
D) Crimes that involve computers and networks
  • 38. What are political crimes?
A) Crimes committed by politicians
B) Crimes committed in political rallies
C) Crimes committed during elections
D) Criminal activities for ideological purposes; also serious violations of laws that threaten the security or existence of the government
  • 39. What are acute criminals?
A) Criminals who commit crimes for financial gain
B) They commit crimes due to impulses of the moment, fit of passion, anger, or spell of extreme jealousy
C) Criminals who are mentally ill
D) Criminals who plan their crimes carefully
  • 40. What are chronic criminals?
A) Criminals who commit crimes due to drug addiction
B) Criminals who commit crimes impulsively
C) They are those who acted in consonance with deliberate thinking
D) Criminals who commit crimes due to mental illness
  • 41. What are normal criminals?
A) Criminals who are highly skilled
B) Criminals who are mentally ill
C) Their psychic conditions resemble that of a normal individual, except that they identify themselves with criminal prototypes
D) Criminals who are highly intelligent
  • 42. What are ordinary criminals?
A) Considered to be the lowest form in the criminal career, ordinary criminals engage only in conventional crimes that require limited skill. They lack organization to help them avoid arrest and conviction
B) Criminals who are highly organized
C) Criminals who commit complex crimes
D) Criminals who are highly skilled
  • 43. What are organized criminals?
A) Criminals who are mentally unstable
B) They have high degree of organization to enable them to commit crimes without being detected
C) Criminals who commit crimes randomly
D) Criminals who are easily caught
  • 44. What are professional criminals?
A) Criminals who are amateurs
B) Criminals who are mentally ill
C) They are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount of money without being detected due to organization and contact with professional criminals. They are always able to escape conviction, and they specialize in crimes that require skills
D) Criminals who are easily caught
  • 45. What are accidental criminals?
A) Criminals who commit crimes intentionally
B) They commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated circumstances
C) Criminals who commit crimes for financial gain
D) Criminals who plan their crimes carefully
  • 46. What are situational criminals?
A) They are not actually criminals but commit crimes due to a given situation; sometimes their criminal activities are intermixed with legitimate activities
B) Criminals who commit crimes for fun
C) Criminals who are always criminal
D) Criminals who commit crimes randomly
  • 47. What are habitual criminals?
A) They continue to commit criminal acts for diverse reasons due to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control
B) Criminals who commit crimes rarely
C) Criminals who commit crimes for political reasons
D) Criminals who commit crimes only once
  • 48. What are active-aggressive criminals?
A) They commit crimes in impulsive manner usually due to their aggressive behavior, as shown in crimes of passion, resentment, or revenge
B) Criminals who are passive
C) Criminals who commit crimes for financial gain
D) Criminals who commit crimes calmly
  • 49. What are passive-inadequate criminals?
A) Criminals who commit crimes independently
B) Criminals who are aggressive
C) They commit crimes because they are pushed to inducement, reward, or promise without considering do it, by the consequences. For this, they are called "ulukan."
D) Criminals who commit crimes for political reasons
  • 50. What are socialized criminals?
A) Criminals who are isolated from society
B) Criminals
C) They are normal in their behavior but mere inadequate and defective in their socialization process
D) Criminals who reject social norms
  • 51. judge sentences a repeat offender to a mandatory maximum prison term specifically to set an example and discourage others in the community from committing similar crimes. Which concept is being applied?
A) General Deterrence
B) Specific Deterrence
C) Retribution
D) Rehabilitation
  • 52. Marcus believes that criminals are "born" with certain physical abnormalities, such as a receding hairline and asymmetrical facial features. Marcus’s view aligns most closely with which criminologist?
A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Enrico Ferri
C) Raffaele Garofalo E.
D) Jeremy Bentham
  • 53. n a local neighborhood, residents notice that broken windows are left unrepaired and litter is piling up. Soon after, serious crimes begin to rise. This scenario best illustrates which theory?
A) Broken Windows Theory
B) Strain Theory
C) Social Control Theory
D) Labeling Theory
  • 54. A teenager starts hanging out with a group of friends who frequently shoplift. Over time, he learns the techniques of shoplifting and begins to view the act as "cool" rather than "wrong." This is an example of
A) Differential Association Theory
B) Anomie Theory
C) Routine Activities Theory
D) Rational Choice Theory
  • 55. During a period of rapid economic collapse, a city experiences a breakdown in social norms and a sense of "normlessness" among its citizens, leading to a spike in crime. What is the term for this state?
