- 1. Who was the Tsar of the Russian Empire from 1894 to 1917?
A) Vladimir Lenin
B) Nicholas II
C) Alexander II
D) Peter Stolypin
- 2. What process did the Russian Empire slowly undergo during the reign of Nicholas II?
A) Deindustrialization
B) Democratization
C) Decentralization
D) Industrialization
- 3. Opposition from which political groups did the Tsar repress?
A) Nationalists and fascists
B) Monarchists and conservatives
C) Center and far-left
D) Right and far-right
- 4. What classes increased in size due to industrial development during the 1890s?
A) Military officers and clergy
B) Urban middle class and working class
C) Landlords and merchants
D) Peasantry and aristocracy
- 5. Who owned much of Russia's industry, contributing to a weaker Russian bourgeoisie?
A) The state and foreigners
B) Local peasants and nobles
C) The Orthodox Church and soviets
D) Factory workers and trade unions
- 6. Compared to the West, was the Russian working class relatively stronger or weaker?
A) Non-existent
B) Weaker
C) Stronger
D) Equal
- 7. What factors gave rise to frequent strikes and agrarian disorders during the 1890s and early 1900s?
A) Bad living- and working-conditions, high taxes, and land hunger
B) Religious conflicts and foreign invasions
C) Excessive wages and short working hours
D) Low taxes and an abundance of fertile land
- 8. What percentage of Russian workers were employed in factories of 1,000 workers or more by 1914?
A) 42%
B) 40%
C) 18%
D) 32%
- 9. What percentage of Russian workers were employed in factories of 1,000 workers or more in 1901?
A) 42%
B) 32%
C) 18%
D) 40%
- 10. What percentage of Russian workers worked in businesses of 100 to 1,000 workers by 1914?
A) 42%
B) 18%
C) 32%
D) 40%
- 11. What percentage of Russian workers worked in businesses of 100 workers or fewer by 1914?
A) 35%
B) 42%
C) 18%
D) 40%
- 12. In the United States in 1914, what percentage of workers were in businesses of 100 workers or fewer?
A) 40%
B) 47%
C) 35%
D) 18%
- 13. When were political parties officially legalized in the Russian Empire?
A) When the October Manifesto was issued in 1905
B) After the February Revolution in 1917
C) When Nicholas II took the throne in 1894
D) Following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918
- 14. What party was founded in 1905 by liberal elements among industrial capitalists and nobility?
A) Bolshevik Party
B) Constitutional Democratic party or Kadets
C) Russian Social Democratic Workers Party
D) Socialist Revolutionaries
- 15. What were the beliefs of the Kadets regarding reform and monarchy?
A) Immediate abolition of the monarchy and communism
B) Peaceful social reform and a constitutional monarch
C) Violent revolution and an absolute monarchy
D) Agrarian socialism and military dictatorship
- 16. In what year were the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) founded?
A) 1898
B) 1894
C) 1900
D) 1905
- 17. In what year was the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDRP) founded?
A) 1914
B) 1898
C) 1900
D) 1905
- 18. What form did the worker revolts take in major cities in 1905?
A) Agrarian land redistribution
B) Peaceful protests and petitions
C) Widespread strikes and mutinies
D) Foreign alliances and diplomatic summits
- 19. What elective parliament did the Tsar promise in the October Manifesto?
A) The Duma
B) The Soviet
C) The Constituent Assembly
D) The Kadet Assembly
- 20. In what year did the Tsar dissolve the newly promised Duma?
A) 1906
B) 1911
C) 1914
D) 1905
- 21. Who served as Prime Minister from 1906 to 1911 to help reform the sluggish economy?
A) Peter Stolypin
B) Vladimir Lenin
C) Tsar Nicholas II
D) Alexander Kerensky
- 22. Which country was the central focus of Nicholas II's foreign policy alliance?
A) Japan
B) Great Britain
C) France
D) Germany
- 23. What region was the target of increased Russian meddling in foreign affairs?
A) Scandinavia
B) Balkans
C) East Asia
D) Western Europe
- 24. As military protector of which religious group did Russia proclaim a role for itself?
A) Protestants
B) Muslims
C) Roman Catholics
D) Orthodox Christians
- 25. Which specific country's Orthodox Christians were notably protected by Russia?
