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Pythagoras - Quiz
Contributed by: Heaton
  • 1. Where was Pythagoras originally from?
A) Athens
B) Metapontum
C) Samos
D) Croton
  • 2. What is Pythagoras the eponymous founder of?
A) Pythagoreanism
B) Aristotelianism
C) Platonism
D) Neopythagoreanism
  • 3. Which philosophers' teachings were influenced by Pythagoras's political and religious teachings?
A) Plato and Aristotle
B) Xenophanes and Heraclitus
C) Socrates and Plato
D) Aristotle and Socrates
  • 4. Around what year did Pythagoras travel to Croton in southern Italy?
A) 570 BC
B) 510 BC
C) 530 BC
D) 495 BC
  • 5. What kind of lifestyle did initiates live in the school founded by Pythagoras?
A) Nomadic and transient
B) Communal and ascetic
C) Political and lavish
D) Wealthy and solitary
  • 6. What were initiates in Pythagoras's school allegedly sworn to?
A) Silence
B) Secrecy
C) Poverty
D) Celibacy
  • 7. Which of the following is credited to Pythagoras in antiquity?
A) The Pythagorean theorem
B) The theory of relativity
C) Laws of motion
D) Calculus
  • 8. What planet was identified by Pythagoras as both the morning and evening stars?
A) Mars
B) Saturn
C) Venus
D) Jupiter
  • 9. Into how many climatic zones did Pythagoras divide the globe?
A) Four
B) Five
C) Three
D) Seven
  • 10. Who was reputedly the first man to call himself a philosopher?
A) Plato
B) Socrates
C) Pythagoras
D) Aristotle
  • 11. What does the term 'philosopher' mean according to the text?
A) Seeker of truth
B) Student of nature
C) Lover of wisdom
D) Master of logic
  • 12. Who are some colleagues or successors suggested to have made discoveries credited to Pythagoras?
A) Xenophanes and Heraclitus
B) Porphyry and Iamblichus
C) Plato and Aristotle
D) Hippasus and Philolaus
  • 13. What teaching is most securely identified with Pythagoras?
A) Heliocentrism
B) Transmigration of souls
C) Atomic theory
D) Geocentrism
  • 14. What is another name for the transmigration of souls?
A) Metempsychosis
B) Neopythagoreanism
C) Polymathy
D) Musica universalis
  • 15. What does the doctrine of musica universalis hold?
A) Stars are stationary and eternal
B) Planets move according to mathematical ratios
C) Music can heal physical ailments
D) Earth is the center of the universe
  • 16. Around what year did Croton achieve a decisive victory over Sybaris?
A) 510 BC
B) 530 BC
C) 570 BC
D) 495 BC
  • 17. With whom did Pythagoras's followers come into conflict after the victory over Sybaris?
A) Supporters of monarchy
B) Supporters of democracy
C) Roman soldiers
D) Followers of Aristotle
  • 18. What happened to the meeting houses of Pythagoras's followers during the conflict?
A) They were abandoned
B) They were burned
C) They were converted into temples
D) They were confiscated
  • 19. Where might Pythagoras have escaped to before dying during the persecution?
A) Metapontum
B) Samos
C) Athens
D) Sparta
  • 20. Which of Plato's dialogues exhibits Pythagorean ideas?
A) Republic
B) Timaeus
C) Phaedo
D) Symposium
  • 21. When did a major revival of Pythagoras's teachings occur?
A) First century BC
B) Fifth century BC
C) Middle Ages
D) First century AD
  • 22. What movement coincided with the major revival of Pythagorean teachings?
A) Neopythagoreanism
B) Renaissance humanism
C) Romanticism
D) Enlightenment
  • 23. Which scientist was influenced by Pythagoreanism?
A) Galileo Galilei
B) Isaac Newton
C) Albert Einstein
D) Charles Darwin
  • 24. Which astronomer was influenced by Pythagoreanism alongside Nicolaus Copernicus?
A) Edwin Hubble
B) Johannes Kepler
C) Ptolemy
D) Tycho Brahe
  • 25. Whose work portrayed Pythagoras's teachings in a way that influenced the modern vegetarian movement?
A) Homer's Iliad
B) Plato's Republic
C) Ovid's Metamorphoses
D) Aristotle's Metaphysics
  • 26. What kind of writings by Pythagoras have survived?
