- 1. What type of circulation is the Hadley Circulation considered to be?
A) Frictional boundary circulation
B) Mechanically forced vortex circulation
C) Thermally driven direct circulation
D) Indirect adiabatic circulation
- 2. What corresponds to the rising air in the equatorial region within the Hadley Circulation?
A) Warm and moist air
B) Cool and sinking air
C) Dense and stable air
D) Cold and dry air
- 3. What corresponds to the descent of air in the subtropics within the Hadley Circulation?
A) Colder air
B) Moister air
C) Warmer air
D) Saturated air
- 4. What is the net production resulting from the Hadley Circulation's direct circulation?
A) Electrical energy
B) Potential energy
C) Chemical energy
D) Kinetic energy
- 5. What was the average thermodynamic efficiency of the Hadley system over the 1979-2010 period?
A) 2.6%
B) 5.2%
C) 1.3%
D) 10.0%
- 6. At what average rate did the power generated by the Hadley regime rise over the 1979-2010 interval?
A) 1.20 TW per yr
B) 2.50 TW per yr
C) 0.10 TW per yr
D) 0.54 TW per yr
- 7. What trend is consistent with the increased energy input to the Hadley system?
A) Polar ice cap expansion
B) Global surface pressure drop
C) Stratospheric ozone depletion
D) Tropical sea surface temperatures
- 8. What thermodynamic cycle can model the behavior of a hurricane?
A) Brayton cycle
B) Otto cycle
C) Carnot cycle
D) Rankine cycle
- 9. What serves as the heat reservoir for a hurricane heat engine?
A) The stratosphere
B) The tropopause
C) The ozone layer
D) The sea
- 10. What is the approximate temperature of the sea acting as a heat reservoir for a hurricane?
A) 273K
B) 350K
C) 200K
D) 300K
- 11. What serves as the heat sink for a hurricane heat engine?
A) The continental crust
B) The tropopause
C) The ocean floor
D) The sea surface
- 12. What is the approximate temperature of the tropopause acting as a heat sink?
A) 273K
B) 200K
C) 150K
D) 300K
- 13. What energy conversion occurs in a tropical cyclone Carnot cycle?
A) Mechanical energy into latent heat
B) Heat energy into mechanical energy of winds
C) Potential energy into electrical energy
D) Chemical energy into thermal energy
- 14. What do parcels of air take up when traveling close to the sea surface during a hurricane?
A) Dry air and dust
B) Ice crystals and nitrogen
C) Carbon dioxide and ozone
D) Heat and water vapor
- 15. What causes condensation and precipitation as warm air rises in a hurricane?
A) Radiation loss to space
B) The air is compressed and heated
C) The air expands and cools
D) Friction with upper winds
- 16. What force propels the circulatory winds produced by rising air and condensation in a cyclone?
A) Centrifugal force
B) Magnetic force
C) Coriolis force
D) Gravitational force
- 17. What change in the upper troposphere will increase maximum hurricane winds?
A) Decreasing temperature
B) Complete removal of thermal gradient
C) Constant temperature
D) Increasing temperature
- 18. What change in the atmosphere close to the surface will increase maximum hurricane winds?
A) Decreasing temperature
B) Stabilizing moisture levels
C) Increasing temperature
D) Decreasing pressure gradients
- 19. According to the Clausius-Clapeyron relation, by how much does the water-holding capacity of the atmosphere increase per Celsius rise in temperature?
A) About 1%
B) About 25%
C) About 15%
D) About 8%
- 20. Which parameters does the Clausius-Clapeyron relation not directly depend on?
A) Saturation vapor pressure
B) Pressure or density
C) Temperature and volume
D) Latent heat and entropy
- 21. What is another term for the water-holding capacity of the atmosphere mentioned in the text?
A) Specific heat capacity
B) Equilibrium vapor pressure
C) Potential temperature
D) Adiabatic lapse rate
- 22. Which formula is used to approximate equilibrium vapor pressure?
