- 1. What are shape notes designed to facilitate?
A) Orchestral performances
B) Instrumental tuning
C) Congregational and social singing
D) Solo opera singing
- 2. During which century did shape notes become a popular teaching device in American singing schools?
A) 20th century
B) 17th century
C) 19th century
D) 18th century
- 3. What was added to noteheads in written music to help singers find pitches?
A) Colors
B) Shapes
C) Numbers
D) Letters
- 4. Shape notes help singers find pitches without using information found where?
A) Key signatures on the staff
B) Dynamic markings
C) Tempo indicators
D) Lyrics sheets
- 5. For approximately how long have shape notes been used in various music traditions?
A) Under fifty years
B) Exactly one century
C) Over two centuries
D) Nearly a millennium
- 6. What is a pejorative name for shape notes?
A) Buckwheat notes and dunce notes
B) Simple notes and baby notes
C) Classic notes and prime notes
D) Master notes and golden notes
- 7. What is another non-pejorative name for shape notes?
A) Staff notes and clef notes
B) Character notes and patent notes
C) Tone notes and rhythm notes
D) Pitch notes and scale notes
- 8. What do the shapes printed in the music match up with?
A) Solfège syllables
B) Orchestral sections
C) Instrumental valves
D) Finger positions
- 9. What mental association does a skilled singer develop in a shape note tradition?
A) Quadruple association linking pitch, volume, instrument, and mood
B) Triple mental association linking a note, a shape, and a syllable
C) Double association linking rhythm and tempo
D) Single association linking only the lyric and the note
- 10. When a shape note group first sings a song, what do they normally sing?
A) The final lyrics
B) The syllables
C) The harmony backwards
D) The instrumental solo
- 11. What do shape note groups do after singing the syllables?
A) Switch to playing instruments
B) Repeat the syllables in a higher octave
C) Leave the room immediately
D) Sing the same notes to the words of the music
- 12. Are the syllables and notes of a shape note system relative or absolute?
A) Relative
B) Constant
C) Absolute
D) Fixed
- 13. What is the first note of a major key always represented as in the four-shape system?
A) Triangular Fa note
B) Square La note
C) Diamond Sol note
D) Circular Do note
- 14. What syllable follows Fa ascending in a major key within the four-shape system?
A) Ti
B) Do
C) Re
D) Sol
- 15. What is the first note of a minor key always in the four-shape system?
A) Sol
B) Fa
C) Do
D) La
- 16. What note follows La in an ascending minor key in the four-shape system?
A) Ti
B) Re
C) Sol
D) Mi
- 17. Which of the following notes in any major scale are each a tone apart?
A) The eighth and ninth notes
B) The seventh and eighth notes
C) The first three notes (fa, sol, la)
D) Only the final note
- 18. Which notes are also a tone apart and grouped as fa, sol, la in a major scale?
A) The first to third notes
B) The fifth to seventh notes
C) The sixth to eighth notes
D) The fourth to sixth notes
- 19. How are the seventh and eighth notes of a major scale separated?
A) By a semitone
B) By two tones
C) By a full tone
D) By an octave
- 20. How are the seventh and eighth notes indicated in the four-shape system?
A) fa-sol
B) la-mi
C) mi-fa
D) sol-la
- 21. How many shape notes can adequately reflect the feeling of the whole scale?
A) Six
B) Seven
C) Eight
D) Four
- 22. In a four-shape system, how many notes of the scale are grouped in pairs assigned to one syllable/shape combination?
A) Eight
B) Two
C) Six
D) Four
- 23. Whose hexachord system does the four-shape ascending scale represent a variation of?
A) Jesse B. Aikin
B) John of Salisbury
C) C. H. Cayce
D) Guido of Arezzo
- 24. What century did the 11th century monk Guido of Arezzo live in?
A) 14th century
B) 11th century
C) 17th century
D) 19th century
- 25. What were the syllables of Guido's original six-note scale?
A) Alpha, beta, gamma, delta
B) Fa, sol, la, fa, sol, la, mi
C) Ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la
D) Do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti
- 26. In which century was the four-syllable variation of Guido's system prominent in England?
A) 19th century
B) 12th century
C) 15th century
D) 17th century
- 27. In which century did the four-syllable variation enter the US?
A) 20th century
B) 16th century
C) 18th century
D) 14th century
- 28. What do seven-shape systems give to every note of the scale?
A) A numerical value
B) No shape at all
C) A different shape and syllable
D) The exact same shape
- 29. What syllables do standard seven-shape systems use?
A) Do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do
B) A, b, c, d, e, f, g, a
C) Fa, sol, la, fa, sol, la, mi, fa
D) Ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ut
- 30. The song 'Do-Re-Mi' from which musical makes seven-shape system syllables familiar to most people?
A) The Music Man
B) The Sound of Music
C) Oklahoma
D) West Side Story
- 31. Who authored the book 'The Good Old Songs' which presents the older seven-note syllabification?
A) John Wesley
B) Guido of Arezzo
C) C. H. Cayce
D) Jesse B. Aikin
- 32. What older seven-note syllabification is presented in 'The Good Old Songs'?
