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Analects - Quiz
Contributed by: Crossley
  • 1. What is considered arguably the most reliable source of biographical information about Confucius?
A) Early Zhou dynasty texts
B) Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian
C) The Analects
D) Oracle bone inscriptions
  • 2. Who wrote the principal biography of Confucius available to historians?
A) An early Zhou ruler
B) Sima Qian
C) A later Confucian philosopher
D) Confucius himself
  • 3. How did Confucius view himself regarding social and political traditions?
A) As the sole creator
B) As a transmitter
C) As an indifferent observer
D) As a fierce opponent
  • 4. During which dynasty did the social and political traditions that Confucius transmitted originate?
A) Shang dynasty
B) Han dynasty
C) Early Zhou dynasty
D) Qin dynasty
  • 5. What did Confucius believe should be done regarding 'ghosts' and 'spirits'?
A) Worship them daily
B) Keep them at a distance
C) Ignore them completely
D) Fear them intensely
  • 6. What should human beings base their values and social ideals on, according to Confucius?
A) Economic wealth and technological progress
B) Divine revelation and supernatural laws
C) Moral philosophy, tradition, and a natural love for others
D) Strict military might and absolute obedience
  • 7. What did Confucius's social philosophy largely depend on?
A) The cultivation of ren by every individual
B) The centralization of state power
C) The total elimination of rituals
D) The suppression of personal desires
  • 8. How did later Confucian philosophers explain the meaning of ren?
A) As the accumulation of material wealth
B) As strict adherence to military strategy
C) As the quality of having a kind manner
D) As absolute loyalty to a ruler
  • 9. How did Confucius actually use the term ren in the Analects?
A) To refer strictly to family relationships
B) To denote formal religious sacrifice
C) To mean simple politeness in speech
D) To describe an all-encompassing state of virtue
  • 10. Did any living person attain ren completely according to Confucius?
A) Yes, Confucius himself
B) Yes, the early Zhou kings
C) No
D) Yes, all rulers
  • 11. How did Confucius generally respond when his students asked him to define ren?
A) With a precise dictionary definition
B) By refusing to speak at all
C) Indirectly, offering illustrations and examples
D) By assigning them written tests
  • 12. According to Confucius, how would a person with a well-cultivated sense of ren speak?
A) Carefully and modestly
B) Fiercely and aggressively
C) Loudly and authoritatively
D) Artfully and ingratiatingly
  • 13. What is one emotional state associated with a person who has cultivated ren?
A) Free from worry, unhappiness, and insecurity
B) Constantly anxious about the future
C) Filled with deep anger toward enemies
D) Overwhelmed by severe stress
  • 14. What did Confucius advise people to do regarding their desires and propriety?
A) Abandon all propriety entirely
B) Fulfill every desire without restraint
C) Moderate their desires and return to propriety
D) Suppress all human emotions forever
  • 15. What did Confucius assure his followers when they were disappointed he wouldn't give a comprehensive definition of ren?
A) That the definition was a secret
B) That they would find it in future books
C) That they were not smart enough to understand
D) That he was sharing all that he could
  • 16. What did the cultivation of ren involve regarding oneself?
A) Depreciating oneself through modesty
B) Praising oneself loudly in public
C) Seeking constant admiration from others
D) Displaying immense personal wealth
  • 17. What kind of speech and manners did Confucius say should be avoided?
A) Simple speech and slow manners
B) Modest speech and humble manners
C) Honest speech and straightforward manners
D) Artful speech and ingratiating manners
  • 18. How can people who have cultivated ren be distinguished, according to Confucius?
A) Flashy in dress and quick of speech
B) Wealthy in property and proud in attitude
C) Arrogant in posture and loud in voice
D) Simple in manner and slow of speech
  • 19. What is the inverted Golden Rule taught by Confucius?
A) Treat others better than they treat you
B) Seek revenge for any wrong committed
C) Always obey whoever has power over you
D) Do not do to others what you would not like done to yourself
  • 20. What does a man with ren do when desiring to establish himself, according to the text?
A) Helps others establish themselves
B) Crushes his rivals to get ahead
C) Relies solely on his family's status
D) Works completely in isolation
  • 21. What quality did Confucius regard as crucial for the pursuit of moral self-cultivation?
A) The skill to govern a large military force
B) The ability to imagine and project oneself into the places of others
C) The talent to accumulate vast financial fortunes
D) The ability to memorize ancient historical dates
  • 22. What did Confucius regard as the simplest, most basic way to cultivate ren?
A) Traveling to distant foreign lands
B) Performing grand religious sacrifices
C) The exercise of devotion to one's parents and older siblings
D) Writing philosophical treatises
  • 23. What must be learned before ren can best be cultivated, according to Confucius?
