- 1. What percentage of the world's calorie intake is supplied by three members of the Poaceae family?
A) 75%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 50%
- 2. Which family does coffee belong to?
A) Poaceae
B) Fabaceae
C) Rubiaceae
D) Malvaceae
- 3. Which family does hot chocolate belong to?
A) Malvaceae
B) Poaceae
C) Rubiaceae
D) Orchidaceae
- 4. What is the most popular plant family for floral emblems according to a survey of 70 countries?
A) Orchidaceae
B) Fabaceae
C) Rosaceae
D) Asteraceae
- 5. What percentage of plant species are threatened with extinction according to the IUCN and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew?
A) 3%
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 10%
- 6. What is the primary cause of the majority of plant species extinctions?
A) Habitat loss
B) Climate change
C) Logging
D) Invasive species
- 7. What percentage of flowering plants are likely to go extinct if global warming reaches 2 degrees Celsius?
A) 40%
B) 10%
C) 3%
D) 50%
- 8. In a worst-case climate change scenario, what portion of tree species may be driven extinct within a century?
A) One third
B) One tenth
C) Half
D) Three quarters
- 9. What is the name of the traditional Chinese painting style that celebrates the beauty of flowering plants?
A) Bonsai
B) Tulipomania
C) Huaniaohua
D) Ikebana
- 10. How many botanic gardens around the world maintain living plants as an insurance policy against extinction?
A) 70
B) 1000
C) 5000
D) 3000
- 11. What percentage of threatened plant species are kept in botanic gardens?
A) 75%
B) Under 10%
C) Over 40%
D) Exactly 20%
- 12. Which of these is mentioned as a medicine derived from flowering plants?
A) Aspirin
B) Insulin
C) Penicillin
D) Digoxin
- 13. What historical event involving ornamental plants changed the course of history?
A) The Green Revolution
B) The Botanical Expansion
C) Tulipomania
D) The Spice Trade
- 14. According to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, what is the prerequisite for life?
A) Sunlight
B) Water
C) Plants
D) Carbon dioxide
- 15. Which plant family accounts for 10% of floral emblems?
A) Orchidaceae
B) Rosaceae
C) Fabaceae
D) Poaceae
- 16. What is the estimated range for the number of species of flowering plants?
A) 500,000 to 700,000
B) 100,000 to 200,000
C) 250,000 to 400,000
D) 10,000 to 50,000
- 17. How many species of moss are there approximately?
A) 11,000
B) 12,000
C) 400,000
D) 250,000
- 18. How many species of pteridophytes are there approximately?
A) 11,000
B) 12,000
C) 250,000
D) 415,000
- 19. How many families were identified in the 2009 APG III system?
A) 443
B) 64
C) 416
D) 415
- 20. How many angiosperm orders were recognized in the 2016 APG IV system?
A) 415
B) 64
C) 416
D) 5
- 21. How many families were recognized in the 2016 APG IV system?
A) 416
B) 415
C) 64
D) 443
- 22. What percentage of flowering plant species belong to the eudicot clade?
A) 2%
B) 23%
C) 75%
D) 0.1%
- 23. What percentage of flowering plant species belong to the monocot clade?
A) 10%
B) 23%
C) 75%
D) 2%
- 24. What percentage of flowering plant species belong to the magnoliid clade?
A) 2%
B) 0.1%
C) 75%
D) 23%
- 25. What does the Greek word 'angeíon' mean?
A) Capsule
B) Bottle or vessel
C) Seed
D) Flowering plant
- 26. What does the Greek word 'spérma' mean?
A) Capsule
B) Seed
C) Flowering plant
D) Bottle or vessel
- 27. Who coined the term 'Angiospermae' in 1690?
A) Robert Brown
B) Wilhelm Hofmeister
C) Paul Hermann
D) APG
- 28. In what year did Robert Brown change the meaning of the term angiosperm?
A) 1827
B) 1998
C) 1851
D) 1690
- 29. Whose work on embryo-sacs in 1851 gave 'Angiosperm' its modern meaning?
A) APG
B) Wilhelm Hofmeister
C) Paul Hermann
D) Robert Brown
- 30. In what year did the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group begin reclassifying angiosperms?
A) 2003
B) 2016
C) 2009
D) 1998
- 31. How does the APG system treat flowering plants in terms of ranking?
A) As a family
B) As an order
C) As a species
D) As an unranked clade
- 32. What was the subclass name used for flowering plants in the 2009 formal classification?
A) Monocot
B) Eudicot
C) Magnoliidae
D) Angiospermae
- 33. Which system updated the classification in 2003?
