A) High protein intake B) Excessive water consumption C) Low physical activity D) Visceral obesity
A) 75% B) 50% C) 60% D) 30%
A) Genetic counseling B) Dietary changes C) Surgical interventions D) Pharmacological interventions
A) It fluctuates unpredictably B) It may help lower it C) It has no effect D) It increases it
A) Joint pain B) Dizziness C) Fever D) Blurred vision
A) Yes B) No C) Only in dialysis patients D) Only in early stages
A) They decrease them significantly B) They stabilize them perfectly C) They have no effect D) They may increase them slightly
A) It definitely prevents stroke only B) It prevents all events C) It increases the risk D) It is not known
A) EHealth interventions B) Hospital isolation C) Complete fasting D) Daily surgery
A) It increases them B) It decreases them C) It eliminates them entirely D) The effect is unknown
A) Decreased blood volume B) Increased mid-arm muscle circumference C) Decreased bone density D) Increased insulin resistance
A) Determined by age alone B) Based solely on BMI C) Standardized for all patients D) Individualized based on assessment
A) 3 months B) 1 year C) 6 months D) 1 month
A) ≥ 50 B) ≥ 60 C) ≥ 15 D) ≥ 30
A) Persistent filtration loss B) Potentially reversible damage C) Significant protein loss D) Primary renal failure
A) 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2 B) 45–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 C) 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2 D) 30–44 mL/min/1.73 m2
A) 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2 B) 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2 C) 45–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 D) 30–44 mL/min/1.73 m2
A) Established kidney failure B) Normal GFR with albuminuria C) Slightly diminished function D) Severe reduction in GFR (15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2)
A) <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 B) <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 C) <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 D) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2
A) Acute renal failure B) End-stage renal replacement C) ESKD D) NDD-CKD
A) Excessive sodium kidney disorder B) Established syndrome kidney damage C) Early stage kidney dysfunction D) End-stage kidney disease
A) Dietary changes or dialysis B) Dialysis or transplantation C) Transplantation or dietary therapy D) Medication or surgery
A) Only if protein loss is absent B) No C) Only if GFR is > 20 D) Yes
A) Worsening kidney function and cardiovascular disease B) High blood pressure and diabetes C) Dialysis dependence and organ failure D) Stage 1 CKD and Stage 5 CKD
A) Vomiting B) Severe leg swelling C) Proteinuria D) Confusion
A) Skin biopsy B) ECG C) Blood pressure check D) Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
A) Skin infections B) Diabetes C) Asthma D) Fractures
A) Edema B) Uremic frost C) Azotemia D) Cachexia
A) Hypocalcemia B) Hypernatremia C) Hyperkalemia D) Hyponatremia
A) ACEIs B) NSAIDs C) Loop diuretics D) ARBs
A) Metabolic acidosis B) Hyperphosphatemia C) Insulin resistance D) Anemia
A) Ultraprocessed foods B) Plant-based foods C) Low carbohydrate ketogenic diet D) High animal-based protein diet
A) Diabetes B) Cardiovascular complications C) Glomerulonephritis D) High blood pressure
A) Obstructive B) Idiopathic C) Ischemic D) Congenital
A) Bilateral kidney artery stenosis B) Ischemic nephropathy C) Benign prostatic hyperplasia D) Polycystic kidney disease
A) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis B) Ischemic nephropathy C) Diabetic nephropathy D) Lupus nephritis
A) Lithium treatment B) Benign prostatic hyperplasia C) Chronic lead exposure D) IgA nephropathy
A) Lead B) Pinworms C) Lithium D) High temperatures
A) Obstructive nephropathy B) Ischemic nephropathy C) Glomerular nephropathy D) Agricultural nephropathy
A) Congenital genetic mutations B) High protein diet C) Heat stress D) Bacterial infection
A) 10-20 years B) 1-5 years C) 5-10 years D) 20-30 years
A) 0.1-0.5% B) 10-20% C) 5-10% D) 1-5%
A) Dosing three times per day B) Avoiding all intake of water C) Dosing once per day at night D) Increasing the dose as much as possible
A) Individuals with no family history of illness B) Healthy adults with no risk factors C) Children under the age of 10 D) Those with hypertension
A) 24-hour urine collection B) Random urine sample in the evening C) First-morning urine specimen D) Urine collected immediately after exercise
A) No correlation B) Exponential C) Directly proportional D) Reciprocal
A) Iodine-131 B) Technetium-99 C) Uranium-235 D) Carbon-14
A) Nuclear medicine MAG3 scan B) Physical palpation C) Urine dipstick D) Serum creatinine measurement
A) The concentration of hormones in the blood B) The total number of nephrons C) The size of the ureters D) How efficiently the glomeruli work
A) Statins B) Phosphate binders C) SGLT2 inhibitors D) ACEIs
A) 120–140 g/L B) 100–120 g/L C) 80–100 g/L D) 140–160 g/L
A) Oral calcium B) Parenteral iron C) Vitamin D supplements D) Zinc supplements
A) More than 1.3 g/kg B) Greater than 2.0 g/kg C) Exactly 0.4 g/kg D) Approximately 0.8 g/kg
A) Statins B) Calcitriol C) Erythropoietin D) Dapagliflozin
A) Phosphate binders B) Zinc C) Gadolinium D) ACEIs
A) Patients with high blood pressure B) Children C) Patients with diabetes D) Elderly patients
A) Allergic reactions B) Reduced kidney function C) Vitamin toxicity D) Increased blood pressure
A) Reducing social interaction B) Drinking coffee C) Exercise D) Increasing nocturnal fluid intake
A) Medication is guaranteed to cure sleep disorders B) Relaxation techniques are highly effective C) Exercise is the gold standard treatment D) None of the options have been proven effective
A) Stage 1 B) Stage 4 C) Stage 2 D) Stage 5 only
A) Removal of the kidneys B) Placement of an arteriovenous fistula C) Transplant of a liver D) Cardiac bypass surgery
A) 65% B) 50% C) 32% D) 80%
A) Increased bone density B) Cognitive decline C) Growth failure D) Early puberty
A) Medication-only therapy B) High-intensity home hemodialysis C) Occasional peritoneal dialysis D) Low-flux hospital hemodialysis
A) 25% B) 10% C) 8.8% D) 13.9%
A) Fishermen B) Sugarcane labourers C) Coal miners D) Office workers
A) Inuit populations B) Caucasians C) African Americans D) Native Americans
A) Antibiotic therapy B) Insulin therapy C) Dialysis-only therapy D) Bicarbonate therapy
A) 250,000 B) 956,000 C) 1.2 million D) 409,000
A) Third B) Eighth C) Tenth D) First
A) 10% B) 50% C) 37% D) 19%
A) Kidney Care UK B) The Renal Association C) The UK National Kidney Federation D) The International Society of Nephrology
A) Swedish elkhound B) Boxer C) Siberian husky D) Finnish spitz
A) Bernese mountain dog B) Boxer C) Miniature schnauzer D) Siberian husky
A) Weight loss B) Increased urine volume C) Acidosis D) Hypertension
A) The National Kidney Foundation B) The American Kidney Fund C) The Renal Physicians Association D) The American Association of Kidney Patients |