A) Military tactics
B) Political rhetoric
C) Self-discipline
D) Agricultural science
  • 24. How is self-discipline best learned?
A) By practicing and cultivating one's understanding of li
B) Through rigorous physical punishment
C) By isolating oneself from society
D) Through absolute obedience to an emperor
  • 25. What are li?
A) Rituals and forms of propriety
B) Spiritual ghosts and demons
C) Taxes and economic policies
D) Military ranks and titles
  • 26. What should one's understanding of li inform?
A) Only interactions with foreign rulers
B) Strictly business transactions
C) Everything that one says and does
D) Only major religious ceremonies
  • 27. Did Confucius believe subjecting oneself to li meant suppressing one's desires?
A) No, it meant learning to reconcile them with the needs of family and community
B) Yes, it meant ignoring everyone else's feelings
C) No, it meant doing whatever felt good at the moment
D) Yes, it meant destroying all personal wishes completely
  • 28. What is the basis of a well-ordered society according to Confucius and his followers?
A) The expansion of military borders
B) The public cultivation of li
C) The total absence of laws
D) The accumulation of gold
  • 29. What important aspect of li did Confucius teach his students to observe?
A) The complete equality of all individuals in every aspect
B) Practical social differences that exist between people in daily life
C) The elimination of all family structures
D) The superiority of foreigners over locals
  • 30. How many key relationships are included in Confucian philosophy's 'five relationships'?
A) Five
B) Three
C) Seven
D) Ten
  • 31. Which of the following is one of the 'five relationships' in Confucian philosophy?
A) Teacher to stranger
B) General to soldier
C) Ruler to ruled
D) Master to merchant
  • 32. Which of the following is included in the 'five relationships'?
A) Teacher to pupil
B) Grandfather to grandson
C) Father to son
D) Uncle to nephew
  • 33. Which relationship is part of the Confucian 'five relationships'?
A) Master to slave
B) Landlord to tenant
C) Husband to wife
D) Neighbor to neighbor
  • 34. Which pair represents one of the 'five relationships'?
A) Elder brother to younger brother
B) Cousin to cousin
C) Mother to daughter
D) Father-in-law to son-in-law
  • 35. What is the final pair in the Confucian 'five relationships'?
A) Citizen to foreigner
B) Leader to follower
C) Friend to friend
D) Master to servant
  • 36. What does li manage in the Analects?
A) One's financial investments and trade
B) One's interactions with all people across the world
C) One's military strategy during wartime
D) One's relationship with one's family and close community
  • 37. How is ren practiced compared to li?
A) It is practiced only between rulers and ministers
B) It is practiced exclusively during religious festivals
C) It is practiced broadly and informs interactions with all people
D) It is practiced secretly and only within the household
  • 38. What did Confucius say about a ruler's ability to oppress subjects?
A) Oppression is necessary for a well-ordered society
B) Rulers could oppress subjects only at their own peril
C) Rulers have the absolute right to do whatever they want
D) Subjects must never voice their opinions
  • 39. What did Confucius say about the humblest peasant?
A) He is incapable of moral cultivation
B) He has no right to participate in society
C) He must obey the Three Armies blindly
D) You cannot deprive him of his opinion
  • 40. What would a morally well-cultivated individual regard as a mission for which he would be willing to die?
A) His accumulation of personal fame
B) His devotion to loving others
C) His conquest of enemy territories
D) His absolute obedience to an evil ruler
  • 41. Who is traditionally believed to have compiled the Analects?
A) Confucius's followers
B) Zhu Xi
C) Ban Gu
D) Emperor Jing of Han
  • 42. During which historical period do scholars reach a consensus that large portions of the text were composed?
A) Early Han dynasty
B) Eastern Han dynasty
C) Warring States period
D) Late Song dynasty
  • 43. What is considered the most basic step to cultivating ren?
A) Strict adherence to legal codes
B) Filial piety
C) Military service
D) Public speaking
  • 44. When did Confucius die?
A) 479 BCE
B) 5 BC
C) 221 BCE
D) 175 AD
  • 45. Who argued on linguistic grounds that the last five books of the Analects were produced much later than the rest?
A) Zhu Xi
B) Cui Shu
C) Arthur Waley
D) Itō Jinsai
  • 46. Which books did Arthur Waley speculate represented the earliest parts of the Analects?
A) Books 16–20
B) Books 11–20
C) Books 1–2
D) Books 3–9
  • 47. What percentage of Confucius's sayings cited by his second-generation student Mencius do not exist in the received text of the Analects?