A) APG III
B) APG IV
C) APG II
D) APG
- 34. How many families are in the APG circumscriptions for the 25 most species-rich families?
A) 416
B) 64
C) 415
D) 443
- 35. Which trees are mentioned as being among the largest angiosperms?
A) Oak and Maple trees
B) Pine and Spruce trees
C) Wolffia duckweeds
D) Eucalyptus gum trees and Shorea faguetiana
- 36. How tall can Eucalyptus gum trees grow?
A) 2 millimetres
B) 50 metres
C) 200 metres
D) Almost 100 metres
- 37. What are the smallest flowering plants mentioned in the text?
A) Wolffia duckweeds
B) Sundews
C) Witchweeds
D) Broomrapes
- 38. Approximately what percentage of flowering plants are photosynthetic autotrophs?
A) 75%
B) 50%
C) 10%
D) 99%
- 39. What do photosynthetic autotrophs use to create sugars?
A) Rhizomes
B) Nutrient-poor mud
C) Insects
D) Sunlight
- 40. Myco-heterotrophic plants obtain their energy by being parasitic on what?
A) Rhizomes
B) Insects
C) Fungi
D) Trees
- 41. Which plant is identified as a parasite that is parasitic on other plants?
A) Broomrape
B) Gentiana verna
C) Wolffia
D) Seagrass
- 42. How do seagrasses in the Alismatales grow?
A) By trapping insects
B) With rhizomes through mud in coastal waters
C) As annuals in dry soil
D) By climbing on other plants
- 43. What is the primary nutrient source for sundews in acid bogs?
A) Calcium-rich soil
B) Trapped insects
C) Sunlight
D) Myco-heterotrophic fungi
- 44. Where does the spring gentian typically grow?
A) Freshwater ponds
B) Alkaline calcium-rich soil
C) Nutrient-poor acid bogs
D) Marine environments
- 45. What is the life span characteristic of annuals?
A) They are always woody trees
B) They only live in the sea
C) They live for one growing season
D) They live for many centuries
- 46. What classification was previously used for myco-heterotrophic plants?
A) Autotrophic
B) Carnivorous
C) Herbaceous
D) Saprophytic
- 47. What is the etymological meaning of the word 'angiosperm'?
A) Plants without roots
B) Naked seeds on a cone
C) Flowering trees only
D) Seeds enclosed within a fruit
- 48. When did the ancestors of flowering plants diverge from the ancestors of gymnosperms?
A) During the Triassic
B) In the Cenozoic era
C) During the Jurassic
D) Before the end of the Carboniferous
- 49. During which period did angiosperms diversify explosively?
A) Devonian
B) Carboniferous
C) Permian
D) Cretaceous
- 50. Which plant family provides the world's primary staple cereals like rice, maize, and wheat?
A) Poaceae
B) Magnoliaceae
C) Rosaceae
D) Fabaceae
- 51. What part of the angiosperm completely envelops the seeds?
A) Stem
B) Flower
C) Endosperm
D) Fruit
- 52. What term describes the matching of floral morphology to a pollinator's anatomy?
A) Phylogenetic drift
B) Taxonomic isolation
C) Pollination syndromes
D) Floral mimicry
- 53. What is a major consequence of specialized pollinator relationships?
A) Reduced genetic diversity
B) Increased reliance on wind pollination
C) Slower evolutionary rates
D) Reproductive isolation
- 54. How many nuclear genes were used in the 2024 phylogeny study?
A) 2,000
B) 653
C) 100
D) 353
- 55. Approximately how long have land plants existed according to fossilized spores?
A) 350 million years
B) 130 million years
C) 475 million years
D) 600 million years
- 56. Which fossil is cited as a controversial, debated pre-Cretaceous flower?
A) Dakota-flora
B) Devonian-seed
C) Archaeanthus
D) Nanjinganthus
- 57. When did the ancestors of angiosperms likely diverge from gymnosperms?
A) 475-500 million years ago
B) 371-338 million years ago
C) 66-100 million years ago
D) 130-150 million years ago
- 58. Which insects had a symbiotic relationship with Archaeanthus by the late-Albian?
A) Moths
B) Butterflies
C) Beetles
D) Bees
- 59. What is the characteristic feature of angiosperms?
A) The flower
B) The root
C) The leaf
D) The seed
- 60. What is an inflorescence?
A) The fruit of the plant
B) A branch-system bearing flowers
C) The root system of a plant
D) A single flower petal
- 61. Which cells become pollen grains?
