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Anarchism in Japan - Quiz
Contributed by: Halliday
  • 1. Who was identified as a clear leader in the anarchist movement by 1923?
A) Hatta Shūzō
B) Ishikawa Sanshirō
C) Iwasa Sakutarō
D) Ōsugi
  • 2. What event did the state use as a pretext to round up Ōsugi and Itō Noe?
A) Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
B) Founding of the Farmer-Labour Party
C) The Taishō democracy movement
D) 1923 Great Kantō earthquake
  • 3. According to Harumi Setouchi, how were Itō, Ōsugi, and the 6-year-old nephew killed?
A) Strangled in their cells
B) Poisoned
C) Executed by a formal firing squad
D) Beaten to death and thrown into an abandoned well
  • 4. According to Patricia Morley, how were Itō and Ōsugi killed?
A) Hanged publicly
B) Strangled in their cells
C) Beaten to death in a well
D) Shot by military police
  • 5. Which military police lieutenant led the squad responsible for the Amakasu Incident?
A) Ishikawa Sanshirō
B) Masahiko Amakasu
C) Iwasa Sakutarō
D) Kōtoku Shūsui
  • 6. Which terrorist group was sparked to action in anger over the Amakasu Incident?
A) Kokuren
B) Farmer-Labour Party
C) Girochinsha
D) Zenkoku Jiren
  • 7. Whose execution did John Crump compare Ōsugi's murder to?
A) Iwasa Sakutarō
B) Kōtoku Shūsui
C) Sacco and Vanzetti
D) Hatta Shūzō
  • 8. How many years prior to Ōsugi's death was Kōtoku Shūsui executed?
A) Ten years
B) Twelve years
C) Twenty years
D) Five years
  • 9. What dominant tendency emerged within Japanese anarchism after Ōsugi's death?
A) 'Pure' anarchism
B) Bolshevism
C) Anarcho-syndicalism
D) Marxism
  • 10. 'Pure' anarchism was a form of which political ideology?
A) Capitalism
B) Social democracy
C) State socialism
D) Anarcho-communism
  • 11. 'Pure' anarchism was primarily a reaction against what?
A) Christianity
B) Bolshevism
C) Capitalism
D) Anarcho-syndicalism
  • 12. Who championed 'pure' anarchism alongside Hatta Shūzō?
A) Ōsugi Sakae
B) Ishikawa Sanshirō
C) Itō Noe
D) Iwasa Sakutarō
  • 13. Why did the label 'pure' anarchism originally come about?
A) To honor Kōtoku Shūsui
B) As a self-chosen title by trade unionists
C) As an attempt to ridicule the perceived arrogance of the ideology
D) To promote industrial trade unionism
  • 14. Why did 'pure' anarchism appeal to many Japanese anarchists?
A) It supported the state political parties
B) It was seen to be unadulterated by Marxism
C) It embraced Bolshevik industrialization
D) It incorporated capitalist labor unions
  • 15. What was Hatta Shūzō's profession before becoming an influential anarchist?
A) Newspaper editor
B) Farmer-Labour Party official
C) Military police lieutenant
D) Christian pastor
  • 16. Why was Hatta Shūzō ejected from his church congregation?
A) For supporting the Bolshevik revolution
B) For holding a memorial service for Ōsugi Sakae
C) For advocating capitalist industrialization
D) For joining the Farmer-Labour Party
  • 17. What was the main source of Hatta Shūzō's influence within the anarchist movement?
A) His wealth and property
B) His background in military police
C) His public speaking skills
D) His leadership of the CGT union
  • 18. During which years was Hatta Shūzō actively involved in the anarchist movement?
A) 1925 until 1926
B) 1924 until 1932
C) 1911 until 1923
D) 1923 until 1945
  • 19. What two major influences did Hatta Shūzō particularly seek to eliminate?
A) Capitalism and bolshevism
B) Marxism and trade unionism
C) Anarcho-syndicalism and agrarianism
D) Christianity and democracy
  • 20. Why did Hatta Shūzō consider capitalism and bolshevism to be essentially similar?
A) Because both promoted decentralized agrarian communes
B) Because Bolshevik industrialisation involved exploitative elements like the division of labour
C) Because both rejected the state entirely
D) Because both were led by Christian pastors
  • 21. Why did Hatta oppose anarcho-syndicalism?
A) It was entirely free of industrial elements
B) It incorporated labour unions and mirrored the capitalist division of labour
C) It was completely unadulterated by Marxism
D) It promoted local communes focused on agriculture
  • 22. What type of society did Hatta Shūzō advocate to avoid unequal distribution of power?
A) A Bolshevik-style industrialized republic
B) A capitalist democracy with parliamentary political parties
C) A decentralised society with local communes engaged in agriculture and small-scale industry
D) A heavily centralized industrial state run by trade unions
  • 23. What were the two main organisations within the Japanese anarchist movement in the late 1920s?
A) Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren
B) CGT and Kokushoku Seinen
C) FAI and CNT
D) Girochinsha and Farmer-Labour Party
  • 24. The relationship between Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren was compared to the relationship between which Spanish groups?
A) CNT and CGT
B) Republicans and Nationalists
C) FAI and CNT
D) CGT and FAI
  • 25. What historical era provided the roots for Kokuren's development?
A) Meiji era
B) Shōwa wartime era
C) Taishō era
D) Edo period
  • 26. When was the Farmer-Labour Party formed by a coalition of leftists?
A) April 1926
B) January 1926
C) May 1926
D) December 1925
  • 27. Why did anarchists gatecrash the opening conference of the Farmer-Labour Party?
A) Because they wanted to merge Kokuren with the party
B) Because they wanted to take leadership of the party
C) Because they perceived political parties as opportunists that reinforced the state
D) Because they supported the party's democratic developments
  • 28. What happened to the Farmer-Labour Party on the day of its founding?
A) It was banned by the authorities
B) It published the newspaper Kokushoku Seinen
C) It merged with Zenkoku Jiren
D) It successfully formed a national government
  • 29. When was the Kokushoku Seinen Renmei (Kokuren) formed?
A) December 1925
B) April 1926
C) January 1926
D) May 1926
  • 30. What does Kokuren stand for in full?
A) Jiyū Rengō
B) Kokushoku Seinen Renmei
C) Kokushoku Seinen
D) Zenkoku Rōdō Kumiai Jiyū Rengōkai
  • 31. What is the English translation of Kokushoku Seinen Renmei?
A) Black Youth League
B) All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions
C) Black Youth Newspaper
D) Libertarian Labour Federation
  • 32. Where did Kokuren extend its regional federations besides Japan?
A) Japanese-occupied Korea and Taiwan
B) China and Russia
C) The United States and Spain
D) The Philippines and Vietnam
  • 33. What was the media organ of Kokuren, published from April 1926?
A) Jiyū Rengō
B) Girochinsha Gazette
C) Kokushoku Seinen
D) An Investigation into Syndicalism
  • 34. What is the English translation of Kokushoku Seinen?
A) Free Federation
B) Black Youth
C) Libertarian Union
D) Black Youth League
  • 35. When was Zenkoku Jiren formed?
A) April 1926
B) May 1926
C) December 1925
D) January 1926
  • 36. What does Zenkoku Jiren stand for in full?
A) Kokushoku Seinen Jiyū
B) Kokushoku Seinen Renmei
C) Zenkoku Seinen Renmei
D) Zenkoku Rōdō Kumiai Jiyū Rengōkai
  • 37. What is the English translation of Zenkoku Jiren's full name?
A) All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions
B) Black Youth League
C) Libertarian Youth Alliance
D) All-Japan Pure Anarchist Federation
  • 38. Approximately how many members did Zenkoku Jiren start with at its founding?
A) 1,923 members
B) 50,000 members
C) 1926 members
D) 8,372 members
  • 39. Which anarcho-syndicalist helped to found Zenkoku Jiren?
A) Hatta Shūzō
B) Masahiko Amakasu
C) Iwasa Sakutarō
D) Ishikawa Sanshirō
  • 40. Which foreign union did Zenkoku Jiren strongly mirror at its founding?
A) Russian Bolshevik party
B) French CGT union
C) Spanish FAI federation
D) American AFL union
  • 41. What key commitment of Zenkoku Jiren allowed member unions autonomy to pursue disputes freely?
A) 'Bolshevik industrialisation'
B) 'Libertarian federation'
C) 'Pure anarchism'
D) 'Class collaboration'
  • 42. What was the media organ of Zenkoku Jiren, published from June 1926?
A) The Girochinsha Journal
B) Jiyū Rengō
C) Kokushoku Seinen
D) An Investigation into Syndicalism
  • 43. Which joint campaign did Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren collaborate on regarding two Italian anarchists in the United States?
A) A movement against Bolshevik industrialisation
B) A campaign against the Amakasu Incident
C) A campaign against the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
D) A protest against the ban of the Farmer-Labour Party
  • 44. How did Kokuren differ from Zenkoku Jiren in terms of its nature?
A) Kokuren was more theoretical in nature and thus more unwilling to compromise
B) Kokuren operated as a legal political party in parliament
C) Kokuren was focused entirely on labour union strikes
D) Kokuren rejected pure anarchism entirely
  • 45. Whose influence particularly emphasized Kokuren's theoretical and uncompromising nature?
A) Ōsugi Sakae's influence
B) Masahiko Amakasu's influence
C) Hatta Shūzō's influence
D) Ishikawa Sanshirō's influence
  • 46. What was the title of the serialised article published by Hatta Shūzō in Kokushoku Seinen in late 1927?