A) 75%
B) 25%
C) 90%
D) 50%
  • 48. According to the Han dynasty scholar Liu Xiang, how many versions of the Analects existed at the beginning of the Han dynasty?
A) Two
B) Four
C) Three
D) Five
  • 49. How many chapters did the Lu version of the Analects contain?
A) Twenty-two
B) Twenty-one
C) Twenty-five
D) Twenty
  • 50. How many chapters did the Qi version of the Analects contain?
A) Twenty-one
B) Twenty
C) Twenty-two
D) Twenty-five
  • 51. How many chapters did the Old Text version of the Analects contain?
A) Twenty-five
B) Twenty-two
C) Twenty-one
D) Twenty
  • 52. Who synthesized the Lu and Qi versions to produce a composite text known as the 'Zhang Hou Lun'?
A) Liu Xiang
B) Cui Shu
C) Zhang Yu
D) Huan Tan
  • 53. Where were the Stone Classics of the Xinping Era written in stone around 175 AD?
A) Luoyang
B) Anhui
C) Dunhuang
D) Pyongyang
  • 54. In what year was the Dingzhou Analects discovered?
A) 1992
B) 2011
C) 2015
D) 1973
  • 55. In what year was the Pyongyang Analects discovered?
A) 2015
B) 2011
C) 1973
D) 1992
  • 56. In what year was a transcription of the Dingzhou Analects contents finally published?
A) 1973
B) 1997
C) 2015
D) 2009
  • 57. In what year was the first academic study on the Pyongyang Analects published?
A) 2009
B) 1992
C) 1997
D) 2011
  • 58. What corpus of excavated Warring States period bamboo strips containing twenty-five Confucius' sayings was acquired by Anhui University in 2015?
A) Pyongyang Analects
B) Kongzi Said
C) Anda Manuscript Zhongni Said
D) Dingzhou Analects
  • 59. In the 'Anda Manuscript Zhongni Said', by what courtesy name is Confucius the master referred?
A) Kongzi
B) Lunyu
C) Zhongni
D) Zhang Yu
  • 60. Where were the 800 bamboo strips containing the 'Kongzi Said' manuscript recovered between 2019 and 2021?
A) Dingzhou
B) Wangjiazui
C) Luoyang
D) Dunhuang
  • 61. How many sayings of overlap have been shown between the 'Kongzi Said' manuscript and the 'Zhongni Said' text?
A) 25
B) 20
C) 330
D) 11
  • 62. Approximately when do both the 'Zhongni Said' and the 'Kongzi Said' manuscripts date back to?
A) 479 BCE
B) 70 BCE
C) 175 AD
D) 300 BCE
  • 63. Who was provided a tutor specifically to teach him the Analects during the Eastern Han?
A) The chief historian
B) The heir apparent
C) The Emperor
D) The Prime Minister
  • 64. Who identified and promoted the Analects as one of the Four Books during the late Song dynasty?
A) He Yan
B) Wang Tong
C) Zhu Xi
D) Han Wudi
  • 65. Which Sui dynasty writer wrote Explanation of the Mean to emulate the style of the Analects?
A) Laozi
B) He Yan
C) Wang Tong
D) Wang Yangming
  • 66. Which Ming dynasty philosopher praised Wang Tong's emulation of the Analects?
A) He Yan
B) Zhu Xi
C) Confucius
D) Wang Yangming
  • 67. In He Yan's view, which historical figure was in agreement with the Sage?
A) Zhu Xi
B) Laozi
C) Wang Tong
D) Mencius
  • 68. In what year was He Yan's Explanations written?
A) 195 CE
B) 1130 CE
C) 248 CE
D) 960 CE
  • 69. For how many years of his life did Zhu Xi continue to refine his commentary?
A) The last two years
B) His entire life from childhood
C) The last five years
D) The last thirty years
  • 70. Until what year was Zhu Xi's commentary read and memorized by Chinese aspiring to literacy and employment?
A) 1271
B) 249
C) 1905
D) 1130
  • 71. What should a good ruler be according to Confucius' political beliefs?
A) Militarily aggressive
B) Financially wealthy
C) Self-disciplined
D) Strictly punitive
  • 72. Whose political orientations directly contradicted Confucius' theories?
A) Democratic
B) Legalistic
C) Taoist
D) Buddhist
  • 73. Which state's ruler asked Confucius about the principles of good government?
A) Qin
B) Qi
C) Chu
D) Lu
  • 74. What did Confucius sometimes require his students to demonstrate before discussing subjects further?
A) Mastery of musical instruments
B) Physical endurance tests
C) Intuitive conceptual leaps
D) Financial contributions to the school
  • 75. How many students are said to have mastered what Confucius taught?