A) Do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do
B) Do, re, mi, fa, so, la, si, do
C) Ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ut
D) Fa, sol, la, fa, sol, la, mi, fa
- 33. Who invented a popular seven-shape system?
A) Guido of Arezzo
B) C. H. Cayce
C) Jesse B. Aikin
D) Thomas Morley
- 34. When was the controlled study on the usefulness of shape notes carried out?
A) 1801
B) 1950s
C) 1844
D) 1850s
- 35. In which state did George H. Kyme's experimental population live?
A) Massachusetts
B) California
C) Texas
D) New York
- 36. What skill did students taught with shape notes learn significantly better according to Kyme?
A) Music composition
B) Instrumental performance
C) Sight reading
D) Lyric writing
- 37. Besides sight reading, what else were students taught with shape notes far more likely to do later in their education?
A) Study foreign languages
B) Teach history
C) Pursue musical activities
D) Become typography experts
- 38. What musical term describes a change of key in mid-piece, commonly used since the 19th century?
A) Tuning
B) Transcription
C) Modulation
D) Intonation
- 39. When a choir sings with instrumental accompaniment during a modulation, what do they sing in the temperament of?
A) The original composer
B) The instrument
C) The typographer
D) The human voice
- 40. What tuning system is typically associated with the unassisted human voice in choral contexts mentioned in the text?
A) Pythagorean tuning
B) Meantone temperament
C) Just intonation
D) Equal temperament
- 41. Who wrote 'Judgment Anthem'?
A) George H. Kyme
B) B.F. White
C) Jeremiah Ingalls
D) Justin Morgan
- 42. In what year was Little and Smith's The Easy Instructor published?
A) 1844
B) 1850
C) 1801
D) 1950
- 43. Which prominent 1844 tunebook omitted Justin Morgan's 'Judgment Anthem'?
A) B.F. White's Organ
B) The Sacred Harp
C) California Tunebook
D) The Easy Instructor
- 44. What is the only song that modulates in the Sacred Harp (1844)?
A) Jeremiah Ingalls's 'Christian Song'
B) Kyme's Fourth-Grade Anthem
C) Justin Morgan's 'Judgment Anthem'
D) B.F. White's 'Organ'
- 45. In what year was the Sacred Harp published?
A) 1850
B) 1844
C) 1801
D) 1950
- 46. During which musical period do many forms of music employ modulation?
A) Modern experimental period
B) Common practice period
C) Medieval era
D) Baroque period exclusively
- 47. Whose cipher notation is mentioned as an early work in pitch syllables?
A) Ananias Davisson
B) Reverend John Tufts
C) Sarah Anna Glover
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- 48. Which edition of the Bay Psalm Book included initials of four-note syllables underneath the staff?
A) 5th edition
B) 12th edition
C) 1st edition
D) 9th edition
- 49. When did compositions of the 'Yankee tunesmiths' begin to appear?
A) 1816
B) 1770
C) 1801
D) 1803
- 50. What group of composers is also known as the 'First New England School'?
A) Yankee tunesmiths
B) Guido's choir
C) The Lowell Mason movement
D) Southern shape-note masters
- 51. In which city were William Little and William Smith when they published The Easy Instructor?
A) Philadelphia
B) Tennessee
C) Boston
D) Kentucky
- 52. Who published The Musical Primer in 1803 using slightly different shapes?
A) Andrew Law
B) Lowell Mason
C) Allen D. Carden
D) John Connelly
- 53. In Andrew Law's system, what shape indicated 'fa'?
A) A triangle
B) An oval
C) A circle
D) A square
- 54. In Andrew Law's system, what shape indicated 'la'?
A) A square
B) A rectangle
C) A triangle
D) A diamond
- 55. Who claimed rights to the shape notes used by Little and Smith, according to a statement in The Easy Instructor, Part II?
A) Andrew Law
B) John Connelly
C) Guido of Arezzo
D) Reverend John Tufts
- 56. According to Little and Smith, around what year were shape notes invented by John Connelly?
A) 1790
B) 1803
C) 1801
D) 1770
- 57. Who headed the 'better music' movement that eliminated shape notes in the northeastern U.S.?
A) Alexander Johnson
B) John Connelly
C) Lowell Mason
D) Ananias Davisson
- 58. What was the first Southern shape-note tunebook?
A) Allen D. Carden's The Missouri Harmony
B) Ananias Davisson's Kentucky Harmony
C) The Musical Primer by Andrew Law
D) Alexander Johnson's Tennessee Harmony
- 59. In what year was Ananias Davisson's Kentucky Harmony published?
A) 1801
B) 1816
C) 1803
D) 1820
- 60. Who published Tennessee Harmony in 1818?
A) Alexander Johnson
B) Allen D. Carden
C) William Little
D) Ananias Davisson
- 61. Who published The Missouri Harmony in 1820?
A) Allen D. Carden
B) Alexander Johnson
C) Andrew Law
D) Ananias Davisson
- 62. In what year was Jesse B. Aikin's book Christian Minstrel published?