A) 'An Investigation into Syndicalism'
B) 'The Amakasu Incident'
C) 'The Fall of the Farmer-Labour Party'
D) 'Pure Anarchism and Agriculture'
  • 47. Which movement did Japanese anarchists share an ideological affinity and historical connection with regarding violence?
A) American Abolitionists
B) British Labour Party
C) Russian Socialist Revolutionaries
D) French Royalists
  • 48. When did some anarchist militants begin making plans for a bombing campaign?
A) 1903
B) 1909
C) 1911
D) 1914
  • 49. Who authored the pamphlet critical of the Emperor that Takichi Miyashita distributed?
A) Uchiyama Gudō
B) Kōtoku
C) Kanson Arahata
D) Ōsugi Sakae
  • 50. What was the profession or role of Uchiyama Gudō according to the text?
A) Russian revolutionary
B) British syndicalist
C) French journalist
D) Buddhist anarchist
  • 51. Who was released from prison and had a love affair with the already-married Kōtoku?
A) Kanno Sugako
B) Uchiyama Gudō
C) Iwasa Sakutarō
D) Takichi Miyashita
  • 52. When did Kōtoku withdraw from the bombing plot?
A) May 1910
B) Late 1909
C) January 1911
D) October 1912
  • 53. When was Kōtoku arrested and indicted despite his earlier withdrawal?
A) January 1911
B) October 1912
C) May 1910
D) June 1910
  • 54. How many anarchists were ultimately indicted in the High Treason Incident?
A) 26
B) 12
C) 100
D) 4
  • 55. What stance did Ōsugi Sakae take upon his release regarding violent tactics?
A) He forsow violent tactics
B) He advocated for immediate armed revolution
C) He funded violent secret societies
D) He planned a new bombing campaign
  • 56. What Japanese term is used for the 'winter period' of Japanese anarchism?
A) Kindai Shisō
B) Heimin Shinbun
C) CGT union
D) Fuyu jidai
  • 57. When did Iwasa Sakutarō return to Japan from the US?
A) 1914
B) 1916
C) 1908
D) 1909
  • 58. Where did Kanson Arahata retreat to during the winter period?
A) Tokyo
B) The countryside
C) The United States
D) France
  • 59. When did Kanson Arahata return to Tokyo after the winter retreat?
A) 1913
B) 1914
C) 1916
D) 1911
  • 60. When did Ōsugi and Arahata begin publishing the journal Modern Thought (Kindai Shisō)?
A) October 1912
B) March 1915
C) October 1914
D) May 1910
  • 61. When was the 'Society for the Study of Syndicalism' formed?
A) 1913
B) 1909
C) 1916
D) 1911
  • 62. Whose efforts, alongside the CGT, were lectured on by the Society for the Study of Syndicalism?
A) Henri Bergson
B) Tom Mann
C) Max Stirner
D) Kropotkin
  • 63. When did Ōsugi and Arahata attempt to replace Modern Thought with a revival of the Heimin Shinbun newspaper?
A) October 1914
B) March 1915
C) 1916
D) October 1912
  • 64. Who was a leading advocate of the anarcho-communism faction in Europe who signed the Manifesto of the Sixteen?
A) Max Stirner
B) Tom Mann
C) Georges Sorel
D) Kropotkin
  • 65. Which cause did Kropotkin support in the First World War through the Manifesto of the Sixteen?
A) Japanese neutrality
B) The Central Powers
C) The Allied cause
D) Global military disarmament
  • 66. When did Japanese anarchism reach its height?
A) 1900s
B) 1920s
C) 1880s
D) 1940s
  • 67. In what year was Kōtoku Shūsui executed for treason?
A) 1931
B) 1911
C) 1900
D) 1923
  • 68. In what direction did Hatta Shūzō reorient the anarchist movement in the late 1920s?
A) Right-wing nationalist
B) Anarcho-communist
C) State socialist
D) Liberal democratic
  • 69. From what year onwards was the anarchist movement suppressed more harshly due to wartime policies?
A) 1908
B) 1911
C) 1923
D) 1931
  • 70. What did Bowen Raddeker describe Andō Shōeki's advocacy as?
A) State communism
B) Anarcho-syndicalism
C) Liberal democracy
D) Mutual aid
  • 71. Which newspaper described Andō Shōeki as an anarchist in 1908?
A) Rikken Jiyūtō
B) Kokuren
C) Rikken Seiyūkai
D) Nihon Heimin Shinbun
  • 72. What did Iwasa Sakutarō's grandfather use his influence as headman to encourage?
A) Hierarchical state governance
B) Communal farming practices
C) Military conscription
D) Capitalist industrialization
  • 73. In what year did Kōtoku join the staff of the Yorozu Chūhō newspaper?
