- 1. The philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy that explores the fundamental principles and concepts underlying scientific inquiry. It examines the nature of scientific knowledge, the methods used to acquire and validate that knowledge, and the assumptions and implications of scientific theories. Central questions in the philosophy of science include the nature of causation, the role of observation and experimentation in forming scientific theories, the distinction between correlation and causation, and the limits of scientific explanation. Philosophers of science also investigate issues related to the ethics of scientific research, the relationship between science and society, and the ways in which scientific knowledge is shaped by social and cultural factors. Overall, the philosophy of science aims to provide a deeper understanding of the nature and significance of scientific knowledge, and to critically examine the assumptions and practices that underlie scientific research.
Which philosopher is often considered the father of modern science?
A) Plato
B) Francis Bacon
C) Socrates
D) Aristotle
- 2. What is the principle that simpler explanations are generally better than more complex ones?
A) Darwin's Theory
B) Newton's Laws
C) Occam's Razor
D) Galileo's Principle
- 3. What term describes a scientific statement that can be proven false?
A) Hypothesis
B) Falsifiable
C) Law
D) Theory
- 4. Which branch of philosophy examines the nature of scientific knowledge?
A) Aesthetics
B) Epistemology
C) Ontology
D) Ethics
- 5. Who proposed the theory of relativity?
A) Galileo Galilei
B) Isaac Newton
C) Albert Einstein
D) Niels Bohr
- 6. What is the study of the nature of reality called?
A) Aesthetics
B) Epistemology
C) Metaphysics
D) Ethics
- 7. Which concept refers to the idea that scientific knowledge is tentative and subject to change?
A) Determinism
B) Fallibilism
C) Causation
D) Eternalism
- 8. Who introduced the concept of falsification in science?
A) Immanuel Kant
B) Thomas Kuhn
C) John Stuart Mill
D) Karl Popper
- 9. Which scientist proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system?
A) Nicolaus Copernicus
B) Galileo Galilei
C) Johannes Kepler
D) Tycho Brahe
- 10. What is the process of comparing two or more alternative hypotheses called?
A) Experimentation
B) Hypothesis testing
C) Model validation
D) Peer review
- 11. What is the term for the process by which scientific knowledge is disseminated and validated by the scientific community?
A) Peer review
B) Confirmation bias
C) Reproducibility
D) Publication bias
- 12. Which perspective advocates for treating the whole system rather than its parts in scientific analysis?
A) Holism
B) Monism
C) Reductionism
D) Dualism
- 13. What is the term for reasoning from specific cases to a general rule?
A) Syllogism
B) Induction
C) Deduction
D) Abduction
- 14. Who proposed that scientific revolutions occur through paradigm shifts?
A) Michel Foucault
B) Karl Popper
C) Thomas Kuhn
D) Paul Feyerabend
- 15. Which philosopher proposed the four causes as an explanation for natural phenomena?
A) Locke
B) Hume
C) Descartes
D) Aristotle
- 16. What is the term for the bias in scientific research where researchers inadvertently skew their results to fit their expectations?
A) Sampling bias
B) Observer bias
C) Confirmation bias
D) Publication bias
- 17. What is the term for the logical process of arriving at a specific truth based on general premises?
A) Deduction
B) Syllogism
C) Abduction
D) Induction
- 18. What term describes the scientific experimental design where neither the researchers nor the participants know which group is receiving the treatment?
A) Double-blind
B) Placebo-controlled
C) Cross-sectional
D) Cohort
- 19. What is the principle that scientific hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable?
A) Falsifiability
B) Confirmation bias
C) Reliability
D) Inductivism
- 20. What is the term for a general principle governing the behavior of a natural or artificial system?
A) Model
B) Law
C) Hypothesis
D) Theory
- 21. Who formulated the theory of evolution through natural selection?
A) Gregor Mendel
B) Thomas Hunt Morgan
C) Alfred Russel Wallace
D) Charles Darwin
- 22. What is the term for the error of relying on anecdotal evidence and testimonials to draw scientific conclusions?
A) Appeal to authority
B) Anecdotal fallacy
C) Straw man fallacy
D) Ad hominem argument
- 23. What is the view that meaningful knowledge arises from sensory experience and observation?
A) Rationalism
B) Idealism
C) Pragmatism
D) Empiricism
- 24. What is Kuhn's term for a set of beliefs and practices shared by a scientific community?
A) Hypothesis
B) Paradigm
C) Empirical data
D) Theory
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