A) France
B) Japan
C) Serbia
D) Germany
- 26. Efforts to expand Russian power in the Far East led to a short war with which nation?
A) Japan
B) Britain
C) China
D) France
- 27. When did the Russo-Japanese War take place?
A) 1904–1905
B) 1914–1918
C) 1894–1895
D) 1906–1911
- 28. How did the war with Japan end for St Petersburg?
A) Stalemate
B) Territorial expansion
C) Humiliating defeat
D) Decisive victory
- 29. In what year did Russia enter World War I?
A) 1905
B) 1917
C) 1904
D) 1914
- 30. What pressures and losses led liberal elements to conduct the February Revolution in 1917?
A) Military losses and a failing war-time economy
B) Agricultural surplus and industrial booms
C) Religious disputes and foreign treaties
D) Successful reforms by Peter Stolypin
- 31. Who was a radical leader that unionized to launch a coup, working through factory and army soviets?
A) Nicholas II
B) Vladimir Lenin
C) Sergei Witte
D) Peter Stolypin
- 32. What did the new Soviet government decide it could not continue while holding onto its revolutionary gains?
A) Industrial strikes
B) The alliance with France
C) The war
D) Industrialization
- 33. With which country did the new Soviet government make a separate peace?
A) France
B) Serbia
C) Japan
D) Germany
- 34. What treaty was signed in which Russia gave away 150,000km2 of land?
A) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
B) Treaty of Versailles
C) October Manifesto
D) Treaty of Portsmouth
- 35. How much Russian land was signed away in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
A) 50,000km2
B) 500,000km2
C) 1,000,000km2
D) 150,000km2
- 36. After German bankers stopped lending to Russia, who did Russia increasingly depend on for financial loans?
A) London financial institutions
B) Italian merchants
C) Austrian investors
D) Paris banks
- 37. How many men was France required to immediately mobilize in a possible war against Germany under the 1894 treaty?
A) 700,000 to 800,000 men
B) 1.3 million men
C) 2 million men
D) 500,000 men
- 38. How many men was Russia required to immediately mobilize in a possible war against Germany under the 1894 treaty?
A) 300,000 men
B) 1.5 million men
C) 1.3 million men
D) 700,000 to 800,000 men
- 39. According to George F. Kennan, who was primarily responsible for the collapse of Bismarck's alliance policy in Europe?
A) Russia
B) France
C) Great Britain
D) Austria
- 40. Which league did Russia leave in order to take up the French proposal for a military alliance?
A) The Reinsurance League
B) The Three Emperors' League
C) The Triple Alliance
D) The Paris Banking Union
- 41. By what year was Germany competing with France for Russia's favour?
A) 1904
B) 1900
C) 1894
D) 1895
- 42. In the negotiations following the 1895 war, Japan was forced to make concessions in which peninsula?
A) Sakhalin Island
B) Liaotung Peninsula
C) Shantung Peninsula
D) Korean Peninsula
- 43. Which location in southern Manchuria was also a site of forced Japanese concessions in 1895?
A) Harbin
B) Tsushima
C) Port Arthur
D) Mukden
- 44. Who used French capital to establish the Russo-Chinese Bank in 1896?
A) Otto von Bismarck
B) Theodore Roosevelt
C) Sergei Witte
D) Tsar Nicholas
- 45. What was the primary goal of the Russo-Chinese Bank established in 1896?
A) Rebuild the Baltic fleet
B) Fund the Boxer Rebellion
C) Purchase Sakhalin Island
D) Finance a railroad across northern Manchuria
- 46. The railroad financed by the Russo-Chinese Bank was intended to shorten which major railway?
A) Manchurian Trunk Line
B) Trans-Siberian Railway
C) Baltic-Mediterranean Railway
D) Chinese Eastern Railway
- 47. From which city did Russia begin building a trunk line to Port Arthur?
A) Harbin
B) Mukden
C) Moscow
D) St. Petersburg
- 48. Which nation occupied Wei-Hai-Wei at the same time Russia acquired leases on the Liaotung Peninsula?
A) Great Britain
B) Germany
C) Japan
D) France
- 49. What was the name of the armed popular uprising in China in 1900?
A) Xinhai Revolution
B) Boxer Rebellion
C) Taiping Rebellion
D) Opium Uprising
- 50. What was the main Russian strategy at the start of the war with Japan?