A) Symbiosis
B) Anomie
C) Atavism
D) Somatotyping
  • 56. Sarah leaves her expensive laptop on a café table while she goes to the restroom for ten minutes. When she returns, the laptop is gone. According to the Routine Activities Theory, Sarah represents the absence of
A) A Motivated Offender
B) A Suitable Target
C) Social Bond
D) A Capable Guardian
  • 57. A victim of a robbery is blamed by the community because she was walking alone in a "bad neighborhood" late at night. This psychological phenomenon is known as
A) Secondary Victimization
B) Restorative Justice
C) Victim Compensation
D) Victim Blaming
  • 58. An employee at a bank systematically transfers small fractions of cents from thousands of accounts into his personal offshore account. This is a classic example of
A) Violent Crime
B) Victimless Crime
C) White-collar Crime
D) Blue-collar Crime
  • 59. Which type of victim is characterized by someone who unknowingly provokes a confrontation, such as a person using offensive language that leads to a physical fight?
A) Victim with Minor Guilt
B) Victim more Guilty than Offender
C) Completely Innocent Victim
D) Victim as Guilty as Offender
  • 60. A person commits a crime not because they planned to, but because they were overwhelmed by a sudden, intense heat of passion or extreme provocation. This is categorized as
A) A person commits a crime not because they planned to, but because they were overwhelmed by a sudden, intense heat of passion or extreme provocation. This is categorized as
B) Episodic/Acute Crime
C) Chronic Crime
D) Professional Crime
  • 61. Which school of criminology argues that "the punishment should fit the crime" and that humans possess free will?
A) Positivist School
B) Chicago School
C) AClassical School
D) Neo-Classical School
  • 62. A 10-year-old child steals a loaf of bread. The judge decides to mitigate the penalty because of the child’s age and lack of full mental capacity. Which school of thought allows for such "mitigating circumstances"?
A) Neo-Classical School
B) Positivist School
C) Classical School
D) Italian School
  • 63. Which of the following refers to the study of the transition of a person from being a law-abiding citizen to a criminal?
A) Criminal Evolution
B) Criminogenesis
C) Victimogenesis
D) Penology
  • 64. A scientist studies the relationship between a person's body build and their temperament. He concludes that "Mesomorphs" (muscular types) are most likely to be aggressive. Who is this researcher?
A) Robert Merton
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Emile Durkheim
D) William Sheldon
  • 65. When a person is arrested and labeled a "thief" by the public, they begin to accept this identity and commit more thefts. This process is known as
A) Tertiary Deviance
B) Primary Deviance
C) Secondary Deviance
D) Social Stigma
  • 66. Criminology is considered a "Social Science" because it
A) Is applicable only in specific countries.
B) Only focuses on the laws written in books
C) Uses chemistry to analyze blood
D) Studies crime as a social phenomenon
  • 67. Because the definition of crime changes as society evolves (e.g., what was legal 100 years ago may be illegal now), Criminology is said to be
A) Absolute
B) Stable
C) Dynamic
D) Nationalistic
  • 68. Which branch of Criminology focuses specifically on the scientific study of the causes of crime and the development of criminals?
A) Victimology
B) Sociology of Law
C) Penology
D) Criminal Etiology
  • 69. A study finds that crime rates are higher in urban "zone of transition" areas where there is high population turnover and poverty. This aligns with:
A) Strain Theory
B) Biological Theory
C) Choice Theory
D) Social Disorganization Theory
  • 70. This refers to the total number of crimes that go unreported to the police.
A) Index Crimes
B) Crime Rate
C) Dark Figure of Crime
D) Recidivism
  • 71. A criminal uses a specific "signature" or method in every burglary, such as leaving a playing card on the table. This is known as
A) Mala In Se
B) Modus Operandi
C) Mens Rea
D) Actus Reus
  • 72. An act that is considered wrong in itself, such as murder or rape, regardless of whether a law forbids it, is called:
A) Mala Prohibita
B) Mala In Se
C) Misdemeanor
D) Felony
  • 73. Which term refers to the "guilty mind" or the intent to commit a crime?
A) Corpus Delicti
B) Mens Rea
C) Actus Reus
D) Doli Incapax
  • 74. The study of the "physical" evidence of a crime (fingerprints, ballistics) to identify a suspect is technically known as
A) Criminalistics
B) Sociology
C) Penology
D) Criminology
  • 75. If a person commits a crime because they believe the rewards (money) outweigh the risks (getting caught), they are following the
A) Free Will Doctrine
B) Rational Choice Theory
C) Pleasure-Pain Principle (Hedonism)
D) All of the above
  • 76. A young man lives in a slum area where he has no access to quality education or jobs. He decides to join a drug syndicate to achieve the "American Dream" of wealth. According to Robert Merton, this adaptation is called
A) Retreatism
B) Innovation
C) Ritualism
D) Conformity
  • 77. n a high-poverty neighborhood, a subculture emerges where young men gain status through physical toughness and "street smarts" rather than academic success. This describes:
A) Labeling Theory
B) Differential Association
C) Social Bond Theory
D) Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
  • 78. A student who usually gets good grades is bullied at school and his parents are going through a divorce. Due to this extreme emotional pressure, he starts using illegal drugs. This fits which theory?