A) Stefan-Boltzmann law
B) Ideal gas law
C) Coriolis formula
D) August-Roche-Magnus formula
- 23. In the August-Roche-Magnus formula, what units are used for temperature T?
A) Fahrenheit
B) Rankine
C) Degrees Celsius
D) Kelvins
- 24. In the August-Roche-Magnus formula, what units are used for the saturation vapor pressure es(T)?
A) bar
B) Pa
C) atm
D) hPa
- 25. What constant is found in the numerator of the exponential term in the August-Roche-Magnus formula provided in the text?
A) 273.15
B) 243.04
C) 17.625
D) 6.1094
- 26. What constant is subtracted or added in the denominator of the exponential term in the August-Roche-Magnus formula?
A) 6.1094
B) 17.625
C) 100.00
D) 243.04
- 27. What multiplier is used outside the exponential function in the August-Roche-Magnus formula?
A) 243.04
B) 17.625
C) 1.0132
D) 6.1094
- 28. When atmospheric temperature increases due to greenhouse gases, what should happen to absolute humidity assuming constant relative humidity?
A) Remain completely constant
B) Decrease linearly
C) Drop to zero
D) Increase exponentially
- 29. Why is the purely thermodynamic argument regarding absolute humidity and global climate change subject to debate?
A) Convective processes might cause extensive drying due to increased areas of subsidence
B) The Earth is flat and defies thermodynamics
C) Radiation equations are fundamentally incorrect
D) Sea levels do not affect vapor pressure
- 30. What else could influence the efficiency of precipitation in the climate change debate mentioned in the text?
A) Subsurface seismic activity
B) The intensity of convection
C) The tilt of the planetary axis
D) The rotation speed of the Earth
- 31. What is cloud formation related to, which adds debate to the absolute humidity argument?
A) Surface friction
B) Relative humidity
C) Solar magnetic fields
D) Ocean salinity
- 32. Who authored the 1955 paper on available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation?
A) Emanuel, K.
B) Lorenz, E. N.
C) Magnus
D) August-Roche
- 33. In what year was E. N. Lorenz's paper on available potential energy published?
A) 2010
B) 1986
C) 1955
D) 1979
- 34. In what journal was E. N. Lorenz's 1955 paper published?
A) Nature
B) Tellus
C) J. Atmos. Sci.
D) Science
- 35. Who authored the 1986 air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones?
A) Lorenz, E. N.
B) Magnus
C) Emanuel, K.
D) Clausius
- 36. In what journal was K. Emanuel's 1986 paper on tropical cyclones published?
A) Tellus
B) J. Atmos. Sci.
C) Journal of Climate
D) Meteorological Monographs
- 37. According to Emanuel (1986), the energy cycle of the mature hurricane has been idealized as what type of engine?
A) Stirling engine
B) Diesel engine
C) Jet engine
D) Carnot engine
- 38. What energy is extracted from the ocean and converted by the idealized hurricane energy cycle according to Emanuel (1986)?
A) Kinetic energy
B) Tidal energy
C) Geothermal energy
D) Heat energy
- 39. What tool is used in the forecasting of storm development?
A) Spectrophotometers
B) Seismographs
C) Magnetometers
D) Atmospheric thermodynamic diagrams
- 40. In terms of thermodynamic systems, how is the atmosphere classified?
A) As an isolated system in equilibrium
B) As a closed cryogenic system
C) As a purely reversible system
D) As a non-equilibrium system
- 41. What causes the rise of less dense warmer air in the atmosphere?
A) Magnetic forces
B) Buoyant forces
C) Frictional drag forces
D) Centrifugal forces
- 42. Which gas law is used as a tool in atmospheric thermodynamics?
A) Van der Waals equation
B) Boyle-Mariotte constant law
C) Ideal gas law
D) Combined liquid-solid law
- 43. What is an isentropic process?