A) Invading mainland Japan
B) Fighting delaying actions for reinforcements
C) Surrendering Port Arthur voluntarily
D) Launching immediate naval invasions
- 51. How long did the siege of Port Arthur last before the Japanese captured it?
A) Eight months
B) One year
C) Six months
D) Three months
- 52. In March 1905, the Japanese forced the Russians to withdraw north of which city?
A) Harbin
B) Vladivostok
C) Mukden
D) Port Arthur
- 53. Why were the Japanese unable to pursue the Russians after the battle at Mukden?
A) The Russian navy cut off their supply lines
B) Japanese troops suffered heavy casualties
C) The Tsar declared unconditional surrender
D) Winter weather made roads impassable
- 54. According to the text, the final victory in the Russo-Japanese war was dependent on what?
A) The navy
B) Artillery strength
C) Foreign alliances
D) Infantry numbers
- 55. Where did the Japanese destroy Russia's last hope in the war in May 1905?
A) Wei-Hai-Wei
B) Liaotung Peninsula
C) Port Arthur
D) Tsushima Straits
- 56. Russia's final fleet in the war was assembled from the navy's Baltic and which other squadron?
A) Atlantic
B) Pacific
C) Mediterranean
D) Black Sea
- 57. What domestic issue forced the tsar to seek peace despite theoretical military options?
A) A massive famine
B) Economic bankruptcy
C) Revolution at home
D) A military coup
- 58. Which United States president mediated the peace agreement between Russia and Japan?
A) William McKinley
B) Theodore Roosevelt
C) Woodrow Wilson
D) Franklin D. Roosevelt
- 59. What territory did Russia cede to Japan in the peace settlement?
A) Northern Manchuria
B) Southern Sakhalin Island
C) Harbin
D) The Liaotung Peninsula
- 60. What fraction of Russia's population was employed by agriculture at the beginning of the twentieth century?
A) Three-quarters
B) One-half
C) Two-thirds
D) One-third
- 61. What proportion of the national income was produced by agriculture at the beginning of the twentieth century?
A) Three-quarters
B) Two-thirds
C) One-quarter
D) Approximately one-half
- 62. What economic sector constituted the single largest sector of the Russian economy at the start of the 20th century?
A) Manufacturing
B) Agriculture
C) Railroads
D) Mining
- 63. What economic factor attacked the price of commodities alongside agricultural failures?
A) Currency stability
B) Deflation
C) Inflation
D) High taxation
- 64. What infrastructure expanded across farmland during this period?
A) Canals
B) Railroads
C) Telegraph lines
D) Highways
- 65. What demographic trend accompanied Russia's agricultural difficulties?
A) Population decline
B) Stagnant population
C) Rapid population growth
D) Mass emigration
- 66. Who led the mass procession of workers on January 22, 1905, known as Bloody Sunday?
A) Sergei Witte
B) Nicholas II
C) Pyotr Stolypin
D) Georgiy Gapon
- 67. In which city did the violent suppression of Bloody Sunday take place?
A) Moscow
B) Riga
C) St. Petersburg
D) Warsaw
- 68. What did workers form in a number of cities during the 1905 revolution?
A) Dumas
B) Trade guilds
C) Soviets
D) Zemstva
- 69. What political party was formed by those who accepted the new arrangements of the October Manifesto?
A) Socialist-Revolutionaries
B) Union of Liberation
C) Kadets
D) Octobrists
- 70. When did the Second Duma meet?
A) 1907
B) 1906
C) 1905
D) 1908
- 71. Who promulgated a new electoral law in June 1907 that reduced the electoral weight of lower-class voters?
A) Dmitry Bogrov
B) Vladimir Kokovtsov
C) The Tsar
D) Pyotr Stolypin
- 72. By 1914, approximately what percentage of all peasant communes had been dissolved?
A) 50 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 90 percent
- 73. Who assassinated Stolypin in 1911 while watching an opera?
A) An Octobrist leader
B) The Tsar
C) Dmitry Bogrov
D) Vladimir Kokovtsov
- 74. Who was Russia's new foreign minister in 1907 who concluded agreements with Britain and Japan?