A) Poetic verses
B) Letters and essays
C) None
D) Mathematical treatises
  • 27. Who wrote the earliest brief and ambiguous sources on Pythagoras's life?
A) Diogenes Laërtius and Aristotle
B) Porphyry and Iamblichus
C) Plato and Socrates
D) Xenophanes and Heraclitus
  • 28. Who wrote the three biographies from late antiquity that are major sources on Pythagoras's life?
A) Diogenes Laërtius, Porphyry, and Iamblichus
B) Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton
C) Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates
D) Xenophanes, Heraclitus, and Herodotus
  • 29. Whose students from the 4th century BC provided reliable material used by Porphyry and Iamblichus?
A) Plato
B) Pythagoras
C) Socrates
D) Aristotle
  • 30. Which of Aristotle's students provided material used in later biographies of Pythagoras?
A) Theophrastus
B) Epicurus
C) Aristoxenus
D) Zenon
  • 31. Which student of Aristotle, alongside Dicaearchus and Aristoxenus, wrote earlier writings on Pythagoras?
A) Ion of Chios
B) Philolaus
C) Empedocles
D) Heraclides Ponticus
  • 32. Are there details in the life of Pythagoras that stand completely uncontradicted?
A) Only his date of birth is undisputed.
B) Yes, his early life is well documented without contradiction.
C) Only his parentage is universally agreed upon.
D) No, not a single detail stands uncontradicted.
  • 33. What was Pythagoras's father, Mnesarchus, said to have been?
A) A priest of Apollo
B) A military general
C) A gem-engraver or a wealthy merchant
D) A famous architect
  • 34. What was the name of Pythagoras's mother according to Apollonius of Tyana?
A) Aspasia
B) Diotima
C) Pythaïs
D) Theano
  • 35. With which deity was Pythagoras's name associated?
A) Pythian Apollo
B) Hermes
C) Dionysus
D) Zeus
  • 36. How did Aristippus of Cyrene explain the origin of Pythagoras's name in the 4th century BC?
A) By claiming he was born near the temple of Apollo
B) By saying he spoke the truth no less than the Pythian
C) By stating he was named after a mythical snake
D) By connecting it to his mother's lineage
  • 37. Which historian living in Miletus was a contemporary of Pythagoras?
A) Xenophon
B) Herodotus
C) Hecataeus
D) Thucydides
  • 38. Which Pharaoh allegedly taught the Egyptian language to Pythagoras?
A) Apries
B) Necho II
C) Amasis II
D) Psamtik I
  • 39. Where did Pythagoras study with Egyptian priests according to the text?
A) Memphis
B) Alexandria
C) Giza
D) Diospolis
  • 40. What unique privilege was Pythagoras granted among foreigners while in Egypt?
A) Viewing the royal treasury
B) Taking part in the Egyptian priests' worship
C) Marrying into the royal family
D) Ruling over a province
  • 41. Who did some ancient writers claim taught Pythagoras besides the Egyptians?
A) The Athenian philosophers
B) The Spartan generals
C) The Roman senators
D) The Magi in Persia
  • 42. Which specific Persian figure was reputed by some to have taught Pythagoras?
A) Xerxes
B) Zoroaster
C) Darius the Great
D) Cyrus the Great
  • 43. What subject were the Phoenicians reputed to have taught Pythagoras?
A) Arithmetic
B) Architecture
C) Medicine
D) Astronomy
  • 44. What subject were the Chaldeans reputed to have taught Pythagoras?
A) Astronomy
B) Geometry
C) Philosophy
D) Arithmetic
  • 45. Who reported in the third century AD that Pythagoras studied under sages or gymnosophists in India?
A) Philostratus
B) Herodotus
C) Aristoxenus
D) Iamblichus
  • 46. Which philosopher was Anaximander a pupil of?
A) Thales
B) Pherecydes
C) Hermodamas
D) Pythagoras
  • 47. What mythic bard do some traditions claim as Pythagoras's teacher?
A) Orpheus
B) Homer
C) Epimenides
D) Aglaophamus
  • 48. In what dialect was the 'sacred discourse' on the gods written, according to the Neoplatonists?