A) Twelve
B) Five hundred
C) Three thousand
D) Seventy
  • 76. Who described the Analects as possibly the first book in human history to describe the life of an individual historic personage?
A) Elias Canetti
B) Ezra Pound
C) Voltaire
D) Simon Leys
  • 77. Who wrote that the Analects is the oldest complete intellectual and spiritual portrait of a man?
A) Yao
B) Simon Leys
C) Confucius
D) Elias Canetti
  • 78. What is the title of Chapter 20?
A) Analects
B) Yao Yue
C) Antiquity
D) The Master
  • 79. What theory explains the fragmentary nature of the final chapter of the Lu text?
A) The accretion theory
B) The translation theory
C) The censorship theory
D) The royal decree theory
  • 80. What formulaic phrase begins a large number of passages in the Analects?
A) Shujing
B) Ziyue
C) Leys
D) Yao Yue
  • 81. What is absent in classical Chinese that creates ambiguity regarding 'ziyue'?
A) Capital letters
B) Vowels
C) Spaces between words
D) Punctuation marks
  • 82. Who translated 'Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean' published in 1861?
A) Leonard A. Lyall
B) James Legge
C) Arthur Waley
D) D. C. Lau
  • 83. In what year was James Legge's revised second edition of his translation published?
A) 1893
B) 1861
C) 1909
D) 1938
  • 84. Which publisher reprinted James Legge's translation in 2006?
A) Penguin Books
B) Trübner
C) Oxford University Press
D) Cosimo
  • 85. Who translated 'The Sayings of Confucius' published in 1909?
A) Arthur Waley
B) William Edward Soothill
C) Leonard A. Lyall
D) James Legge
  • 86. Where was William Edward Soothill's translation of 'The Analects of Confucius' published in 1910?
A) Yokohama
B) London
C) New York
D) Paris
  • 87. Who translated 'The Analects' published by George Allen and Unwin in 1938?
A) Arthur Waley
B) D. C. Lau
C) Simon Leys
D) Chi-chung Huang
  • 88. Who translated 'The Analects of Confucius' published by Oxford University Press in 1997?
A) Edward Slingerland
B) Chi-chung Huang
C) Burton Watson
D) William Edward Soothill
  • 89. Who collaborated with Roger T. Ames on the 1999 'Philosophical Translation' of the Analects?
A) Edward Slingerland
B) Burton Watson
C) Henry Rosemont
D) Taeko Brooks
  • 90. Who translated 'The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Followers' in 2001?
A) Roger T. Ames
B) Henry Rosemont
C) Taeko Brooks
D) E. Bruce Brooks
  • 91. Who is the primary author credited alongside Taeko Brooks for the 2001 work 'The Original Analects'?
A) E. Bruce Brooks
B) James Legge
C) Simon Leys
D) Arthur Waley
  • 92. Which translator included selections from traditional commentaries in their 2003 publication?
A) Burton Watson
B) Edward Slingerland
C) D. C. Lau
D) Chi-chung Huang
  • 93. Who translated 'The Analects of Confucius' published by Columbia University Press in 2007?
A) Séraphin Couvreur
B) Burton Watson
C) William Edward Soothill
D) Leonard A. Lyall
  • 94. Who translated the French work 'Entretiens de Confucius' in the 3rd edition published at Sien Hsien in 1930?
A) Anne Cheng
B) Kōjirō Yoshikawa
C) Pierre Ryckmans
D) Séraphin Couvreur
  • 95. Who translated 'Entretiens de Confucius' published by Éditions du Seuil in Paris in 1981?
A) Séraphin Couvreur
B) Anne Cheng
C) Arthur Waley
D) Pierre Ryckmans
  • 96. Who translated the French version 'Les Entretiens de Confucius' published by Gallimard in 1987?
A) D. C. Lau
B) Anne Cheng
C) Séraphin Couvreur
D) Pierre Ryckmans
  • 97. Who authored the 1978 Japanese three-volume work 'Rongo'?
A) Kōjirō Yoshikawa
B) Séraphin Couvreur
C) Pierre Ryckmans
D) Anne Cheng
  • 98. In which fields do the Analects and its commentaries stand out especially regarding cultural applications?
A) Architecture
B) Medicine
C) Education
D) Agriculture
  • 99. The Analects has a long history of having influenced traditional East Asian what?
A) Symphonic music
B) Naval architecture
C) Culinary arts
D) Martial arts
  • 100. Which of the following countries is explicitly mentioned as applying the Analects in cultural expressions?
A) Thailand
B) Mongolia
C) India
D) Philippines
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