A) 2013
B) 1846
C) 1811
D) 1876
- 63. Which company played a major role in making Aikin's seven-shape system the standard around 1876?
A) J. L. White Edition Committee
B) Sacred Harp Book Company
C) Ruebush & Kieffer Publishing Company
D) Sacred Harp Publishing Company
- 64. Who devised the seven-shape system used in the book Christian Harmony?
A) Jesse B. Aikin
B) M. L. Swan
C) Ananias Davisson
D) William Walker
- 65. Who devised the seven-shape system used in the book New Harp of Columbia?
A) M. L. Swan
B) Jesse B. Aikin
C) William Walker
D) Jeremiah Ingalls
- 66. Which religious group in the American South regularly uses seven-shape songbooks in Sunday worship?
A) Episcopalians
B) Roman Catholics
C) Eastern Orthodox
D) Southern Baptists
- 67. What type of instrumental accompaniment is typically used in nondenominational community singings of seven-shape gospel music?
A) Violin
B) Piano
C) Organ
D) Guitar
- 68. In which town did Jeremiah Ingalls work as a tavern-keeper and musician between 1789 and 1810?
A) Newbury, Vermont
B) Benton, Kentucky
C) Birmingham, Alabama
D) Charleston, South Carolina
- 69. Who authored the book 'America's Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present'?
A) Stephen A. Marini
B) Gilbert Chase
C) Buell E. Cobb jr
D) George Pullen Jackson
- 70. Who wrote 'A Portion for the Singers: A History of Music Among Primitive Baptists Since 1800'?
A) Dorothy Horn
B) R. Paul Drummond
C) James R. Goff
D) Kathryn Eastburn
- 71. Which author wrote 'A Sacred Feast: Reflections on Sacred Harp Singing and Dinner on the Ground'?
A) Gilbert Chase
B) Steve Hartman
C) Richard J. Stanislaw
D) Kathryn Eastburn
- 72. Who co-authored 'Sing with Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Hymnology' with Hugh T. McElrath?
A) James R. Goff
B) Harry Eskew
C) Stephen A. Marini
D) George Pullen Jackson
- 73. Who wrote the 1970 book 'Sing to Me of Heaven: A Study of Folk and Early American Materials in Three Old Harp Books'?
A) Kathryn Eastburn
B) R. Paul Drummond
C) Dorothy Horn
D) Harry Eskew
- 74. Who authored 'White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands' in 1932?
A) Stephen A. Marini
B) George Pullen Jackson
C) Buell E. Cobb jr
D) Gilbert Chase
- 75. Who wrote 'A Checklist of Four-Shape Shape-Note Tunebooks'?
A) R. Paul Drummond
B) Steve Hartman
C) Richard J. Stanislaw
D) Dorothy Horn
- 76. Who edited 'The Missouri Harmony, or a Choice Collection of Psalm Tunes, Hymns, and Anthems' published in 2005?
A) Richard J. Stanislaw
B) Hugh T. McElrath
C) Allen P. Britton
D) Steve Hartman
- 77. Who wrote the 1997 Journal of American Folklore article 'Old Can Be Used Instead of New: Shape-Note Singing and the Crisis of Modernity in the New South, 1880–1910'?
A) Gavin James Campbell
B) Allen P. Britton
C) J. Terry Gates
D) Irving Lowens
- 78. Who wrote the 1988 article 'A comparison of the tune books of Tufts and Walter'?
A) Gavin James Campbell
B) Allen P. Britton
C) J. Terry Gates
D) Irving Lowens
- 79. Who co-authored the 1953 article 'The Easy Instructor (1798–1831): A history and bibliography of the first shape note tune book' with Allen P. Britton?
A) Gilbert Chase
B) J. Terry Gates
C) George Pullen Jackson
D) Irving Lowens
- 80. In what year was 'The Easy Instructor' article published by Lowens and Britton?
A) 1932
B) 1988
C) 1953
D) 1997
- 81. In which city was 'Sing with Understanding' published by Broadman Press?
A) St. Louis
B) Nashville, Tennessee
C) Gainesville
D) Chapel Hill
- 82. What is the ISBN of the book 'Sing with Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Hymnology'?
A) 9780807853467
B) 0-8054-6809-9
C) 0-8054-0000-0
D) 1-883982-54-5
- 83. What is the ISBN of James R. Goff's 2002 book on southern gospel?
A) 978-0-00-000000-0
B) 9780807853467
C) 0-8054-6809-9
D) 1-883982-54-5
- 84. What is the ISBN of Steve Hartman's edited edition of 'The Missouri Harmony'?
A) 9780807853467
B) 0-8054-6809-9
C) 1-883982-54-5
D) 1-883982-00-0
- 85. Which publisher released Steve Hartman's 2005 edition of 'The Missouri Harmony'?
A) University of Georgia Press
B) Broadman Press
C) University of Illinois Press
D) Missouri Historical Society
- 86. Who co-authored 'Sing with Understanding' with Harry Eskew?
A) Hugh T. McElrath
B) Allen P. Britton
C) Buell E. Cobb jr
D) Irving Lowens
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