A) Attic Greek
B) Samian Greek
C) Doric Greek
D) Ionic Greek
  • 49. Who was the Orphic priest who supposedly dictated the sacred discourse to Pythagoras upon his initiation at Leibethra?
A) Antonius Diogenes
B) Apollonius Paradoxographus
C) Nicomachus
D) Aglaophamus
  • 50. According to Riedweg, Pythagoras's teachings were definitely influenced to a noteworthy extent by what?
A) Egyptian mathematics
B) Samian rhapsodies
C) Orphism
D) Doric poetry
  • 51. What is one of the miracle stories told about both Pythagoras and Pherecydes?
A) Walking on water
B) Healing the blind
C) Turning water into wine
D) Predicting a shipwreck
  • 52. What event did both Pythagoras and Pherecydes predict in the shared miracle stories?
A) A great famine
B) An earthquake
C) A solar eclipse
D) A volcanic eruption
  • 53. Who identified Pythagoras's thaumaturgic ideas as a result of Pherecydes's influence?
A) Antonius Diogenes
B) Iamblichus
C) Apollonius Paradoxographus
D) Diogenes Laërtius
  • 54. Which philosopher is the source for the story about Pythagoras returning to care for a dying Pherecydes?
A) Nicomachus
B) Duris
C) Aglaophamus
D) Riedweg
  • 55. On what island was Pherecydes old and dying when Pythagoras returned to care for him?
A) Crete
B) Delos
C) Leibethra
D) Samos
  • 56. What was the name of the school Pythagoras founded while still on Samos?
A) "rotunda"
B) "magna graecia"
C) "semicircle"
D) "croton"
  • 57. Where did Pythagoras dwell to study in private?
A) A secret cave
B) The town hall
C) A public theater
D) A royal palace
  • 58. According to Christoph Riedweg, Antiphon's account regarding the specific building on Samos appears to be motivated by what?
A) A desire to defame Pythagoras
B) Samian patriotic interest
C) Financial gain
D) Roman propaganda
  • 59. How old was Pythagoras when he left Samos?
A) About sixty years old
B) About twenty years old
C) About thirty years old
D) About forty years old
  • 60. Whose emphasis on Pythagoras's purported love of freedom does the tyranny explanation align with?
A) Polycrates's
B) Antiphon's
C) Nicomachus's
D) Riedweg's
  • 61. How did Pythagoras's enemies portray him regarding tyranny?
A) As a champion of total democracy
B) As having a proclivity towards tyranny
C) As a victim of totalitarian rule
D) As an opponent of all forms of government
  • 62. In which Greek colony did Pythagoras arrive after leaving Samos?
A) Corinth
B) Croton
C) Sparta
D) Athens
  • 63. What is Croton called today?
A) Magna
B) Calabria
C) Crotone
D) Samos
  • 64. In which region was Croton located?
A) Ionia
B) Attica
C) Magna Graecia
D) Peloponnese
  • 65. Whom did Pythagoras serve as an advisor to in Croton?
A) The slaves
B) The foreign merchants
C) The naval commanders
D) The elites
  • 66. According to Suda, how many children did Pythagoras have?
A) Four
B) Five
C) Three
D) Two
  • 67. According to Diogenes Laertius, how many brothers did Pythagoras have?
A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) One
  • 68. Who was the wrestler from Croton said to be a close associate of Pythagoras?
A) Cylon
B) Milo
C) Ninon
D) Pherecydes
  • 69. What victory is credited as being aided by Pythagoras's emphasis on dedication and asceticism?
A) Croton's victory over Sybaris
B) Metapontum's victory over Croton
C) Sybaris's victory over Croton
D) Locris's victory over Delos
  • 70. What political change did prominent citizens of Croton propose after their victory?
A) A democratic constitution
B) An ascetic brotherhood
C) An absolute monarchy
D) A military dictatorship
  • 71. Why was Cylon reportedly irritated with Pythagoras?
A) His exclusion from Pythagoras's brotherhood
B) Pythagoras refused to train him as a wrestler
C) Pythagoras supported the democratic constitution
D) Pythagoras refused to eat fava beans
  • 72. What happened to the building during the attack by Cylon and Ninon's followers?
A) It was demolished by Milo
B) It was completely flooded
C) It was converted into a democratic hall
D) It was set on fire
  • 73. Why did Pythagoras stop and refuse to run through the fava bean field?