A) Sepals
B) Microspores
C) Tepals
D) Megaspores
- 62. What do megaspores divide to become?
A) The nectar
B) Pollen grains
C) The egg cell
D) The calyx
- 63. What structures enclose the ovule?
A) The stamen
B) The sepal
C) The carpel
D) The petal
- 64. What structure is formed by one or more carpels?
A) The calyx
B) The corolla
C) The pistil
D) The stamen
- 65. Which plants are given as an example of wind-pollinated flowers?
A) Willow
B) Holly
C) Cucurbita
D) Magnolia
- 66. What term is used for sepals and petals when they are indistinguishable?
A) Microspores
B) Megaspores
C) Tepals
D) Stamens
- 67. What does a homomorphic flower use to discriminate against self-pollen?
A) Pollinator preference
B) Flower shape
C) Biochemical self-incompatibility
D) Physical distance
- 68. Which plant is given as an example of a dioecious plant?
A) Maize
B) Willow
C) Magnolia
D) Holly
- 69. Which plant is cited as a monoecious, wind-pollinated example?
A) Holly
B) Magnolia
C) Cucurbita
D) Maize
- 70. Which plant is a monoecious, insect-pollinated example?
A) Cucurbita
B) Maize
C) Holly
D) Willow
- 71. Where does a pollen grain first land during the pollination process?
A) Ovary
B) Stigma
C) Micropyle
D) Style
- 72. What process produces the two haploid sperm cells from the generative cell?
A) Fertilization
B) Mitosis
C) Meiosis
D) Pollination
- 73. What is the ploidy level of the zygote formed after fertilization?
A) Haploid (n)
B) Triploid (3n)
C) Diploid (2n)
D) Tetraploid (4n)
- 74. The second sperm cell fuses with central cell nuclei to create what type of cell?
A) Triploid (3n)
B) Diploid (2n)
C) Zygote
D) Haploid (n)
- 75. What is the primary function of the endosperm?
A) Embryo food supply
B) Fruit protection
C) Seed coat formation
D) Pollinator attraction
- 76. What is another name for the fruit wall?
A) Pericarp
B) Integument
C) Hypanthium
D) Nucellus
- 77. What part of the apple forms the edible flesh?
A) Seed coat
B) Endosperm
C) Ovary
D) Hypanthium
- 78. What term describes the production of seed without fertilization?
A) Germination
B) Apomixis
C) Mitosis
D) Pollination
- 79. What is the name for the type of apomixis found in many citrus varieties?
A) Double fertilization
B) Sexual selection
C) Nucellar embryony
D) Mitotic division
- 80. Which mechanism involves members of one sex choosing mates of the other sex?
A) Nucellar embryony
B) Apomixis
C) Inter-sexual selection
D) Intra-sexual selection
- 81. What is the term for competition between members of the same sex for mates?
A) Double fertilization
B) Pistil-mediated choice
C) Inter-sexual selection
D) Intra-sexual selection
- 82. Which is an example of a post-pollination filter in plants?
A) Pollen release timing
B) Flower morphology
C) Pollen-tube growth rates
D) Pollen packaging
- 83. What happens to the synergid after the sperm cells are released?
A) It becomes the seed coat
B) It degenerates
C) It forms the endosperm
D) It becomes the embryo
- 84. What structure does the pollen grain grow to transport sperm cells to the ovary?
A) Micropyle
B) Style
C) Pollen tube
D) Stigma
- 85. In what year was Charles Darwin's book 'The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom' published?
A) 1887
B) 1868
C) 1890
D) 1878
- 86. According to Charles Darwin, what is generally considered beneficial for plants?
A) Asexuality
B) Self-fertilisation
C) Genetic mutation
D) Cross-fertilisation
- 87. What is the term for the masking of deleterious mutations in progeny?
A) Meiosis
B) Recombinational repair
C) Self-fertilisation
D) Genetic complementation
- 88. What process in flowering plants allows for the repairing of DNA?
A) Meiosis
B) Genetic complementation
C) Self-fertilisation
D) Outcrossing
- 89. What is the mechanism for DNA repair during meiosis?
A) Deleterious mutation
B) Cross-fertilisation
C) Genetic recombination
D) Asexual reproduction
- 90. According to the text, what is required for maintaining long-term genomic integrity?
A) Genetic masking
B) Sexual reproduction
C) Self-fertilisation
D) Asexual reproduction
- 91. What is the result of self-fertilization, according to Darwin's observations?
A) Always beneficial
B) Masks deleterious mutations
C) Neutral
D) Often injurious
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