A) Gavrilo Princip
B) Nicholas II
C) Aleksandr Izvol'skiy
D) Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- 75. According to the text, Britain was given ascendancy in southern Persia, Tibet, and which other region?
A) Bosnia
B) Inner Mongolia
C) Korea
D) Afghanistan
- 76. After China's republican revolution of 1911, Russia and Japan recognized each other's spheres of influence in what region?
A) Inner Mongolia
B) Tibet
C) Southern Manchuria
D) Northern Persia
- 77. Russia traded recognition of German economic interests in the Ottoman Empire and Persia for German recognition of various Russian what?
A) Railroad concessions
B) Security interests
C) Military bases
D) Navigational rights
- 78. What informal group did Russia enter to protect its strategic and financial position without antagonizing Germany?
A) Balkan League
B) Central Powers
C) Triple Alliance
D) Triple Entente
- 79. Since what year had Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina?
A) 1906
B) 1878
C) 1914
D) 1881
- 80. In what year did Russia secretly agree in principle to Austria's future annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina?
A) 1881
B) 1912
C) 1878
D) 1908
- 81. After the Balkan wars, Austria-Hungary became the patron of which country?
A) Greece
B) Bulgaria
C) Serbia
D) Montenegro
- 82. Which Balkan party harbored particular animosity toward the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina?
A) The Serbs
B) The Bulgarians
C) The Greeks
D) The Romanians
- 83. Who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914?
A) Aleksandr Izvol'skiy
B) Gavrilo Princip
C) Nicholas II
D) Otto von Bismarck
- 84. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the throne of which empire?
A) The German Empire
B) The Russian Empire
C) The Ottoman Empire
D) Austria-Hungary
- 85. According to the text, when Germany invaded France through Belgium, it was dictated by what?
A) The Schlieffen Plan
B) The Franco-Russian Alliance
C) The Triple Entente
D) The Balkan Pact
- 86. What relation was Grand Duke Nicholas to the tsar?
A) Uncle
B) Brother
C) Cousin
D) Father
- 87. In what year were the German Teutonic Knights originally defeated at the site of Tannenberg by Lithuanian, Polish, and Moldovan troops?
A) 1389
B) 1410
C) 1453
D) 1514
- 88. Into which region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire did the Russians push after turning back an Austrian offensive?
A) Bosnia
B) Eastern Galicia
C) Transylvania
D) Bohemia
- 89. Where did the Germans plan to drive France out of the war with a large-scale attack in 1916?
A) Alsace-Lorraine
B) Somme valley
C) Paris region
D) Verdun area
- 90. Why did Russia despair of victory by 1916?
A) Superior enemy resources
B) Naval blockades
C) Exhaustion
D) Lack of allies
- 91. Why did Germany despair of victory by 1916?
A) Opponents' superior resources
B) Lack of artillery
C) Internal revolution
D) Exhaustion of troops
- 92. Which country did Russia come to the rescue of toward the end of 1916?
A) Romania
B) Belgium
C) Montenegro
D) Serbia
- 93. To which body of water was the eastern front extended when Russia rescued Romania?
A) Black Sea
B) Adriatic Sea
C) Caspian Sea
D) Baltic Sea
- 94. From which empire did Russia expect territorial acquisitions in northeastern Anatolia?
A) Ottoman Empire
B) Austro-Hungarian Empire
C) Persian Empire
D) German Empire
- 95. Which city did Russia expect to control after the victory?
A) Rome
B) Constantinople
C) Vienna
D) Berlin
- 96. Which country was to acquire Dalmatia along the Adriatic coast?
A) Romania
B) Serbia
C) Italy
D) Russia
- 97. What territory was Japan to control more of according to the Entente agreements?
A) India
B) Korea
C) China
D) Siberia
- 98. Which region was France to regain, having lost it in the Franco-Prussian War?
A) Alsace-Lorraine
B) Brittany
C) Normandy
D) Burgundy
- 99. Who quarreled with civilian leaders and refused to cooperate with the War Industry Committees?
A) Army officers
B) Duma deputies
C) Peasant farmers
D) Foreign diplomats
- 100. What group was formed by center and center-left deputies to create a genuinely constitutional government?
A) The Romanov Council
B) The Bolshevik Party
C) The Petrograd Soviet
D) The Progressive Bloc
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