A) 1901
B) 1898
C) 1900
D) 1903
  • 74. Under which law was the first Social Democratic Party immediately outlawed?
A) 1905 Publication Law
B) 1903 Anti-War Act
C) 1900 Peace Preservation Law
D) 1901 Imperial Decree
  • 75. Who was the Christian pacifist who collaborated with Kōtoku and Sakai to oppose the war with Russia?
A) Uchimura Kanzō
B) Kōtoku Shūsai
C) Ishikawa Sanshirō
D) Iwasa Sakutarō
  • 76. Which socialist collaborated with Kōtoku and Uchimura Kanzō to oppose the war with Russia?
A) Ishikawa Sanshirō
B) Iwasa Sakutarō
C) Sakai Toshihiko
D) Kōtoku Shūsai
  • 77. What was the name of the anti-war group started by Kōtoku, Sakai, and Ishikawa Sanshirō?
A) Heimin-sha
B) Social Democratic Party
C) Anarcho-Communist League
D) Yorozu Chūhō
  • 78. In what month and year was the Heimin Shinbun newspaper founded?
A) February 1904
B) November 1903
C) May 1901
D) January 1905
  • 79. What does Heimin Shinbun literally translate to?
A) Revolutionary Tribune
B) Commoners' Newspaper
C) Socialist Voice
D) Workers' Herald
  • 80. When did the Russo-Japanese War break out?
A) February 1904
B) November 1903
C) January 1905
D) November 1905
  • 81. What kind of means did Heimin Shinbun urge radicals to use when fighting against their government?
A) Parliamentary tactics
B) Peaceful means
C) Armed rebellion
D) Violent uprising
  • 82. Whose work did Kōtoku translate into Japanese for the first time for the anniversary issue of Heimin Shinbun?
A) Iwasa Sakutarō
B) Karl Marx
C) Ishikawa Sanshirō
D) Uchimura Kanzō
  • 83. What specific work by Karl Marx did Kōtoku translate into Japanese?
A) Das Kapital
B) The Eighteenth Brumaire
C) The Communist Manifesto
D) The Civil War in France
  • 84. When did the Heimin-sha group dissolve itself after the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War?
A) November 1905
B) July 1905
C) January 1905
D) February 1905
  • 85. In which country did Kōtoku live from November 1905 to June 1906?
A) Russia
B) France
C) England
D) The United States
  • 86. Which US state did Kōtoku spend most of his time in?
A) New York
B) Illinois
C) California
D) Washington
  • 87. What was the name of the journal published by the Social Revolutionary Party?
A) Kakumei
B) The Change In My Thought
C) Fields, Factories and Workshops
D) Mother Earth
  • 88. When was the Japan Socialist Party founded?
A) 1907
B) 1906
C) 1908
D) 1910
  • 89. Which more moderate government permitted the Japan Socialist Party?
A) Saionji Kinmochi
B) Kōtoku
C) Sakai Toshihiko
D) Akaba Hajime
  • 90. When did Heimin Shinbun close due to the split?
A) February 1907
B) June 1908
C) April 1907
D) January 1907
  • 91. Which of the following figures was NOT arrested in the Red Flag Incident according to the text?
A) Akaba Hajime
B) Hitoshi Yamakawa
C) Kanson Arahata
D) Kanno Sugako
  • 92. What American anarcho-syndicalist pamphlet did Kōtoku endeavour to translate?
A) The Conquest of Bread
B) Heimin Shinbun
C) The Peasant's Gospel
D) The Social General Strike
  • 93. Which syndicalist organisation provided the inspiration for the goal of a revolutionary general strike?
A) Red Flag faction
B) Heimin Shinbun
C) Japan Socialist Party
D) IWW
  • 94. Whose seminal work The Conquest of Bread did Kōtoku translate into Japanese?
A) Yamakawa's
B) Ōsugi's
C) Kropotkin's
D) Akaba Hajime's
  • 95. What was the Japanese title of The Peasant's Gospel?
A) The Conquest of Bread
B) Nômin no Fukuin
C) The Social General Strike
D) Heimin Shinbun
  • 96. What was the name of the feminist magazine formed during the winter period?
A) The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation
B) Seitō
C) Yamakawa
D) Kokutai
  • 97. What did Itō Noe call for people to undermine in their everyday practice?
A) The translation industry
B) The kokutai
C) Foreign trade
D) The economy
  • 98. What term refers to the existing system of government in Japan that Itō opposed?
A) Prostitution
B) Seitō
C) Bluestocking
D) Kokutai
  • 99. Who did Itō engage in a debate with on the pages of Seitō between 1914 and 1916?
A) Emma Goldman
B) Yamakawa Kikue
C) An unnamed police officer
D) The Emperor
  • 100. Which American author's writings did Itō translate?
A) Emma Goldman
B) Itō Noe
C) Bluestocking
D) Yamakawa Kikue
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