A) Doing so would violate his teachings
B) Milo told him it was dangerous
C) He was too weak from starvation
D) The field was on fire
  • 74. Who originally told the story about the fava bean field according to the text?
A) Neanthes
B) Porphyry
C) Dicaearchus
D) Suda
  • 75. Whom did Neanthes originally tell the fava bean field story about?
A) Later Pythagoreans
B) Milo of Croton
C) Pythagoras himself
D) Pherecydes of Delos
  • 76. How are the exact details of Pythagoras's teachings generally described?
A) Widely disputed
B) Fully documented
C) Uncertain
D) Completely lost
  • 77. What form does the earliest source regarding Pythagoras's metempsychosis take?
A) A historical biography
B) A political speech
C) A satirical poem
D) A philosophical treatise
  • 78. What is Xenophanes of Colophon described as in relation to Pythagoras?
A) A student
B) A bitter rival
C) A contemporary
D) A descendant
  • 79. In Xenophanes's poem, what animal does Pythagoras intercede on behalf of?
A) A dog
B) A bird
C) A horse
D) A cat
  • 80. What is known about the nature or mechanism of Pythagoras's metempsychosis?
A) Nothing whatsoever
B) It was controlled by Apollo
C) It required a specific ritual
D) It only happened to philosophers
  • 81. Which philosopher alludes in a poem that Pythagoras could recall his former incarnations?
A) Empedocles
B) Xenophanes
C) Aristotle
D) Ion of Chios
  • 82. Who was Pythagoras in his first remembered past life?
A) Hermotimus
B) Pyrrhus
C) Aethalides
D) Euphorbus
  • 83. Who was the father of Aethalides?
A) Poseidon
B) Zeus
C) Hermes
D) Apollo
  • 84. Who was Pythagoras in his second incarnation?
A) Pyrrhus
B) Aethalides
C) Euphorbus
D) Hermotimus
  • 85. In which epic work is Euphorbus briefly mentioned?
A) The Odyssey
B) The Histories
C) The Aeneid
D) The Iliad
  • 86. Who did Pythagoras become after being Euphorbus?
A) Hermotimus
B) Pyrrhus
C) Aethalides
D) Dicaearchus
  • 87. What occupation or role is associated with Hermotimus?
A) Philosopher
B) Courtesan
C) Fisherman
D) Warrior
  • 88. Who was Pythagoras in his final incarnation mentioned in the Heraclides Ponticus account?
A) Euphorbus
B) Aethalides
C) Hermotimus
D) Pyrrhus
  • 89. What was Pyrrhus's profession?
A) Merchant
B) Philosopher
C) Teacher
D) Fisherman
  • 90. According to Dicaearchus, one of Pythagoras's past lives was as what?
A) A beautiful courtesan
B) A wealthy merchant
C) A temple priestess
D) A Spartan queen
  • 91. Who reported that one of Pythagoras's past lives was as a beautiful courtesan?
A) Empedocles
B) Xenophanes
C) Dicaearchus
D) Aristotle
  • 92. What number is considered the 'perfect' number in the context of the tetractys?
A) Seven
B) Four
C) Ten
D) Nine
  • 93. What did the organization Pythagoras founded at Croton resemble in many ways?
A) A monastery
B) A royal court
C) A bustling marketplace
D) A military camp
  • 94. What did adherents of Pythagoras share in common?
A) Only their religious texts
B) Their family homes
C) All their possessions
D) Their personal wealth
  • 95. Whose manner of eating did the Pythagoreans follow during their common meals?
A) The Persians
B) The Spartans
C) The Athenians
D) The Romans
  • 96. What does the term 'mathematikoi' translate to?
A) Listeners
B) Worshippers
C) Learners
D) Athletes
  • 97. What does the term 'akousmatikoi' translate to?
A) Learners
B) Listeners
C) Speakers
D) Thinkers
  • 98. What did the Pythagoreans believe music was a purification for?
A) The body
B) The home
C) The soul
D) The mind
  • 99. What did the Pythagoreans believe medicine was a purification for?
A) The soul
B) The community
C) The body
D) The spirit
  • 100. What aspect of physical life did the Pythagoreans place particular emphasis on?
A) Manual labor in fields
B) Naval warfare training
C) Extended periods of fasting
D) Physical exercise
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