A) General Strain Theory (Agnew)
B) Rational Choice Theory
C) Neutralization Theory
D) Classical Strain Theory
  • 79. Which theory suggests that people are naturally inclined to commit crime but are held back by their ties to family, school, and peers?
A) Social Learning Theory
B) Life Course Theory
C) Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
D) Social Control/Bond Theory
  • 80. According to Travis Hirschi, which element of the social bond refers to the "time and energy" a person spends in conventional activities like sports or studying?
A) Belief
B) Commitment
C) Involvement
D) Attachment
  • 81. A man commits a violent assault and shows no remorse or empathy for the victim. He is charming but manipulative. A psychologist would likely screen him for:
A) Psychopathy/Antisocial Personality Disorder
B) Schizophrenia
C) Paranoia
D) Neuroticism
  • 82. According to Freud, which part of the personality represents the "conscience" and the moral rules of society?
A) Superego
B) Ego
C) Alter-Ego
D) Id
  • 83. A researcher suggests that a specific murderer committed the crime because of a chemical imbalance and an overabundance of dopamine in the brain. This falls under:
A) Evolutionary Criminology
B) Biochemical Theory
C) Social Ecology
D) Psychological Positivism
  • 84. A child observes his father hitting his mother to get what he wants. Later, the child hits his classmates to get their toys. This is an example of
A) bservational Learning (Modeling)
B) Cognitive Dissonance
C) Genetic Predisposition
D) Operant Conditioning
  • 85. Which term refers to the "primitive" part of the human personality that seeks immediate gratification of biological drives like hunger and sex?
A) Ego
B) Preconscious
C) Id
D) Superego
  • 86. A teenager steals a car but tells himself, "The owner is rich and has insurance, so they aren't really losing anything." This technique of neutralization is
A) Condemnation of Condemners
B) Denial of Injury
C) Denial of Responsibility
D) Denial of Victim
  • 87. The process by which the justice system creates "career criminals" by stigmatizing first-time offenders is known as
A) The Dramatization of Evil
B) Diversion
C) Decriminalization
D) Radical Non-intervention
  • 88. Which of the following describes "Primary Deviance"?
A) Crime committed by high-ranking officials.
B) . Deviance that occurs after a person accepts a criminal label.
C) Initial acts of norm violation that have very little influence on the self-concept
D) Crime that is inherently evil.
  • 89. A judge decides to send a juvenile to a community service program instead of jail to avoid giving him a permanent criminal record. This practice is called:
A) Diversion
B) Incapacitation
C) Deterrence
D) Retribution
  • 90. In the "Concentric Zone Model" of a city, which zone is characterized by the highest crime rates and social physical deterioration?
A) Zone II: Zone in Transition
B) Zone III: Workingmen’s Homes
C) Zone IV: Residential Zone
D) Zone I: Central Business District
  • 91. Which month is statistically associated with higher rates of violent crimes like assault and rape due to increased social interaction and temperature?
A) December
B) January
C) October
D) July
  • 92. The "Age-Crime Curve" generally shows that crime rates peak during which life stage?
A) Senior Years (65+)
B) Childhood (5-10)
C) Middle Age (40-50)
D) B. Late Adolescence/Young Adulthood (15-24)
  • 93. Which of the following is considered an "Index Crime" (or Focus Crime) in many police reporting systems?
A) Gambling
B) Robbery
C) Vagrancy
D) Littering
  • 94. A researcher uses "Self-Report Surveys" to gather data. What is the primary advantage of this method?
A) It only counts crimes that lead to a conviction.
B) It captures the "Dark Figure of Crime"
C) It is always 100% honest
D) It is more official than police records.
  • 95. A person is forced at gunpoint to drive a getaway car for a bank robbery. He may use the defense of:
A) Self-defense
B) Duress/Compulsion
C) Insanity
D) Alibi
  • 96. This refers to the state of being a "habitual delinquent" or a repeat offender who keeps returning to prison.
A) Stigma
B) Anomie
C) Atavism
D) Anomie
  • 97. What is the "Golden Thread" of criminal justice, meaning a person is innocent until proven guilty?
A) Presumption of Innocence
B) Due Process
C) Equal Protection
D) Habeas Corpus
  • 98. If a law is passed today making an act illegal that was legal yesterday, and the government tries to punish you for doing it last week, this is a prohibited:
A) Blue Law
B) Writ of Amparo
C) Bill of Attainder
D) Ex Post Facto Law
  • 99. When a gang member kills a rival member to protect his "brothers," he justifies it by saying his loyalty to the gang is more important than the law. This is:
A) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
B) Denial of Victim
C) Denial of Responsibility
D) Denial of Injury
  • 100. The "Classical School" of Criminology was a reaction against:
A) The concept of democracy.
B) The cruel and arbitrary justice of the 18th century
C) The use of prisons.
D) Scientific research
Created with That Quiz — the site for test creation and grading in math and other subjects.