A) A process where temperature remains zero
B) A process in which entropy is a constant
C) A process with maximum heat transfer
D) A process with constant volume and pressure
- 44. How are most tropospheric gases treated?
A) As incompressible liquids
B) As ionized plasmas
C) As rigid solids
D) As ideal gases
- 45. What role do dissolved substances play in cloud dynamics?
A) Generation of lightning bolts
B) Absorption of ultraviolet light
C) Prevention of all precipitation
D) Effect on cloud condensation
- 46. Which century saw early thermodynamicists develop mathematical models on fluid bodies and vapors?
A) Late 19th century
B) Late 18th century
C) Early 20th century
D) Early 19th century
- 47. What equation is cited as an example of the early mathematical models related to combustion and pressure cycles?
A) Ideal gas law
B) First law of thermodynamics
C) Navier-Stokes equation
D) Clausius–Clapeyron equation
- 48. Who published 'Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids' in 1873?
A) Willard Gibbs
B) Rudolf Clausius
C) Émile Clapeyron
D) Alfred Wegener
- 49. During which decade did papers treating topics like dry and moist adiabatic processes appear?
A) 1860s
B) 1880s
C) 1910s
D) 1840s
- 50. Who devised the first atmospheric thermodynamic diagram, known as the emagram, in 1884?
A) Sadi Carnot
B) von Bezold
C) Heinrich Hertz
D) Frank W. Very
- 51. What is the name of the first atmospheric thermodynamic diagram devised by Heinrich Hertz?
A) Stuve diagram
B) Skew-T log-P
C) Emagram
D) Tephigram
- 52. Who coined the term 'pseudo-adiabatic process'?
A) Alfred Wegener
B) Rudolf Clausius
C) von Bezold
D) Willard Gibbs
- 53. In what year was von Bezold's voluminous work entitled 'On the thermodynamics of the atmosphere' published?
A) 1873
B) 1888
C) 1911
D) 1884
- 54. Who published the book 'Thermodynamik der Atmosphäre' in Leipzig in 1911?
A) Émile Clapeyron
B) Sadi Carnot
C) Alfred Wegener
D) Heinrich Hertz
- 55. Whose 1919 publication is the term 'atmospheric thermodynamics' traced back to?
A) Willard Gibbs
B) Frank W. Very
C) von Bezold
D) Rudolf Clausius
- 56. By what decade did various textbooks on atmospheric thermodynamics begin to appear?
A) Late 1980s
B) Late 1960s
C) Late 1970s
D) Late 1940s
- 57. What is atmospheric thermodynamics considered to be an integral part of today?
A) Oceanography
B) Seismology
C) Weather forecasting
D) Geological surveying
- 58. Who recognized the dew point temperature as the point of saturation of air in 1751?
A) Jacques Charles
B) Pierre Simon Laplace
C) Charles Le Roy
D) John Dalton
- 59. In what year was the concept of variation of temperature with height suggested?
A) 1782
B) 1801
C) 1751
D) 1784
- 60. Who developed laws of pressures of vapours between 1801 and 1803?
A) James Pollard Espy
B) Pierre Simon Laplace
C) Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
D) John Dalton
- 61. Who developed the law of pressure variation with height?
A) Pierre Simon Laplace
B) John Dalton
C) Sir Napier Shaw
D) William Ferrel
- 62. Who presented the dynamics causing westerlies in 1856?
A) Richard Asman
B) John William von Bezold
C) Hermann von Helmholtz
D) William Ferrel
- 63. Who constructed the first aerological sonde measuring pressure, temperature, and humidity in 1893?
A) Tor Bergeron
B) Richard Asman
C) Irving Langmuir
D) Sir Napier Shaw
- 64. Who introduced the tephigram in 1926?
A) James Pollard Espy
B) Tor Bergeron
C) Sir Napier Shaw
D) Richard Asman
|