A) The study of lung functions including gas exchange and respiration. B) The study of liver functions including bile production and detoxification. C) The study of kidney functions including fluid balance, electrolyte regulation, and hormone production. D) The study of heart functions including blood circulation and oxygen transport.
A) Renal corpuscle B) Nephron C) Glomerulus D) Bowman's capsule
A) Filtration component of the nephron B) Loop of Henle C) Proximal convoluted tubule D) Distal convoluted tubule
A) Active transport B) Starling forces C) Diffusion D) Osmosis
A) Thyroxine and triiodothyronine B) Erythropoietin and activation of vitamin D C) Insulin and glucagon D) Adrenaline and noradrenaline
A) Lung function B) Global renal function C) Liver function D) Heart function
A) Proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle B) Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule C) Distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts D) Nephron and renal pelvis
A) Urine B) Plasma C) Blood serum D) Interstitial fluid
A) Tubular reabsorption B) Filtration C) Secretion D) Excretion
A) Extraction from tubule fluid into renal interstitium and transport into bloodstream. B) Absorption in intestines and reabsorption in kidneys C) Filtration through glomerulus and secretion into urine D) Secretion into tubule fluid and excretion as urine
A) Filtration rate plus Reabsorption rate minus Secretion rate B) Filtration rate minus Reabsorption rate plus Secretion rate C) Reabsorption rate minus Filtration rate plus Secretion rate D) Secretion rate minus Filtration rate plus Reabsorption rate
A) Formation of urine in collecting ducts B) Reabsorption of water and small molecules from filtrate into blood. C) Secretion of wastes from blood into urine D) Filtration of blood to form ultrafiltrate
A) They drive filtration and reabsorption processes. B) They control blood pressure independently of kidney function. C) They are responsible for gas exchange in lungs. D) They regulate hormone production in kidneys.
A) Proximal convoluted tubule B) Loop of Henle C) Distal convoluted tubule D) Glomerulus
A) It indicates only the rate of blood filtration. B) It represents the sum of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. C) It assesses liver function. D) It measures the volume of urine produced per day.
A) Initial filtration of blood to form ultrafiltrate B) Further regulation of electrolyte and acid-base balance. C) Secretion of wastes from blood into urine D) Reabsorption of glucose and amino acids
A) Filtration of blood to form ultrafiltrate B) Secretion of wastes into urine C) Reabsorption of water and small molecules D) Production of bile.
A) It encloses the glomerulus to form a filtration component. B) It reabsorbs water from filtrate into blood. C) It transports urine to the bladder. D) It secretes wastes from blood into urine.
A) They secrete wastes from blood into filtrate. B) They collect and concentrate urine for excretion. C) They filter blood to form ultrafiltrate. D) They reabsorb glucose from filtrate into blood.
A) The filtration of blood to form ultrafiltrate. B) The absorption of nutrients in intestines. C) The removal of solutes and water from tubular fluid into blood. D) The addition of wastes from blood into the tubular fluid to form urine.
A) It concentrates urine and reabsorbs water and ions. B) It secretes wastes from blood into filtrate. C) It transports urine to the bladder. D) It filters blood to form ultrafiltrate.
A) Cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase B) Luminal carbonic anhydrase C) Anti-porter D) Na/H exchanger
A) Renin B) Anti-diuretic hormone C) Erythropoietin D) Aldosterone
A) Proximal convoluted tubule B) Basolateral membrane C) Cytoplasm D) Tubule lumen
A) Bicarbonate (HCO3−) B) Water C) Sodium D) Potassium
A) Anti-porter B) Renin C) Carbonic anhydrase D) Na/H exchanger
A) Water B) Ammonia (NH3) C) Bicarbonate D) Sodium
A) Penicillin B) Creatinine C) Sodium D) Hydrogen ion (H+)
A) Anti-diuretic hormone B) Renin C) Calcitriol D) Aldosterone
A) By excreting hydrogen ions B) By reabsorbing bicarbonate C) By regulating carbon dioxide concentration D) By producing urea
A) Urea can be re-excreted or recycled again B) Sodium chloride concentration decreases in the medulla C) Bicarbonate is excreted D) Water reabsorption increases
A) Decreases their concentrations B) Increases their concentrations C) Converts them into other hormones D) Has no effect on their concentrations
A) Less than 10% B) Nearly all C) About half D) None |